Reconstruction
Chapter 16
The Reconstruction Problems
Charleston, SC and other
Southern areas were
ruined
How could the South now
be readmitted to the
Union?
What would be the rights
and status of freedmen?
Politics of Reconstruction
Plan
Lincoln’s Plan (10
percent Plan)
Wade-Davis Bill
(Congress)
Johnson’s Plan
Effect of Plan
Lincoln’s 10 Percent Plan
Lincoln’s Plan
required 10 percent
of voters to pledge
loyalty to the Union
and made
Southerners
recognize the end of
slavery
Did not give rights
to the freedmen
Wade-Davis Bill Voting
Party
Yes
No
Republican
18
4
Democrat
0
6
Unconditional
Unionist
0
3
Unionist
0
1
While almost
exclusively
Republican
created, the bill
called for 50%
loyalty to the
Union and
removed
Confederates from
politics (could not
vote or hold
office)
Freedmen should
get the vote
Johnson’s Plan
• Johnson wanted all whites
to take the oath of
allegiance, proclaim
secession illegal, and
ratify the 13th Amendment
• Planned to keep
confederate officials and
wealthy from voting, but
was unconcerned about
freedmen
Defiance and Dissent
• How did the Southerners defy Johnson’s
plans for reconstruction? (black codes,
“working contracts”)
• How did the Radical Republicans respond
to the Southern defiance? (“waving the
bloody shirt”)
• How did Johnson hurt the Radical
Republican agenda? (“swing around the
circle”)
13th Amendment
Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary
servitude, except as a punishment for crime
whereof the party shall have been duly convicted,
shall exist within the United States, or any place
subject to their jurisdiction.
Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce
this article by appropriate legislation.
[
Despite Johnson’s plan to help poor whites in the South, he was
forced to pardon many Confederates and restore power to the
wealthy planters, who enacted laws to remove the 13th
Amendment and pass “black codes”
Congressional Reconstruction
• How were the Republicans able to get control of
Congress in 1866 midterm elections, allowing
them to override vetoes?
• What new acts were passed that allowed Radical
Republicans to push along Reconstruction? How
did Johnson respond? (Civil Rights Act of 1866,
14th Amendment, Joint Committee Report,
Reconstruction Acts of 1867)
Civil Rights Act of 1866
"All persons within the jurisdiction of the United States shall have the
same right in every State and Territory to make and enforce contracts,
to sue, be parties, give evidence, and to the full and equal benefit of all
laws and proceedings for the security of persons and property as is
enjoyed by white citizens, and shall be subject to like punishment,
pains, penalties, taxes, licenses, and exactions of every kind, and to no
other."
In response to Southern defiance and despite Johnson’s vetoes,
moderate and radical republicans combined to pass acts allowing
freedmen to vote and getting rid of black codes
Congressional Reconstruction
th
14
Amendment
Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the
United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof,
are citizens of the United States and of the State
wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce
any law which shall abridge the privileges or
immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall
any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or
property, without due process of law; nor deny to
any person within its jurisdiction the equal
protection of the laws.
Congress’s 14th Amendment included the “equal protection clause”
and defined citizenship, targeting protection of blacks
Military Reconstruction
•Creation of five military districts in the seceded states not
including Tennessee, which had ratified the Fourteenth
Amendment to the United States Constitution and was
readmitted to the Union
•Requiring congressional approval for new state
constitutions (which were required for Confederate states to
rejoin the Union)
•Confederate states give voting rights to all men.
•All former Confederate states must ratify the 14th
Amendment
Foils to the Radicals
• How did Radicals attempt to hurt Johnson
and remove him from power? (Tenure of
Office Act, Edwin Stanton, Impeachment
Crisis)
• Why were women’s rights advocates
against the emancipation plans by
Congress? (Women’s Suffrage)
Impeachment of Johnson
Johnson’s impeachment
was caused by:
1) He did not support
Congressional
Reconstruction
2) He violated the
Tenure of Office Act
– fired Edwin Stanton
Johnson was impeached
but was one vote
short of conviction,
meaning that
Reconstruction efforts
could only go so far
Reconstruction Governments
• What caused the creation of new state and local
governments in South and what new reforms were
passed? (Carpetbaggers, Scalawags)
• How did Grant’s victory in the 1868 election lead
to further Reconstruction efforts? (15th
Amendment)
• What was the response of Southern Democrats to
new Republican dominance in government?
(Enforcement Acts)
Carpetbaggers and Scalawags
Carpetbaggers (North),
Scalawags (South),
and blacks created a
new Southern
electorate that voted
for Republicans
Republican Governments:
1) Abolished property
and racial voting
qualifications
2) Set up Public Works
(schools)
3) Taxed landowners
Election of 1868
Grant – red
Seymour – blue
Not Readmitted - Green
Grant was victorious in 1868, leading the Radicals to want further
Reconstruction efforts
th
15
Amendment
The 15th
Amendment
allowed blacks
the right to
vote
Taxes During Reconstruction
State Property Tax Rates during Reconstruction
Ye
ar
69
South
Mississippi
Carolina
5 mills
1 mill (0.1 %) (lowest rate between 1822 and 1898)
70
9 mills
5 mills
71
7 mills
4 mills
72
12 mills
8.5 mills
73
12 mills
12.5 mills
74
10.3-8
mills
14 mills (1.4%) "a rate which virtually amounted to
confiscation" (highest rate between 1822 and 1898)
Democratic Counterattack
New organization such as
the KKK used violence
and intimidation at the
polls despite the
Enforcement Acts
Many claimed that taxes
were unfair and
Republicans were corrupt
Radicals v. Johnson Newspapers
Choose an event that happened within
reconstruction and…
1) Radical Republican Editor – Explain why
the event is Johnson’s fault or your
success. Give 3 reasons and include a
detailed visual (you can also do cartoons)
2) Johnson Supporter Editor – Do the same as
above except blame the event on the
Radical Republicans or claim success for
Johnson.
