Period 7: 1890 - 1945
APUSH REVIEW: KEY CONCEPT
7.1
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Everything You Need To Know About Key
Concept 7.1 To Succeed In APUSH
THE NEW CURRICULUM
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Key Concept 7.1 “Governmental, political, and social
organizations struggled to address the effects of largescale industrialization, economic uncertainty, and related
social changes such as urbanization and mass migration”
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Page 66 of the Curriculum Framework
Big Idea Questions:
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Why did citizens and government officials call for increased intervention in the
economy?
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Why did the US transform from a rural to industrial society? How did this affect the
lives of women and other Americans?
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How did the New Deal change the relationship between the government and the
economy?
KEY CONCEPT 7.1
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“The continued growth and consolidation of large corporations transformed
American society and the nation’s economy, promoting urbanization and
economic growth, even as business cycle fluctuations became increasingly
severe.”-- Page 66
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Large corporations dominated the economy:
• Production of consumer goods increased drastically
• 1920s - cars, radios, refrigerators
• New technologies and manufacturing techniques:
• Assembly line
KEY CONCEPT 7.1
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US transformation from rural to urban society:
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By 1920, more Americans lived in cities than rural areas for the first time in
the nation’s history
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This transformation provided opportunities for:
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Women:
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Internal migrants:
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Work in factories (textile - Shirtwaist factories)
African Americans moving north as well as farmers to cities
International migrants:
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“New” immigrants moved to cities to work in factories southern and
Eastern European
KEY CONCEPT 7.1
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Economic downturns led to calls for government
involvement and the creation of a stronger
financial regulatory system:
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Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
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Created to insure bank deposits
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Drastically decreased the number of bank
failures
KEY CONCEPT 7.1
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“Progressive reformers responded to economic instability, social inequality, and political
corruption by calling for government intervention in the economy, expanded democracy,
greater social justice, and conservation of natural resources.” - page 66
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Progressive reformers reformed institutions at various levels by creating
new organizations that sought to address social problems associated with
an industrial society:
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Characteristics of Progressive reformers - predominantly middle class,
women, and lived in cities
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Examples of reforming social institutions:
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Jane Addams’ Hull House and other settlement houses
Examples of reforming political institutions:
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State - initiative, referendum, and recall - Wisconsin
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Federal - Seventeenth amendment - direct election of senators
KEY CONCEPT 7.1
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Progressive proposed to regulate the economy, environment, and expand
democracy
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Examples:
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Clayton Antitrust Act:
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Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act, exempted unions from
prosecution
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Florence Kelley:
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Key member of the National Consumers League - focused on child labor,
food safety, poor working conditions
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Federal Reserve Bank:
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In charge of controlling the $ supply
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1st central bank since the 2nd BUS
KEY CONCEPT 7.1
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“National, state, and local reformers responded to economic upheavals, laissez-faire capitalism, and
the Great Depression by transforming the U.S. into a limited welfare state.” - page 67
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FDR’s New Deal:
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Was inspired in part by Progressive ideas
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Brought varied approaches to try to address the causes and effects of the Great Depression
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Increased government power to:
1) Aid the poor:
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Social Security - provided income for elderly Americans
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AAA - paid farmers to NOT overproduce goods
2) Stimulate the economy:
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Provided jobs to the unemployed through the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), and Public
Works Administration (PWA)
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FDR embraced Keynesian deficit spending to “prime the pump”
3) Reform the American economy:
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Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) - established to regulate the stock market and
prevent fraud
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FDIC
KEY CONCEPT 7.1
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Movements that pushed for more reforms included:
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Unions, populists, and radicals
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Examples:
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Huey Long:
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Governor and Senator from LA
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“Every Man A King” - proposed giving giving $5,000 to citizens by taxing wealthy
Father Charles Coughlin:
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Argued that the government should nationalize banks
Some in Congress and the Supreme Court hoped to limit the New Deal
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Example:
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Supreme Court:
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Schechter Poultry v. US - Overturned the NRA
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US v. Butler - Overturned the AAA
KEY CONCEPT 7.1
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Legacy of the New Deal?
