Cell
Unit
Review
IMPORTANT SCIENTISTS WHO CONTRIBUTED TO THE
DISCOVERY OF CELLS AND CELL THEORY
Who saw cork and named
the chambers “Cells”?
Hint: His name
rhymes with “cork”
Who saw cork and named
the chambers “Cells”?
Hint: His name rhymes
with “cork”
Who invented the
microscope and saw the
first living (alive) cells in
pond water and called
them “wee beasties?”
(Hint: “Wee” sounds like
beginning of his last
name)
Who invented the microscope
and saw the first living cells in
pond water and called them
“wee beasties?”
Leeuwenhoek
“Lee” sounds like “Wee”
What did
Schwann say?
What did
Schleiden say?
What did
Schwann say?
Schwann claimed that all
animals are made of cells.
Think: Schwann
sounds like
swan
What did
Schleiden say?
Schleiden claimed that all
plants are made of cells.
Think: Schlidin’
down the vine
Who claimed that all cells
must come from existing
cells by reproduction?
Hint:
Cows come from cows
Cells come from cells
Who claimed that all cells must
come from existing cells
by reproduction?
Hint:
Cows come from cows
Cells come from cells
What did Brown discover?
Know the 3 parts of the
Modern Cell Theory
3 parts of the
Modern Cell Theory
Cells are the basic units of structure and function
in all living things
All cells contain specialized structures
(organelles) to perform functions necessary for life
All organisms are made of one or more cells and
come from other cells by reproduction
VS
What is the difference
between Abiogenesis
and Biogenesis?
VS
Needham was the only one to
believe in Abiogenesis
Who did this red meat experiment
and believed in biogenesis?
No Growth
No Growth
Who did this red meat experiment
and believed in biogenesis?
Redi
For Biogenesis
No Growth
No Growth
Who did this experiment and
believed in abiogenesis?
Heated (not boiled) Broth
Hint: He needed more information on how to do a
good experiment!!!
Who did this experiment and
believed in abiogenesis?
Needham – Abiogenesis
(He needed more information on how to do a good experiment)
Heated (not boiled) Broth
Who repeated Needham’s
experiment but boiled the broth
longer and believed in biogenesis?
Who repeated Needham’s experiment but boiled the
broth longer and believed in biogenesis?
Spallanzani
Who did this experiment and
believed in biogenesis?
S-shaped
flask
Who did this experiment and
believed in biogenesis?
Pasteur - Biogenesis
S-shaped
flask
What is a Prokaryote?
Prokaryote ?
Prokaryotes (Bacteria)
No Nucleus
No Membrane Bound Organelles
Cilia
Prokaryotes DO
have these
organelles
Cytoplasm
Flagella
Cell
Membrane
What is a Eukaryote?
Eukaryote ?
Eukaryotes (Plants & Animals):
Nucleus
Membrane Bound Organelles
(Mitochondria, E.R., Golgi, etc.)
What must ALL CELLS
have? Eukaryotes( Plants, Animals)
& Prokaryotes
Organelles
ALL CELLS
Eukaryotes( Plants, Animals) & Prokaryotes
4 Organelles
DNA
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane
Ribosomes
What organelles do PLANT CELLS
have that an animal cells not have?
What organelles do PLANT CELLS
have that an animal cells not have?
•Cell Wall
•Chloroplasts
•Large Vacuole
Define Cell Membrane
A semi-permeable, phospholipid bilayer
with proteins in it that regulates what
goes in and out of a cell
Cell
Membrane
Define Cell Wall
The hard outer covering of the
plant cell that provides support
and structure for the plant cell
Cell Wall
Define Cytoplasm
The jelly-like liquid between the
cell membrane and the nucleus
that holds the organelles.
Cytoplasm
Define Nucleus
NUCLEUS
Controls cell’s functions such as
protein synthesis; holds the
chromosomes and nucleolus; only in
Eukaryotes.
Define Nucleolus
The organelle that is inside the
nucleus and makes ribosomes.
Nucleolus
Define Nuclear Membrane
Covers the outside of the nucleus and has
pores that allow ribosomes and RNA out
Nuclear Membrane
(Nuclear Envelope)
and Nuclear Pores
Define Chromosome
The genetic material
(DNA) “Blueprints” that
is inside the nucleus
CHROMOSOMES
Define Mitochondria
The powerhouse (makes energy) for
the cell and found in Eukaryotes
(Plants & Animals)
Mitochondria
Hint: Think Mighty
Mitochondria that
produces power
Define Ribosomes
Makes proteins for the cell
Hint: If you eat Ribs
you are getting
protein from the
meat.
RIBOSOMES
Define Chloroplast
Used for photosynthesis in
the plant cell; converts light
into food for plants.
Chloroplasts
What grouping are
chloroplasts, leukoplasts,
and chromoplasts part of?
What grouping are
chloroplasts, leukoplasts,
and chromoplasts part of?
Plastids
Define Vacuole
Plant Cell
A large sac in a plant cell (holds
water) and small sac in an
animal (used for storage).
Plant Cell
Define Lysosome
Digests (breaks down) food and
gets rid of unwanted waste.
Animal cells only
Define Rough and Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
E.R. is a folded membrane and
transports materials throughout the cell.
Rough E.R.
Process and
transports
Proteins
Smooth E.R.
