Chapter 10 - Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Warm Up – 11/20

List the differences between Asexual and Sexual
Reproduction.

Name two types of asexual reproduction.

What are the three parts of interphase? (List
them in order) Provide what happens in each
part of interphase.
Chapter 10 - Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Warm –Up 11/20

Chromatid
What is the diagram on the right?
Answer: Duplicated Chromosome

Compare the terms chromatid and
chromosome!
•
•
Answer: The are the essentially the
same. Both are one half of the duplicated
chromosome.
After the duplicated chromosome splits chromatids are then called a
chromosomes.
The
Cycle Vocabulary
–1
13.1 Cell
Ecologists
Study Relationships
What are Chromosomes?
Chromosome - an organized
structure of DNA and protein that
is found in cells.
It is a single piece of coiled DNA
containing many genes.
The
Cell10
Cycle
Vocabulary
-2
Chapter
- Mitosis
and Cytokinesis
A complete set of human chromosomes
(Each band is a gene)
The
Cell10
Cycle
Vocabulary
– Page 2
Chapter
- Mitosis
and Cytokinesis
9

Chromosomes vs Sister Chromatids vs Chromatid
chromatid
• Sister chromatids are held together at
the centromere.
• Identical chromosomes (carry the
same genes)
• When attached to each other one
half of a duplicated chromosome is
a chromatid.
• When sister chromatids separate
they are called chromosomes
centromere
Pair of sister chromatids
The
Cell10
Cycle
Vocabulary
Chapter
- Mitosis
and Cytokinesis
9
Sister Chromatids
DNA double
helix
DNA and
histones
Chromatin
Supercoiled
DNA
The
in Somatic
(body cells) – Page 5
Chapter
10 - Mitosis
andCells
Cytokinesis
9 Cell Cycle
The cell cycle in body cells includes
Interphase and Mitosis
* The cell grows and replicates its DNA during
Interphase.
* The cells nucleus divides during mitosis
* Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm this
occurs after mitosis
The
Cell10
Cycle
in Somatic
Cells – Page 7
Chapter
- Mitosis
and Cytokinesis
 Interphase:
includes G1, S, and G2 phases
– Gap 1 (G1): cell growth and
normal functions
– Synthesis (S): copies DNA,
DNA replication
– Gap 2 (G2): additional
growth
The
Cell10
Cycle
Interphase
– Page 6
Chapter
- Mitosis
and Cytokinesis
9
Interphase: prepares the cell for mitosis

The cell grows (G1)

DNA Reproduction:
The DNA is
duplicated. (S)

Interphase prepares
the cell to divide. (G2)
Interphase
Nuclear envelope
chromatin
- Chromatin: thread-like genetic material in the nucleus
The
Cell10
Cycle
Somatic
Chapter
- Mitosis
and Cells
Cytokinesis
 Mitosis

begins:

Mitosis (M): division of the somatic cell’s nucleus

Cytokinesis: division of the somatic cell’s cytoplasm
Includes P.M.A.T.
 Prophase
 Metaphase
 Anaphase
 Telophase
• Produces two genetically identical
daughter cells.
Chapter
10 - Mitosis
andof
Cytokinesis
9
Mitosis
Begins:
Division
the Nucleus – Page 8 & 9
Prophase: First step of mitosis
– Chromatin is condensed
and duplicated chromosomes
are visible
– Spindle fibers form
– Nuclear envelope
disappears
Sister Chromatids
Spindles Forming
Nuclear Envelope
The
Cell10
Cycle
Mitosis
Page 10 & 11
Chapter
- Mitosis
and–Cytokinesis
9
 Metaphase:
second step of mitosis
– Sister chromatids line
up in the middle of
the cell.
– Spindle fibers attach
to sister chromatids
Sister Chromatids
Centromere
Chapter
- Mitosis
and–Cytokinesis
9
The
Cell10
Cycle
Mitosis
Page 12 & 13
 Anaphase:
third step of mitosis
– Sister chromatids move apart and are now called
chromosomes
– Spindles pull identical
chromosomes to opposite
sides of the cell.
Chromosome
Spindle Fiber
Centromere
Chapter 10 - Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Connecting Question

