ANATOMY &
PHYSIOLOGY II
HS 130
Dawn Duran, PT, MHS, CSCS
Adjunct Professor
Kaplan University
First Seminar
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Welcome! I’m Dawn.
I’m your instructor for A&P II.
I am a physical therapist who is
also a Certified Strength &
Conditioning Specialist and Stott
Pilates Instructor.
I currently live in El Paso, TX
where my husband is a soldier
stationed at Fort Bliss.
I have been married for more than
10 years.
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We have a son, Gabriel, who is
nearly 4 years old
And a baby boy, Lucas, who is
nearly 11 months old
First Seminar
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Don’t be nervous!
I am here to help and will do my best to answer
any questions that you may have.
COMMUNICATION
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Communication is very important!!!
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My email is DDuran@kaplan.edu
Email anytime! I truly want to help you to succeed in this
course, and I try to check my email several times daily to
respond to your questions and concerns. I am usually
very focused on responding to you QUICKLY while
attending to my kiddos though and as a result my tone
comes across as abrupt at times. PLEASE communicate
with me if you find my response to be rude as this is
NEVER my intention. I am merely attempting to
respond as quickly as possible and I keep my writing style
in emails “to the point.”
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Course Design
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I designed the course in a format that highlights the critical
information to succeed on your exams.
It is not my style to trick or mislead you in anyway. While many people
might critique the format of my class as too easy, I designed it in a
format that I desired when I was a student. I believe that it is my
responsibility to cover ANYTHING that you will see on a test, hence
my power points emphasize that information. However, I still want to
challenge you to your best, so a balance must be found.
While all of the information in this course is important, I find that it
can be overwhelming when we cover so much in such a short time
frame.
This is why you will note info in my presentation that is bold and
italicized. When you see information in this format you should pay
close attention as you WILL see it again somewhere:)
A Little Business…
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Tips for Success
Syllabus Review
DB Guidelines and examples
Proper document labels and their importance
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Acceptable:
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DuranD-Unit2option2.doc
Dduran-Unit2seminar.doc
Duran-Unit2.doc
Unacceptable:
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Unit2option2.doc
My Assignment.doc
Fantastic Voyage.doc
SUMMARY
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I can’t WAIT to get to know each of you!
Where can you reach me?
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Email: DDuran@kaplan.edu
Let’s get started on this adventure!
Unit 1 (Chapter 11)
BLOOD
Presented by Dawn Duran, PT, MHS,
CSCS
Blood
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The liquid portion of blood is called plasma
The best approximation for blood in a
typical adult is 5 L
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Plasma makes up 2.6 L
Blood is alkaline (pH is 7.5 to 7.45)
Americans donate 14 million units annually
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Donated blood can only be stored for 6 weeks
Blood Types
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Blood types are identified by self-antigens located on
the surface of the RBC
These antigens are substances that the body recognizes
as foreign
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An antigen is a substance that can activate the
immune system to make certain responses
(including the production of antibodies)
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Antibodies are molecules in the plasma that destroy
harmful toxins
We classify blood using the ABO system
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Blood Types
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ABO System
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Type A blood – have type A antigens in RBCs; anti-B
type antibodies in plasma
Type B blood – have type B antigens in RBCs; anti-A
type antibodies in plasma
Type AB blood – have type A and type B antigens in
RBCs; no anti-A or anti-B antibodies in plasma
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called universal recipient blood
Type O blood – no type A or type B antigens in RBCs;
both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma
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Called universal donor blood
Blood Types
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In an emergency, the one blood type that could be
used without danger of antibodies clumping its
red blood cells is O negative blood (O). In other
words, a person with Type A blood can receive a
blood donation from an individual with Type O
blood.
A person with Type A blood can receive a blood
donation from an individual with Type O blood.
O contains no A, B or Rh antigens so it cannot be
agglutinated by anti-A, anti-B or anti-Rh antibodies.
Rh System
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Named for Rhesus Monkey in which the antigen
was first found
Based on presence of or absence of Rh
Factor in the blood
Surface of RBC’s contains markers that
the immune system can recognize
Using + or – system
85% of the world population has Rh+blood
Rh System
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If a person has B negative (B–) blood, for
example, that person is Rh-negative. A person
with B positive blood (B+) is Rh-positive.
People with Rh-positive blood can receive Rhnegative blood; people with Rh-negative blood
will have a transfusion reaction if they receive
Rh-positive blood.
Transfusion reactions caused by mismatched Rh
blood types can be serious.
Blood Transfusions
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All blood intended for transfusion is type
and cross-matched.
Matched carefully to the blood of the recipient for
ABO and Rh compatability
 Further cross-matched for minor antigens that may
also cause reactions
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RhoGAM
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A disease caused by Rh incompatibility is
erythroblastosis fetalis.
A baby born to an Rh- mother and Rh+ father runs
the risk of erythoblastosis fetalis. When a mother
is Rh-, the father is Rh+ and the infant is Rh+ an
agglutination of the infant’s red blood cells is
possible if the baby inherits the Rh+ trait from the
father which would stimulate the mother’s blood to
form anti-Rh antibodies.
The mother in this scenario should receive an injection
of the medication RhoGAM to avoid compatibility
problems.
Blood Plasma
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Liquid fraction of whole blood minus any
formed elements
It contains water as well as dissolved
substances
Food, salts
 About 3% of total oxygen transported in blood
 About 5% of total carbon dioxide
 Plasma proteins
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Plasma Proteins
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Plasma proteins are the most abundant type of
solute in the plasma
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This group includes the
 albumins (help thicken and maintain blood volume),
 immunoglobulins (include antibodies that help
protect us from infection)
 fibrinogen (necessary for blood clotting)
Clot Formation
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Thrombocytes are also called platelets and
they are necessary for blood clotting.