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Did not solely end the Great Depression
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New reforms and agencies (still around today - Social Security,
FHA, , FDIC, etc)
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**Change in voting patterns**:
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African Americans switched from the Republican to
Democratic Party in LARGE numbers
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Many ethnic groups began to identify with Democrats
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Working-class communities (labor unions) did as well
(Wagner Act)
TEST TIPS
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Multiple-Choice and Short Answer Questions:
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Identify and explain opportunities for women, African Americans
and immigrants in cities
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Successes, failures, and critics of the New Deal
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Government reforms during the Great Depression
Essay Questions:
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Comparing and contrasting government response during Great
Depression to other time periods
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Causes and effects of various migrations (internal and international)
www.Apushreview.com
APUSH REVIEW: KEY CONCEPT
7.2
Period 7: 1890 - 1945
Everything You Need To Know About Key Concept 7.2 To
Succeed In APUSH
THE NEW CURRICULUM
Key Concept 7.2 “A revolution in communications and transportation
technology helped to create a new mass culture and spread ‘modern’
values and ideas, even as cultural conflicts between groups increased
under the pressure of migration, world wars, and economic distress.”
Page 67 of the Curriculum Framework
Big Idea Questions:
How did technology transform the standard of living in the United States?
What factors led to immigration restrictions during the 1920s?
What caused internal migration to increase drastically in the United States
during the first half of the 20th century?
KEY CONCEPT 7.2
“New technologies led to social transformations that improved the standard of living
for many, while contributing to increased political and cultural conflicts.”-- Page 67 of the
new curriculum
New technologies increased living standards, improved mobility, and better
communication
Examples:
Radio:
Large source of entertainment (War of the Worlds - 1938, “Fireside Chats,”
Father Charles Coughlin)
Motion Pictures:
Movies entertained many during the Great Depression
The Jazz Singer - 1927 - first movie with sound
Automobiles:
Mass-production popularized by Henry Ford
Allowed for vacations (personal mobility,) and later the expansion of suburbs
KEY CONCEPT 7.2
Political and cultural conflicts emerged over: technological change,
modernization, and changing demographics
These conflicts were evident in:
Tradition v. innovation:
Less autonomy for many workers - Scientific management and
assembly line
Urban v. rural:
More people lived in cities in the 1920s for the 1st time
More freedom and experiences in cities
Fundamentalism Christianity v. Scientific Modernism:
Scopes Trial
Literal interpretation of the Bible vs. evolution
KEY CONCEPT 7.2
Political and cultural conflicts emerged over: technological change, modernization, and
changing demographics
These conflicts were evident in:
1) Management v. labor:
Unions membership decreased, associated with radicalism
2) Native-born v. new immigrants:
Nativism in the 1920s increased drastically
KKK
Immigration quota acts of 1921 and 1924 were very restrictive
Sacco and Vanzetti
3) White vs. black:
Great migration post WWI - African American migration to northern cities ->
Red Summer (Race riots - Chicago)
4)Idealism v. disillusionment:
Lost Generation of the 1920s - criticized middle class values
KEY CONCEPT 7.2
Rise of African American artists:
Harlem Renaissance:
Celebration of African American culture through writing, music,
and art:
Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston
Resistance to African American cultural integration
Marcus Garvey Back to Africa movement
KEY CONCEPT 7.2
“The global ramifications of World War I and wartime patriotism
and xenophobia, combined with social tensions created by
increased international migration, resulted in legislation
restricting immigration from Asia and from southern and eastern
Europe.”-- Page 67 of the new curriculum
WWI and Civil Liberties
Remember, during times of war and crisis, liberties typically
decrease
