Biology Final Exam Review Fall 2015 Name: ___________________________
Introduction to Biology
1.
When do you use a line graph ? Line graphs can also be used to compare changes over the same period of time for more than one group
2.
When do you use a bar graph? Bar graphs are used to compare things between different groups or to track changes over time
3.
When do you use a pie graph ? Pie charts are best to use when you are trying to compare parts of a whole. They do not show changes over time
4.
What is a dependent variable? A dependent variable is what you measure in the experiment and what is affected during the experiment. The dependent variable responds to the independent variable . It is called dependent because it "depends" on the independent variable .
5.
What is an independent variable? The independent variable is the one that is changed by the scientist. To ensure a fair test, a good experiment has only one independent variable .
6.
What is a control? A researcher must only measure one variable at a time, and using a scientific control group gives reliable baseline data to compare their results with.
7.
What is an experimental group? An experimental group is the group in an experiment that receives the variable being tested. One variable is tested at a time. The experimental group is compared to a control group , which does not receive the test variable.
8.
A student is studying the effects of radiation on the growth of plants. She exposed four plants of the same species to different amounts of radiation. After one month of growth, she measured the height of each plant in centimeters. A fifth plant was not exposed to radiation and allowed to grow in normal conditions. The results are given in the table below.
Amount of Radiation (rads) Height of plant (cm)
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
40
35
20
5
GRAPH THIS DATA!!
A.
What is the question the scientist is trying to answer?
If radiation affects the growth of plants
B.
What is the independent variable?
The amount of radiation
C.
What is the dependent variable?
How much the plants grew
D.
What is the control of this experiment?
The 5 th plant that didn’t receive radiation
E.
Write one sentence explaining the results of the experiment (page 2).
Plants exposed to radiation grew less than plants not exposed to radiation

9. A student studied the effects of increases in temperature on the respiration rate of yeast cells. He varied the temperature from 10 degrees Celsius to 40 degrees Celsius, and counted the number of carbon dioxide bubbles given off at the different temperatures. He kept one yeast culture at room temperature during the entire experiment. Results are given in the table below.
Temperature (degrees Celsius)
10
20
30
40
Number of Carbon Dioxide Bubbles
3
11
18
30 a.
What is the question the scientist is trying to answer?
How does temperature affect the rate of respiration in
Yeast cells b.
What is the independent variable? temperature
GRAPH IT!! c.
What is the dependent variable?
Number of CO2 bubbles given off by yeast d.
What is the control in this experiment?
The yeast culture kept at room temperature e.
Write one sentence explaining the results of the experiment.
The yeast increased the rate of respiration as the temperature increased. The rate of respiration was highest at 40 degrees
10. A scientist wants to know if students do better on their homework if they listen to music while they do it. She asks one group of students to do their homework without listening to music. She asks another group to listen to classical music while they do their homework. She asks a third group to listen to rock music while they do their homework. After two months, she finds that the students who did not listen to music kept their grades the same. The students who listened to classical music brought their grades up, and the students who listened to rock music got lower grades. a.
What is the question the scientist is trying to answer?
Will students do better on homework if they listen to music while they work b.
What is the independent variable?
Music c.
What is the dependent variable?
Grades d.
Which group of students is the control group?

Group that didn’t listen to music
12. e.
Which groups of students would be the experimental group?
Groups that listened to classical and rock music
11. List the following SI (metric) system of measurement?
A.
What is the unit used to measure length? meter
B.
What is the unit used to measure volume? Liter
C.
What is the unit used to measure mass? Gram
D.
What is the unit used to measure temperature? Celcius or Kelvin
13. a.
In the graph, Howard Basketball Teams, what is measured on the X axis? Years b.
In the graph, Howard Basketball Teams, what is measured on the Y axis? Games Won c.
According to the graph, which group won more games in 1991? Boys d.
Why is a line graph the best choice for this data? Compares changes in two groups over time

