Chapter 7: The
Musculoskeletal System
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Learning Outcomes
 Identify related parts and functions
 Define related combining forms
 Recall the common diagnoses, laboratory tests, and
clinical procedures used in testing and treating
disorders of the musculoskeletal system
 Define related pathologies
 Define related surgical terms
 Recall the common pharmacological agents used in
treating disorders of the musculoskeletal system
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Structure and Function
 Framework: Bones, joints, muscles
 allows movement
 protects and supports all the internal organs
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Skeletal System
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Muscular System
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Combining Terms
 Combining Form Meaning
 acetabul(o)
 acromi(o)
 ankyl(o)
 arthr(o)
 brachi(o)
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acetabulum
end point of the scapula
bent, crooked
joint
arm
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Combining Terms
 Combining Form Meaning
 burs(o)
 calcane(o)
 calci(o
 carp(o)
 cephal(o)
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bursa
heel
calcium
wrist
head
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Combining Terms
 Combining Form Meaning
 cervic(o)
 chondr(o)
 condyl(o)
 cost(o)
 crani(o)
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neck
cartilage
knob, knuckle
rib
skull
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Combining Terms
 Combining Form Meaning
 dactyl(o)
 fasci(o)
 femor(o
 fibr(o)
 humer(o)
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fingers, toes
fascia
femur
fiber
humerus
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Combining Terms
 Combining Form Meaning
 ili(o)
 ischi(o)
 kyph(o)
 lamin(o)
 leiomy(o)
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ilium
ischium
hump; bent
lamina
smooth muscle
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Combining Terms
 Combining Form Meaning
 lumb(o)
 maxill(o)
 metacarp(o)
 my(o)
 myel(o)
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lumbar
upper jaw
metacarpal
muscle
spinal cord; bone
marrow
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Combining Terms
 Combining Form Meaning
 oste(o)
 patell(o)
 ped(i), ped(o)
 pelv(i)
 phalang(o)
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bone
knee
foot
pelvis
finger or toe bone
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Combining Terms
 Combining Form Meaning
 pod(o)
 pub(o)
 rachi(o)
 radi(o)
 rhabd(o)
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foot
pubes
spine
forearm bone
rod-shaped
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Combining Terms
 Combining Form Meaning
 rhabdomy(o)
 scapul(o)
 scoli(o)
 spondyl(o)
 stern(o)
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striated muscle
scapula
curved
vertebra
sternum
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Combining Terms
 Combining Form Meaning
 synov(o)
 tars(o)
 ten(o), tend(o)
 tendin(o)
 thorac(o)
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synovial membrane
tarsus
tendon
tendon
thorax
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Combining Terms
 Combining Form Meaning
 tibi(o)
 uln(o)
 vertebr(o)
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tibia
ulna
vertebra
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Types of Bones
 Total of 206 bones in the skeletal system which are
classified according to their shape
 Long, short, irregular, flat, sesamoid
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Long Bone
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Type of Bones
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Epiphyseal Plates
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Bones of the Head
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Sinuses (Four Sets)
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Spinal Column
 Extends from the base of the skull to the pelvis
 Supports and stabilizes the body
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Spinal Column
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Cervical Radiograph
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Five Divisions of the Spine
 7 Cervical Vertebra (neck)
 12 Thoracic Vertebra (ribs)
 5 Lumbar Vertebra (back)
 5 Sacrum Vertebra (lower back)
 4 Coccyx Vertebra (tailbone)
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Bones of Chest and Pelvis
 Weight-transferring sections that keep the body
balanced
 Upper Girdle = Clavicle and scapula
 Lower Girdle = Pelvis
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Rib Cage (Chest)
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Male and Female Pelvis
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Bones of the Extremities
 Provide movement
 Allow attachment of muscles
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Bones of the Arm/Hand
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Bones of the Leg/Feet
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Joints
 Described by their movement
 Ball and Socket
 Hinge
 Pivot
 Saddle
 Condyloid
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Types of Joints
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Elbow Joint
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Muscles
 Contract/extend to allow movement
 Three types muscles for different functions
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Skeletal Muscle
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Cardiac Muscle
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Smooth Muscle
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Origin and Insertion
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Body Movement
 Adduction - toward the body
 Supination - a turning up
 Pronation - a turning down
 Dorsiflexion - a bending up
 Plantar flexion - a bending down
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Diagnostic, Procedural, Laboratory
 Findings assist in the diagnosis of medical conditions
 Often used in combination, these test lead to a final
diagnosis and assist in treatment planning
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Radiograph of a Skull
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Goniometer
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Arthroscopic Knee Image
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Pathological Terms
 Pathological conditions can occur throughout the
musculoskeletal system
 May be present at birth or occur throughout the
lifespan
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Spina Bifida
Spine Bifida Cystica
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Spina Bifida Uncudate
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Symptoms, Abnormalities, &
Conditions
 Types of Fractures
 Avulsion
 Intracapsular
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Types of Fractures
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Joint Disorders
 Occur from everyday use of a joint or injury related
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Osteoporosis
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Arthritis
Healthy Knee
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Arthritic Knee
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Spinal Diseases/Disorders
 The bones of spinal cord can also experience diseases
and disorders
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Types of Spinal Curvatures
 Scoliosis = Side-to-side curvatures
 Kyphosis = Front-to-back curvatures
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Images of Spinal Curves
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Surgical Terms
 Orthopedic surgery may involve biopsies, repair,
grafting, replacement, excision, or reconstruction of
parts of the musculoskeletal system
 Amputation
 orthotic
 prosthetic devices
 casting
 bone grafting
 splinting
 orthosis
 traction
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Pharmacological Terms
 Most medications treat symptoms, not causes
 Relieve or relax the area of pain by either numbing the
area or by reducing the inflammation
 muscle relaxant
 nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
 narcotic
 analgesic
 anti-inflammatory (corticosteroid)
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Chapter Review
 Identify related parts and functions
 Define related combining forms
 Recall the common diagnoses, laboratory tests, and
clinical procedures used in testing and treating
disorders of the musculoskeletal system
 Define related pathologies
 Define related surgical terms
 Recall the common pharmacological agents used in
treating disorders of the musculoskeletal system
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.