Vitamin K stimulates liver cells to increase
the synthesis of prothrombin, which is
necessary for successful clot formation.
In clot formation, prothrombin is converted
to thrombin, which combines with
fibrinogen to form fibrin. Fibrin traps blood
cells and forms a clot.
Clots
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A stationary blood clot is called a
THROMBUS
A dislodged, moving clot is called an
EMBOLUS
If a clot dislodges and begins circulating in
the blood it is more dangerous to the person.
It can become lodged in any blood vessel,
including those in the heart, lung, or brain and
become critical or deadly.
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Therefore, an embolus or thrombus can
Coumadin
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Coumadin inhibits the synthesis of prothrombin
and other Vitamin K -dependent clotting factors
and is, therefore, an anticoagulant.
Blood Plasma
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Plasma minus clotting factors called
serum
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Serum is liquid remaining after whole blood
clots
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Serum contains antibodies
Which are helpful to destroy toxins
 They are specific to an antigen
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Reminder: antigen is a foreign substance in the body
capable of causing disease
Formed Elements in BLOOD include:
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Thrombocytes (platelets)
Erythroyctes (Red Blood Cells/RBC)
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Leukocytes (White Blood Cells/WBC)
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There are different categories of leukocytes,
noted below:
Neutrophils
 Eosiniphils
 Basophils
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Lymphocytes (Lymphocytes are a type of leukocyte)
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Monocytes
Red Blood Cells
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The most numerous cells in a given volume of blood
are erythrocytes
The formation of red blood cells is known as
hematopoiesis
Formed in red bone marrow from myeloid and lymphatic
tissue
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Myeloid tissue is the same as red bone marrow
Are a biconcave disc shape (thin center and thick edges)
Lack a nucleus
Red Blood Cells
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Erythrocytes transport oxygen and carbon
dioxide throughout the body
Red Blood Cells contain hemoglobin, which is
the oxygen carrying protein of blood. It is a
red-pigmented cell.
A critical component of hemoglobin is
IRON
Iron allows the hemoglobin to bind with O2 and
transport it through the body
RBC Functions
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Transport of respiratory gases (oxygen
and carbon dioxide)
Plays an important role in homeostasis of
acid-base balance
A CBC (complete blood count) is a
laboratory test used to measure the
amount or levels of many blood
constituents
Diseases involving Erythrocytes
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Polycythemia refers to an excessive
production of erythrocytes
-emia is the suffix that refers to a blood
condition
Anemia is the inability of blood to carry
sufficient oxygen to the tissues
Anemia
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Low oxygen carrying capacity of blood
Major symptom: fatigue
Hemorrhagic anemia
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Aplastic anemia refers to the destruction of
blood forming elements in the bone marrow.
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Accidents / bleeding ulcers
Toxic chemicals, excessive xrays, chemotherapy
Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of
intrinsic factor and decreased absorption of
vitamin B12
Pernicious Anemia
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This can be due to a deficiency or due to
stomach lining fails to produce intrinsic
factor, which is the substance that allows B12 to
be absorbed.
Sickle Cell Anemia
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This is a form of anemia caused by a
defective gene resulting in abnormal
hemoglobin
Sickle Cell Anemia
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Severe and sometimes fatal hereditary disease
Sickle cell disease changes normal, round red blood cells into
cells that are shaped like crescent moons. The name "sickle cell"
comes from the crescent shape of the cells
Sickle cell disease is inherited, which means it is passed from
parent to child. To get sickle cell disease, a child has to inherit
two sickle cell genes-one from each parent.
When a child inherits the gene from just one parent, that child
has sickle cell trait. Having this trait means that you do not have
the disease, but you are a carrier and could pass it on to your
children.
Sickle Cell Anemia
White Blood Cells
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Called leukocytes
Categorized with granules or without granules
Granulocytic WBCs (i.e these CONTAIN
granules)
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Agranulocytes (i.e. these contain NO granules)
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Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Function of WBCs – protection and disease
fighting
Functions of Specific Leukocytes
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Neutrophils function in immune
defense and phagocytosis
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Phagocytes are cells that are capable of
ingesting foreign substances and
organisms for their destruction
Eosiniphils function in defending
against parasites
Basophils are involved in allergic
reactions
White Blood Cells
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Basophils secrete heparin, an anticoagulant, which is
thought to play a role in the prevention of clotting.
Lymphocytes play a major role in immunity to
infectious diseases and produce antibodies to destroy
them
B lymphocytes are responsible for antibody
production
An antigen is a foreign substance that can cause
the body to produce an antibody
Macrophages are specialized phagocytic cells
found outside of the circulatory system and are
derived from monocytes
WBC Count
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Amt of WBCs per cubic millimeter of whole
blood
Ranges from 5000-9000
Leukopenia – low WBC count/a decreased
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Leukocytosis – high WBC count
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in WBC count
Leukemia
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WBC count exceeds 100,000
Acute or Chronic – depends on how
quickly symptoms appear after the disease
begins
Lymphocytic or Myeloid – depends on the
cell type involved
Hematocrit (Hct)
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This is a common lab test
It is a measure of the total blood volume make up by the red
blood cells
A tube of blood is placed into a centrifuge and spun down
The heavier elements settle to the bottom of the tube - ie
RBCs
In a dehydrated individual the hematocrit is more likely to
be increased
Hematocrit
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The buffy coat layer in a hematocrit blood
tube contains white blood cells and platelets.
The “buffy coat” is the layer of WBCs and
platelets visible in any centrifuged blood sample.
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The RBCs are located at the bottom of the
tube
That’s All, Folks!