a. What is the title of this graph? School attendance and science grades b. What is measured on the X axis? students c. What is measured on the Y axis? percentage d. Why is the key important? To show what each bar represents (attendance and grades) e. What conclusions can be made (if any) after reading and interpreting the data shown on this graph?
Attendance didn’t really affect the student’s science grade
14. Define the following terms:
Measure: A quantity
Predict: A guess about what will happen
Estimate: Roughly calculate an amount
Classify: arrange (a group of people or things) in classes or categories according to shared qualities or characteristics .
Observe: notice or perceive (something) and register it as being significant
Infer: deduce or conclude (information) from evidence and reasoning rather than from explicit statements
Data: individual pieces of information.
15. Give an example of the following:
Inference
Inference . When we make an inference , we draw a conclusion based on the evidence that we have available. When we make inferences while reading, we are using the evidence that is available in the text to draw a logical conclusion
Observation
Estimate
A doctor watching a patient after administering an injection which item is the best value for money
Predict I think Alabama will win the football game
Ecology
1.
The study of biology can be studied at different levels. Each level is a system made up of smaller parts. What is the order of organization of living things starting from the largest level? a.
biosphere b.
biome c.
ecosystem d.
community e.
population f.
individual
2.
What is the ultimate source of energy for all living things? sun
3. Is this a food chain or web? How do you know?
Food web because it has many food chains connected
4. Identify one food chain:
Plant
 fox
5. What percent of energy is passed from one trophic level to the next?
10%
 mouse
6. Use the picture to identify: a. Herbivore: b. Carnivore: c. Omnivore: grasshopper fox mouse d. Primary Producer: plant e. Primary Consumer: mouse f. Secondary Consumer: fox, frog g. Tertiary Consumer: fox, snake, owl

7. Given this food chain, grass => grasshopper => spider => snake => hawk. Identify all trophic levels and then identify the producer and different types of consumers.
Grass
Producer
Autotroph
Grasshopper
1 st LC herbivore
2 nd
Spider
LC carnivore
Snake
3 rd LC carnivore
Hawk
4 th LC carnivore
8. Both energy and nutrients (ex. C, N, O) are passed through an ecosystem. Explain how the path of energy through an ecosystem is different from the path of nutrients.
Energy moves through an ecosystem and nutrients (matter) is recycled.
9. Describe the steps of the water cycle include the words, precipitation, evaporation, condensation, transpiration.
9a. Also know the other cycles, such as the nitrogen cycle, carbon cycle and phosphorus cycle.
10. Explain how these words are different: a. Autotroph vs. heterotroph autotroph makes its own food (plant) heterotroph does not make its own food. It has to eat or consume its food (animal) b. Food chain vs. food web food chain- series of feeding relationships from producer to top level consumer

food web- interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem. Many food chains put together. c. Pioneer community (species) vs. Climax community
Pioneer species is the first to move into an area and break down the rock (lichens)
Climax community is a mature forest d. Habitat vs. niche
Habitat is where an organism lives
Niche is an organism’s job or role in an ecosystem e. Population vs. community
Population- is a group of organisms of ONE species that live together in one place
Community- several DIFFERENT species that live together in one place f. Limiting factor vs. carrying capacity
Limiting Factor- something that limits how many organisms can live in an area
Carrying Capacity- the MAXIMUM number of organisms an ecosystem can support
11. What does it mean if two organisms have a symbiotic relationship? A relationship where AT LEAST one benefits
12. Give an example of the following:
Mutualism
Parasitism
Both benefit----- bee and flower
One benefits, one is harmed-----tapeworm in a dog
Commensalism One benefits, one not affected-----barnacle on a whale
13. What are the two types of population growth?
Exponential Growth (J-Curve) & Logistic Growth (S-Curve)
14. What is a limiting factor?
Something that limits how many organisms can live in an area
15.
Population of Deer in Georgia a. Over what time frame were the deer in Georgia growing exponentially?
1800-1850 b. In approximately what year did the growth change from exponential to logistic growth?
1850 c. Why did this change in growth happen?
It reached its carrying capacity d. What is the carrying capacity for this curve?
1.5-1.6 million e. What are some possible reasons why the deer population in Georgia reached its carrying capacity?
Loss of resources (food or habitat)