Restrictions of freedom of speech:
Sedition Act of 1918
Upheld by the Supreme Court in Schenk v. US
KEY CONCEPT 7.2
The First Red Scare:
Caused by:
Bolshevik Revolution in Russia (1917)
Labor strikes were associated with communism
Effects:
Many radicals and immigrants were targeted
Palmer Raids: 1,000s of immigrants and
suspected communists were arrested
KEY CONCEPT 7.2
Acts of Congress that established immigration quotas:
1921:
Restricted immigration to 3% of a country’s population
in the US according to 1910 census
1924
Further restricted immigration to 2% of a country’s
population in the US, used 1890 census instead
Immigration from Latin America and Mexico remained
unrestricted
US sought to have a cheap labor supply
KEY CONCEPT 7.2
“Economic dislocations, social pressures, and the economic
growth spurred by World Wars I and II led to a greater degree of
migration within the United States, as well as migration to the
United States from elsewhere in the Western Hemisphere.”-Page 68 of the new curriculum
Great Migration:
Some African Americans sought to leave the segregation and
racial violence of the South
Searched for new economic opportunities in northern cities
during and after WWI
Many factories provided jobs during the war
Many still faced discrimination in the north
KEY CONCEPT 7.2
Many Americans migrated within the country due to economic struggles:
During the Great Depression:
The Dust Bowl:
“Okies” to California - The Grapes of Wrath
During WWI and WWII for wartime production:
Continual movement from rural to urban areas to work in factories:
15 million Americans moved during the WWII
New opportunities for women:
Rosie the Riveter (WWII)
Worked in healthcare, and other jobs during the wars
Often paid less than men
KEY CONCEPT 7.2
Many Mexicans came to the US for economic
opportunities
They faced ambivalent (contradictory) government
policies in the 1930s and 1940s:
Many (500,000) were deported during the Great
Depression - labor shortage
Bracero Program:
US encouraged Mexican immigration during WWII as
a labor source
Many worked as farmers
TEST TIPS
Multiple-Choice and Short Answer Questions:
Identify changes in technology
Identify and explain causes of political and cultural conflict
Harlem Renaissance
Red Scare - led to increased scrutiny of immigrants and radicals
Immigration Acts - connect to nativism and “New Immigration”
Great Migration - reasons for and impacts
Essay Questions:
Migration opportunities (as part of larger essay on WWI and/or WWII)
Comparing 1920s with 1950s
Cultural conflicts between groups
APUSH REVIEW: KEY CONCEPT
7.3
Period 7: 1890 - 1945
Everything You Need To Know About Key Concept 7.3 To
Succeed In APUSH
THE NEW CURRICULUM
Key Concept 7.3 “Global conflicts over resources, territories, and ideologies
renewed debates over the nation’s values and its role in the world, while
simultaneously propelling the United States into a dominant international
military, political, cultural, and economic position.”
Page 67 of the Curriculum Framework
Big Idea Questions:
What were arguments for US expansion overseas in the late 19th, early 20th
centuries?
How did WWI challenge the US’ tradition of neutrality? What ways did the US change
its views and remain the same?
What impacts did WWII have on the US position in the world?
KEY CONCEPT 7.3
Key Concept 7.3, I “Many Americans began to advocate
overseas expansionism the late 19th century, leading to new
territorial ambitions and acquisitions in the Western Hemisphere
and the Pacific.”-- pg 70
Arguments for US expansion of culture and norms
Perception that the frontier was “closed”
1890 census - Frederick Jackson Turner, many Americans
believed opportunities dried up
Economic motives - American companies sought markets
overseas - US plantation owners in HI
Competition with other European imperialist ventures
Racial theories - some sought to “Civilize” nonwhite nations
KEY CONCEPT 7.3
Spanish American War (1898)
US defeated the Spanish in 4 months
Causes - Maine, Yellow Journalism, De Lome letter
US gained many territories - Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the
Philippines
Effects of the war:
US presence in the Caribbean and Latin America increased
significantly (Roosevelt Corollary)
Protracted insurrection in the Philippines - Emilio Aguinaldo guerrilla warfare
Increased involvement in Asia - Open Door Policy in China
KEY CONCEPT 7.3
Debates emerged over America’s role in the world:
Imperialists:
Advocated US expansion, “Civilize” non-“civilized” areas of the world, spread
Christianity, gain markets
Anti-imperialists:
Anti-Imperialist League - Mark Twain, Samuel Gompers, Presidents of Harvard and
Stanford, William Jennings Bryan
Against acquisition of territories - violated “consent of governed”
Interventionists (WWII):
Committee to Defend America- advocated aid to allies, especially Great Britain
Isolationists:
America First Committee - AGAINST US intervention in WWII
Charles Lindbergh
KEY CONCEPT 7.3
Key Concept 7.3, II “World War I and its aftermath intensified
debates about the nation’s role in the world and how best to
achieve national security and pursue American interests.”-- pg
70
US was initially neutral in WWI
Upon entry, the US departed from tradition of noninvolvement
in European affairs (Washington’s Farewell Address)
Wilson’s call for humanitarian and democratic principles
Fourteen Points
KEY CONCEPT 7.3
US played a “relatively limited role in the war,” however, the US was
heavily involved in post-war negotiations
Treaty of Versailles:
Ended WWI, punished Germany severely, ultimately the US did
not approve the treaty
League of Nations:
Major component of Wilson’s 14 Points, international organization
Ultimately, the US did NOT join - Congress would lose war
making power, tradition of neutrality
Both of these resulted in heavy debate in the US
Henry Cabot Lodge
KEY CONCEPT 7.3
Post WWI, the US promoted a vision of international order by:
International investment:
Continuing Dollar Diplomacy - US banks investing in foreign countries
Peace Treaties:
Washington Naval Conference (5 power and 9 power treaties) determined the number of battleships the US, Britain, and Japan could
build (5:5:3 ratio)
Select military intervention:
Mostly in Latin America - Nicaragua (1912 - 1933)
The US still continued an isolationist policy into the late 1930s
Neutrality Acts of 1930s forbid trade with warring (belligerent) countries
Stimson Doctrine (1932) - US refused to acknowledge Japan’s newly
acquired territory in Asia
KEY CONCEPT 7.3
“The involvement of the United States in World War II, while opposed by most
Americans prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor, vaulted the United States into global
political and military prominence and transformed both American society and the
relationship between the United States and the rest of the world.”-- page 71
Mass mobilization of American society provided:
Significant amount of troops for the war effort
Increased workforce that ended the Depression
Opportunities for women and minorities to improve their socioeconomic positions:
Women worked in factories - “Rosie the Riveter” and health care during the
war
African Americans worked in factories, served in the military
KEY CONCEPT 7.3
Wartime experiences:
Japanese Internment:
Forced movement of Japanese-Americans (2/3 Nisei) to camps during the war
Upheld by Korematsu v. US
Challenges to civil liberties:
Zoot Suit Riots - Conflict between Mexican Americans and US military personnel in
Southern California
Debates over race and segregation:
A. Philip Randolph helped lead to Executive Order 8802 - eliminated discrimination in
defense industries
Double V Campaign - Victory over Fascism abroad, Victory over racism at home
Military remained segregated until the Korean War (E.O. 9981)
Decision to drop the atomic bomb:
Many arguments - To save American lives, cost of Manhattan Project - $2 billion,
demonstrate power to the Soviet Union, end the war quickly
KEY CONCEPT 7.3
The Allies won because:
1) Political and military cooperation:
US, GB, France, and the Soviet Union
Tehran Conference - “Big 3” meeting; agreed to invasion of Europe in 1944
2) Industrial production:
US factories were dedicated to the war effort
Ford and GM converted to military production
3) Technological and scientific advances:
Manhattan Project - $2 billion to develop the atomic bomb
Sonar - used against German submarines
4) Popular commitment to advancing democratic ideals:
Atlantic Charter - US and GB, goals for post-WWII world
Ideas such as self-determination, economic cooperation
KEY CONCEPT 7.3
The US emerged from the war as a superpower due to:
Dominant role in the Allied victory and role in postwar
peace settlements:
Creation of the United Nations
US became a permanent member of the security
council
Departure from Washington’s Farewell Address
Europe and Asia was severely damaged from the war
TEST TIPS
Multiple Choice and Short Answer:
Arguments for and against US expansion overseas
Treaty of Versailles and the 14 Points
Isolationists vs. Interventionists
Essays:
Comparing and contrasting the US’ role in the world postWWI and post-WWII
Social impacts of WWII (Japanese Americans, Women,
African Americans)