Emancipation in the South
• What actions did most freedmen take when
they were no longer slaves?
• How did African-Americans begin creating
a new society? (Civil Rights Act of 1875)
• What economic issues still plagued AfricanAmericans after slavery? (sharecropping,
crop-lien economy)
Freedmen
Freedmen left
plantations in
search of
family
Once found,
they legalized
marriages and
created
recognized
families
African-American Institutions
Howard University - DC
Fisk University - Nashville
Black churches and schools were set up to pull together black
communities and educate them as they were still segregated from white
churches and schools (despite attempts of Civil Rights Act of 1875)
Sharecropping
Blacks wanted to
independently own
land, but laws
allowing white
plantation owners to
keep land made
them sharecroppers
The sharecroppers
got supplies based
on their share of the
crop given to
landlords, and often
went into debt in the
Crop-Lien Economy
In pairs, create a 1 page compilation of text messages between the
sharecropper and landowner that covers the sharecropper cycle
Ending Reconstruction
• What events caused the end of Reconstruction?
(Corruption and Grant, Liberal Republicans and
Greeley in Election of 1872, Panic of 1873,
Supreme Court, Public Opinion)
• How did the Democrats plan to “redeem” the
South? (Amnesty Act of 1872)
• What caused the official end of Reconstruction
and the reestablishment of the “Solid South”?
(Election of 1876, Compromise of 1877)
Grantism and Corruption
Credit Mobilier Scandal was the
distribution of stock and bribes to
congressmen in exchange for
building of railroads
The Whiskey Ring involved
bribes from whiskey distillers
to politicians
Election of 1872
Though Grant was reelected, the new Liberal Republicans and
Democrats elected other members and weakened the power of the
Radical Republicans and the Reconstruction efforts
Panic of 1873
The Panic of
1873, causing
large scale
unemployment
and business
failures, focused
Northern
attention on the
economy and not
Reconstruction
Redeeming the South
The Democratic Party
“redeemers” claimed
the South due to:
1) Amnesty Act of 1872
allowing Confederate
leaders to run for
office
2) Intimidation and
violence at the polls
3) Laws enacted to help
white planters and
favor landlords (cut
taxes and public
works)
Election of 1876
Tilden, the Democrat, wins the popular vote, but disputed states in
the South were given to Hayes, the Republican, allowing him to win
the Presidency
Compromise of 1877
The Democrats, angry about the manner of Hayes winning, only
accepted him when they were promised that Reconstruction governments
would disappear in the South, the military would leave the South, and the
federal government would send economic aid (this ends Reconstruction)
The Story of Redemption
• Create a 4 page children’s story that starts
in Grant’s term and explains 4 steps (1 per
page) that were taken to redeem the South
(ex: Corruption in Grant’s Term)
• 1 page counts as at least 2 sentences and a
visual of the step (you can fold one sheet
into a booklet to make the 4 pages)
Reviewing Reconstruction
• Compare and contrast Lincoln’s, Johnson’s
and Congress’s plans of Reconstruction.
Which plan made the most sense in
achieving Reconstruction goals and why?
• Write a thesis statement, 3 introduction
sentences of body paragraphs and list two
specifics (terms) for each paragraph, and a
concluding sentence
How DBQ relates to AP Test
• Multiple Choice: 80 Questions, 55 Minutes,
50% of total exam
• Free Response Section: One Document
Based Question, Two Essays, 130 Minutes
- 15 Minute Mandatory Reading Period
- DBQ (45 min suggested), 22.5% of exam
- 2 Essays (35 min suggested for each),
13.75% of exam each
DBQ Grading Scale
• Score is 0-9 on the AP Test
• For me: 8-9 = A, 5-7 = B, 2-4 = C, 1-3 = D, 0 = F
• To get an A (8-9):
1) Thesis must be specific and answer the question
2) Outside information must be specific and used
correctly (at least 5 in each paragraph)
3) Documents must be used correctly (at least 8 in
total)
4) Must have good organization with intro
sentences, connections, no major grammar errors
• There will be a 0-9 score on each part and they
will be averaged to get the final 0-9 score
Civil War DBQ
• 15 minute mandatory reading period
• First, create a thesis and intro sentences for
your three paragraphs
• Second, create a graph and note at least 2
documents and 2 outside sources for each
intro sentence
• 45 minute writing period – write the essay
using good connections and grammar
“Pots” of a DBQ
Outside
Information for
Paragraph
Introductory
Sentence 1
Introductory
Sentence 2
Introductory
Sentence 3
Documents Used
in Paragraph