16. Define the following and give an example.
Density-Independent limiting factors
Density-Dependent limiting factors
Definition
Not dependent on the density of the population
Dependent on the density of the population
Example
Storms, bad weather, earthquakes
Disease, parasites, competition
17. Define the following and give an example.
Abiotic
Definition
Nonliving factors
Example
Temperature, precipitation
Biotic Living factors Animals, plants, fungi
18. What is the difference between primary and secondary succession? Give examples of when each would occur.
Primary- begins with rock and pioneer species (lichen); after a volcanic eruption
19. List one example of a pioneer species. Lichen
20. Know the following terms: a.
Habitat: where an organism lives b.
Food chain: series of feeding relationships in an ecosystem c.
Autotroph: make their own food (plants) d.
Heterotroph: do not make their own food. Consume their food. (animals) e.
Decomposers: organisms that consume dead and decaying material f.
Niche: an organism’s job or role in the ecosystem g.
Food web: interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem h.
Pioneer species: first organism to move into an area and break down the rock (lichens) i.
Climax community: a mature, full grown ecosystem j.
Carrying Capacity: the maximum number of organisms that an ecosystem can support k.
Population Density: the number of organisms in a certain amount of space
Biochemistry
1. Anything that takes up space and has mass is called matter
2. The building block of all matter is an atom
3. Explain the difference between a monomer and a polymer:
Monomer is the small units that make up something large, which is the polymer
4. What element do all organic compounds contain? carbon
5. Key characteristics of carbohydrates a.
What is the function of carbohydrates in the body? Quick source of energy b.
What are some examples of carbohydrates?
Starch and sugar (bread, pasta, fruit) c.
What is the monomer? monosaccharide d.
What elements are found in carbohydrates? CHO
6. Key characteristics of lipids a.
What is the function of lipids in the body?
energy storage b.
What are some examples of lipids? Fats, waxes, oils (vegetable oil, lard, candles) c.
What is the monomer? Fatty acids, glycerol d. What elements are found in lipids? CHO
7. Key characteristics of proteins a.
What is the function of proteins in the body? Building muscle, speed up reactions

b.
What are some examples of proteins? Meat, enzymes c.
What is the monomer? Amino acids d. What elements are found in protein? CHONS
8. What is the function of nucleic acids in the body? a.
What is the function of nucleic acids? Store genetic material, store energy b.
What are examples of nucleic acids? DNA, RNA, ATP c.
What is the monomer? nucleotide d.
What elements are found in nucleic acid? CHONP
9. What macromolecule is an enzyme? protein a. What is the function of enzymes in the body? Speed up reactions b. How do enzymes affect activation energy? Lowers activation energy
10. Explain what is happening in the picture above.
Enzyme is activating the substrate and changing it to produce the products
11. What would happen if the enzyme is exposed to high temperatures?
It would be denatured and wouldn’t work correctly
12.
Enzymes are biological catalysts that help to speed up chemical reactions by lowering the energy needed to start a reaction, E a
.
We have learned about cellular respiration, breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen to form ATP, carbon dioxide and water. The following graph illustrates how the presence of enzymes in our cells allows this chemical reaction to happen faster. do enzymes help the reaction happen faster? reaction started.
How
Reduce the activation energy needed to get

12a. Create a graph that illustrates the following: An enzyme has a pH range of 4-8, with the optimal pH being 7.
13.
Activity Rate of
Enzyme
14. What is the pH of acids? 0-6
15. What is the pH of bases? 8-14 pH a. What is this molecule? water b. How would you describe its chemical properties?
Polar molecule, Hydrogen is positive, Oxygen is negative c. What is cohesion?
When molecules of the same substance stick together (water to water) d. What is adhesion? when molecules of different substances stick together (water to windshield) e. A solution is a homogenous mixture. What are the two parts of a solution that we studied this semester?
Solvent- substance that dissolves the solute (water)
Solute- substance dissolved in the solvent (sugar)
16. What is the pH of neutral substances? 7
The Cell
1.
Fill out the chart:
Major Organelle Function Picture—what does it look like? a. Mitochondria Where cellular respiration takes place and energy is made

