CELL THEORY
CELL SIZE
Cells
1. All living things are made of _____________.
2. Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in an organism
(= basic unit of __________)
life
existing
3. New cells are produced from _________________
cells
PLANT
ANIMAL cells > _____________
BACTERIA
___________
cells > _________
CELL MEMBRANE (PLASMA MEMBRANE)
phospholipids
proteins
Made mainly of ____________________
and _________________
HYDROPHOBIC “tails” of phospholipids make molecules line up as
out &
LIPID ________________
with POLAR heads facing _______
BILAYER
NON-POLAR tails facing ________
in
MEMBRANE PROTEINS
PERIPHERAL
•____________________stick on inside or outside surface
•____________________go part way or all the way through
INTEGRAL
GLYCOPROTEINS - recognize “self”
• _________________
TRANSPORT
• _______________
PROTEINS- move molecules across membrane
FUNCTION:
SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE
Membranes are _________________________________
(=Semi-permeable)
Allow certain molecules to pass through; but keep others out
CONTROLS what enters & leaves cell
___________
HOMEOSTASIS
Helps with _________________
cytoplasm
__________________
= gel-like material + organelles between
nucleus and cell membrane
NUCLEUS
NUCLEOLUS
Surrounded by ______________
DOUBLE MEMBRANE
called the NUCLEAR __________________
ENVELOPE
___________
CONTROLCENTER OF CELL
 Nuclear ___________
PORES allow molecules in & out
CONTAINS CELL’S GENETIC MATERIAL (_______)
DNA
Dark spot = NUCLEOLUS
makes ___________________
(RNA)
RIBOSOMES
CHROMOSOMES
DNA is scrunched up as ______________
in dividing cells.
CHROMATIN
DNA is spread out as ________________
in non-dividing cells.
CYTOSKELETON
Made of PROTEINS called
______________
MICROTUBULES& _________________
MICROFILAMENTS
cell maintain shape;
FUNCTION: Helps
_________________________
Support; Helps in movement
___________________________________
CENTRIOLES
MICROTUBULES
Made of __________________________
ANIMAL
Only seen in _______________
cells during cell division
Pull chromosomes apart;
Function:__________________________________
MITOCHONDRION (pl. MITOCHONDRIA)
DOUBLE
Surrounded by _____________
membrane
Contains its own ___________
DNA
Power plant
_______________
of cell
GLUCOSE
Burns ____________
ATP
Stores energy released as ______
CRISTAE
Folded inner membrane = _________________
(increases surface area for more chemical reactions)
RIBOSOMES
FREE in cytoplasm or __________
ATTACHED to Rough ER
Can be __________________
PROTEINS
RNA
MADE OF ______________
& ________
MAKE PROTEINS
FUNCTION: _____________________
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
MEMBRANES
Internal Network of ___________________
Rough ER:
PROTEINS
Attached ribosomes make _________________
which are modified and transported to Golgi
SMOOTH ER for export
ROUGH ER
(with ribosomes) (no ribosomes)
Smooth ER:
STEROIDS
Makes membrane lipids (__________________)
CALCIUM
Regulates ________________
in muscles
TOXINS
Breaks down _________________
in liver
GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY)
Looks like a “______________________”
stack of pancakes
membranes
Made of ______________________
FUNCTION: Modify, sort, & package substances
storage
from ER for ______________
or
export
_______________
out of cell
LYSOSOMES
Digestive enzymes
Sac containing _________________________
FUNCTION:
food molecules & unwanted cells/cell parts;
Digests __________________________________
APOPTOSIS
Plays a role in ____________“Programmed
cell death”
Cell suicide for the good of the organism
CILIA & FLAGELLA
MICROTUBULES
Made of PROTEINS called _______________
9 + 2
organized in a _________
arrangement
that help with ___________________
MOVEMENT
MANY
SHORT
CILIA =________
& __________
move cells;
FUNCTION: ______________________
move substances past cells
________________________________
FEW & ________
LONG
FLAGELLA =______
Move cells
FUNCTION: _________________
CELL WALL
Cell membrane
Found OUTSIDE the ____________________
Provides ____________
& ________________
SUPPORT
PROTECTION
CELLULOSE
___________________
makes plant cells sturdy
PEPTIDOGLYCAN
Bacteria have cell walls made of _______________
instead.
VACUOLES
carbohydrates,
Storage space for: Proteins,
_______________
water, waste
plant
Huge in __________cells
,
animal
small in _____________
cells,
bacteria
Not in _________________
CHLOROPLAST
DOUBLE
Surrounded by ____________
membrane
Has own ________
DNA
THYLAKOIDS =membrane sacs inside
_____________
Contain CHLOROPHYLL where
_______________________
happens
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
PLANT
FOUND ONLY IN _____________
CELLS
DIFFERENCES IN ANIMAL CELLS, PLANT CELLS, AND BACTERIA
ANIMAL CELL
PLANT CELL
BACTERIA
Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Cell membrane
Cell membrane
Cell membrane
Nuclear membrane
Nuclear membrane
NO cell wall
Cell wall made of
CELLULOSE
Cell wall made of
PEPTIDOGLYCAN
Has ribosomes
Has ribosomes
Has ribosomes
DNA in multiple
chromosomes
DNA in multiple
chromosomes
DNA is a single
circular ring
CYTOSKELETON
CYTOSKELETON
CYTOSKELETON
Small vacuoles
Really big vacuole
NO vacuoles
Has lysosomes
Has lysosomes
NO lysosomes
Has centrioles
NO centrioles
NO centrioles
NO chloroplasts
Chloroplasts
NO chloroplasts
SMALLER
SMALL
SMALLEST
NO nuclear membrane