Processes and
transports Lipids &
Carbs
Define Golgi Bodies (apparatus)
Hint: Think of packaging and sending a gold necklace to
your friend in another state. Look like stack of pancakes
Golgi Bodies or Golgi Apparatus
Packages proteins for transport out of the cell
Hint: Think of packaging and sending a gold necklace to your friend
in another state. Look like stack of pancakes
What are Cilia?
What are Flagella?
The microtubules
covering the cell like
hair used for movement
Microtubules that are
whip-like and used for
movement
Cilia
Flagella
PROKARYOTES
Only!!!
Define Cytoskeleton
What makes up the cytoskeleton?
Cytoskeleton: Supports the cell membrane
Made up of microtubules and microfilaments
____ _______ is when cells
perform a specific function
for an organism.
Cell Specialization is when cells
perform a specific function for
a multi-celled organism.
Muscle Cell
Nerve Cell
Single celled organisms cannot
have cell specialization when they
only consist of one cell!
Muscle Cells
Nerve Cell
Blood Cells
Muscle Cells
Nerve Cell
Blood Cells
What are the four levels of cell
organization starting from the
smallest to largest?
What are the four levels of cell
organization starting from the
cell?
make up
make up
make up
Name the 2 reasons cells cannot be the
size of a basketball.
Reasons cells cannot be the size of a
basketball…
1.Geometry: Volume
increases faster than
surface area which
makes it hard for
membrane to keep up
with needs of the cell
2.Practical aspects:
Nucleus can’t handle
that big of a job.
What 3 things can
easily pass right
through the cell
membrane?
Hint:
They are very small
molecules
What 3 things can easily
pass right through the
cell membrane?
Carbon Dioxide
By Diffusion
Oxygen
By Diffusion
H2O
By Osmosis
Explain Diffusion
Movement of small molecules (CO₂ , O₂, I₂)
From HIGH → LOW concentration and does
NOT need a cell membrane but can cross the
cell membrane
Define Osmosis
(3 part definition)
Osmosis is the movement of
(1) Water from
(2) High → Low concentration
(3) Across a cell membrane
What is located in the cell membrane to
selectively allow larger things into and out
of the cell?
What is located in the cell membrane to
selectively allow larger things into and out
of the cell?
Protein Channel
Explain Passive Transport
(Facilitated Diffusion)
Movement of larger molecules (sugar)
from HIGH → LOW concentration that
needs a cell membrane, a protein, but
NO ENERGY.
Explain Active Transport
Movement of ions (K+, Na+, Cl-) from
LOW → HIGH concentration that needs a
cell membrane, a protein and energy
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Define Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Endocytosis is when a large food particle is moved
into the cell using a cell membrane and energy.
ENDO = ENTER
EXO = Exit
Exocytosis is when a large particle is moved out of
the cell using a cell membrane and energy.
What is Bulk Transport?
Hint: It’s not this!
Endocytosis and Exocytosis (moving big
particles in or out of the cell) is also
called… Bulk Transport
When the solute concentration inside
and outside of the cell is equal.
This is called____?______.
Where does water go?
What does the cell do?
10%
10% solute
outside
Isotonic solution (equal in & out)
Water goes both in and out
Cell stays the same.
10%
H2O
10%
When the solute concentration outside
the cell is higher than inside
it is called______.
Where does water go?
What does the cell do?
10%
20% solute
outside
When the solute concentration outside
the cell is higher than inside the cell it is
called Hypertonic Solution.
Water goes out of cell
Cell shrinks
H2O
10%
20% solute
When the solute concentration inside the
cell is higher than outside the cell it is called
a ____________.
Where does water go?
What does the cell do?
20%
10% solute
outside
When the solute concentration inside the
cell is higher than outside the cell it is called
a Hypotonic solution.
Water goes into the cell
Cell swells
20%
H2O
10% solute
What happens to the cell in this
situation?
Where does water move in this
situation?
7%
Distilled
H20
What happens to the cell in this
situation? Water moves into cell and
cell will pop.
VERY Hypotonic
Solution
Water
goes in
7% Solute
Distilled H20
0% Solute
Be able to identify which organelles belong to
Plant, Animal, or Prokaryotic Cells !
ORGANELLE
PLANT
ANIMAL
Prokaryote
Cell Wall
Yes
No
Yes
Cell Membrane
Yes
Yes
Yes
Nucleus
Yes
Yes
No
Nuclear
Membrane
Yes
Yes
No
Cytoplasm
Yes
Yes
Yes
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Yes
Yes
No
Ribosome
Yes
Yes
Yes
Mitochondria
Yes
Yes
No
Lysosome
No
Yes
No
Chloroplast
Yes
No
No
Vacuole
Yes (Large)
Yes- (Small)
No
Golgi apparatus
Yes
Yes
No
Cilia
No
No
Yes
Understand the diffusion lab that we conducted in class.
What did the bag represent? What moved into the bag and
how do you know? What was the control in this
experiment? Why did you need a control?
Before:
Starch inside= White
Liquid Outside = Dark Brown
After:
Starch inside= Black/Blue
Liquid Outside = Light Brown/Yellow
Be able to identify all the organelles in plant
and animal cells from various pictures in our
notes and test review!!!!
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
ANIMAL CELL
Nuclear membrane w/pores
Rough ER
Ribosome
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Golgi Bodies
Lysosome
Smooth ER
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm
Cell
Membrane
PLANT CELL
Nucleolus
Rough ER
Nucleus
Cytoskeleton
Ribosome
Mitochondria
Golgi Bodies
Chloroplast
Cell Wall
Large Vacuole
Cell
Membrane