b. Nucleus Control center of the cell where genetic information is found c. Cell Wall Surrounds and protects plant cells and bacteria d. Ribosome e. Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Where proteins are made
Smooth ER makes lipids
Rough ER has ribosomes attached and make proteins
Both move lipids and proteins through the cell f. Golgi apparatus Sorts, packages and ships lipids and proteins g. Cell membrane Controls what enters and leaves ALL cells h. Vacuole Storage tank for water and other substances i. Lysosome Contains digestive enzymes that break down worn out parts or food (clean up crew)

j. Centriole Help cell divide (not found in plant cells) k. Chloroplast Where photosynthesis takes place in plants
2. What differences exist between plant and animal cells?
Plants have chloroplast and cell wall and one large vacuole
Animals have centrioles
3. What is the difference between a prokaryote and eukaryote? Create a memory trick to remember this!!
Pro NO, Eu DO
Prokaryote- no nucleus
Eukaryote- do have a nucleus
4. How will the “e” look when looking at it under the microscope? upside down and backwards
5. Briefly describe how to set up a wet mount slide: put object on a slide, add one drop of water and cover with cover slip
6. Explain the difference between the coarse and fine focus: coarse moves stage fast, fine moves stage slow
7. Be able to calculate the total magnification of a microscope given the power of the eyepiece and objective.
For example: eyepiece is 10x and the objective is 10x what is the total magnification? 100x
8. Define the following terms: a.
Phospholipid bilayer: cell membrane made of two layers of lipids b.
Selective permeability/ semi-permeable: allows some substances in but not all c.
Cellulose: carbohydrate found in plant cell walls
Cell Transport
1. Define the following terms: a.
Diffusion: movement of substance from area of high concentration to low concentration b.
Osmosis: diffusion of water through a semi permeable membrane c.
Facilitated diffusion: movement of substances through carrier proteins in membrane from area of high to low concentration d.
Active transport: movement of substances from area of low to high concentration e.
Endocytosis: movement into the cell f.
Exocytosis: movement out of the cell
2.
What is the function of the cell membrane? Controls what enters or leaves the cell

3.
Explain the difference between active and passive transport: active transport requires energy to move substances into or out of a cell (low to high). Passive transport does not require energy (high to low)
4.
What would happen if a cell were placed in a hypotonic solution? Draw a picture:
It will swell
5. What would happen if a cell were placed in a hypertonic solution? Draw a picture:
It will shrink
6. What would happen if a cell were placed in an isotonic solution? Draw a picture:
It will stay the same
Cell Energy
1.
What is ATP and what is its function? Adenosine triphosphate; it is energy
2.
How does ATP provide energy to the cell (what happens)? Stores energy in bonds between phosphate.
Last phosphate is broken off and energy is released.
3.
Which has more potential energy, ATP or ADP?
ATP
A
C
D
B
4. Fill in the missing pieces of the picture:
A. reactants of photosynthesis?)
Water, Energy
B.
Mitochondria reactants of respiration?)
Glucose, Oxygen
C. (Where does photosynthesis occur?)
Chloroplast
D.
(What are the products of respiration &
Carbon Dioxide,
(What are the products of photosynthesis &
(Where does respiration occur?)

5. Fill out the chart on the two types of respiration:
Oxygen required?
Aerobic
Yes
Steps?
Where does this happen?
Net ATP/
Products?
Glycolysis
Kreb’s Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
36
Anaerobic
No
Glycolysis
Fermentation (Lactic Acid or
Alcoholic)
Cytoplasm
Muscles, Plants
4
6. Complete the following table.
Equation
Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight  C 6 H12O 6
+ 6
O
2
In what type of organisms will you find the process?
Reactants
Plants
Carbon Dioxide, Water, Sun
Cellular Respiration
6O2 + C 6 H12O 6  6
CO
2 + 6
H
2
O
+
Energy (ATP)
All Eukaryotic Cells
Products Oxygen, Glucose
Oxygen, Glucose
Carbon Dioxide, Water, Energy
7. What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration? The reactants of one are the products of the other