During anaphase identical chromosomes are
pulled to opposite ends of the cell.
 Hypothesize:
1. Where did the two identical copies come
from?
 Answer
1. The Interphase – Synthesis (S) – Why? - This is
when the cell duplicates its genetic information
to get ready for mitosis.
Chapter
- Mitosis
and–Cytokinesis
9
The
Cell10
Cycle
Mitosis
Page 15
Telophase: fourth step of mitosis
Identical
Chromosomes
Nuclear Envelope
– The two new nuclei form.
– Chromosomes begin to
uncoil and form chromatin.
– Nuclear envelope reappears.
The
Cell10
Cycle
Cytokinesis
– Page 16
Chapter
- Mitosis
and Cytokinesis
9

Cytokinesis: the cells cytoplasm splits after mitosis
– Parent cell splits into
two
– 2 identical daughter
cells form
– In animal cells, the
membrane pinches
closed.
– In plant cells, a cell
plate forms.
nucleus with
chromatin
Two Identical
Daughter Cells
Form (Cytokinesis)
Chapter 10 - Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Closing Questions
1.
Analyze the cell cycle in order to determine:
A. In what phase(s) could you find individual chromosomes
in the cell.
B. After which phase(s) would you find sister chromatids
(duplicated chromosomes) in the cell.
2.
Hypothesize why it is important for the sister chromatids to
remain attached at the centromere until anaphase.
Chapter 10 - Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Controls on Cell Division


How is the cell cycle regulated?
The cell cycle is controlled by regulatory proteins both
inside and outside the cell.

The controls on cell growth and division can be turned on and off.

For example, when an injury such as a broken bone occurs, cells are
stimulated to divide rapidly and start the healing process. The rate of cell
division slows when the healing process nears completion.
Chapter 10 - Mitosis and Cytokinesis
The Discovery of Cyclins

Cyclins - are a family of proteins that regulate
the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells.
Chapter 10 - Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death.

Apoptosis plays a role in development by shaping
the structure of tissues and organs in plants and
animals. For example, the foot of a mouse is shaped
the way it is partly because the toes undergo
apoptosis during tissue development.
Chapter 10 - Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Cancer

Do you know anyone (or of anyone) who has been diagnosed
with cancer?

If so, what cancer did they have?

What type of cancers do you think are most prevalent?
Most Common Types of Cancer - 2014 (National Cancer Institute)
Type of Cancer
New Cases Annually
Deaths
Breast (Female – Male)
235,030
40,430
Prostate
233,000
29,480
Lung (Including Bronchus)
224,210
159,260
Colon and Rectal (Combined)
136,830
50,310
Melanoma
76,100
9,710
Bladder
74,690
15,580
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
70,800
18,990
Kidney (Renal Cell and Renal Pelvis) Cancer
63,920
13,860
Thyroid
62,980
1,890
Endometrial
52,630
8,590
Leukemia (All Types)
52,380
24,090
Pancreatic
46,420
39,590
Most Common Types of Cancer - 2014 (National Cancer Institute)
Type of Cancer
Pancreatic
New Cases Annually
Deaths
46,420
39,590
224,210
159,260
52,380
24,090
136,830
50,310
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
70,800
18,990
Kidney (Renal Cell and Renal Pelvis)
63,920
13,860
Bladder
74,690
15,580
235,030
40,430
Endometrial
52,630
8,590
Melanoma
76,100
9,710
Prostate
233,000
29,480
Thyroid
62,980
1,890
Lung (Including Bronchus)
Leukemia (All Types)
Colon and Rectal (Combined)
Breast (Female – Male)
Mortality Rate
85%
71%
46%
37%
27%
22%
21%
17%
16%
13%
13%
3%
Chapter 10 - Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Common Cancers

Melanoma (deadly type of skin
cancer)

Leukemia (cancer of the
circulatory system – blood)

Lung Cancer

Colon Cancer

Breast Cancer

Bladder Cancer
Chapter 10 - Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Cancer… Mitosis Out of Control!!!!
 Cancer
results from
out-of-control cell
production.
 Abnormal
masses of
cells are called tumors.
Chapter 10 - Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Two Types of Tumors
Tumors can either be:
Benign – abnormal mass of cells.
It does not spread to
surrounding healthy tissue.
Malignant – mass of cells resulting
from the reproduction of cancer
cells. It invades and destroys
surrounding healthy tissue and
can spread to other parts of the
body.
Brain Tumor
(MRI)
Chapter 10 - Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Metastasis

When cancer cells break off tumors
and travel (spread) to other places in
the body, the cancer is said to have
metastasized.
Chapter 10 - Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Cancer Treatment

Surgery

Radiation Therapy

Chemotherapy
Unwanted Side Effects – nausea,
damage to
organs, sterility, hair loss, etc.