Cell theory
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All living organisms are composed
of one or more cells.
Cells are the basic unit and
function in an organism.
Cells come only from the
reproduction of other cells.
eukaryote
Organisms made up of one or
more cells that have a nucleus
and membrane-bound organelles
phospholipid bilayer
A double layer of phospholipids
that makes up plasma and
organelle membranes
chromosome
Structure in the nucleus of a
eukaryote that is made up of
DNA and protein; in a prokaryote,
it is a singular circular structure
centriole
Organelle that is composed of
two short microtubules at right
angles, has an active role in
mitosis
cell wall
A rigid structure that surrounds
the cell membrane and provides
support.
plastid
Organelle of plant cells that
includes chloroplasts and
chromoplasts
chloroplast
Organelle found in plants and
algae cells where photosynthesis
occurs.
thylakoid
A membrane system found within
chloroplast that contains the
components for photosynthesis.
chlorophyll
The green pigment that is in most
plant cells and gives it the green
color
diffusion
The movement of particles from
regions of higher density to
regions of lower density
concentration
gradient
A difference in the concentration
of a substance across some
distance
osmosis
Diffusion of water
plasmolysis
When a plant is in a hypertonic
environment and loses turgor
pressure; reason plants wilt
cytolysis
The bursting of a cell
facilitated diffusion
Transport of substances through
a cell membrane with the help of
carrier proteins
carrier protein
Protein that transports
substances across a cell
membrane
endocytosis
Process by which a cell
membrane surrounds a particle
and pulls it in
vesicle
Small sac inside the cell that
takes in or transports particles
pinocytosis
Method of active transport in
which fluids are taken into the
cell
phagocytosis
Method of active transport in
which large particles are whole
cells are pulled into the cell
exocytosis
Process in which a substance is
released from the cell by pinching
the cell membrane outward
anaerobic
Does not require oxygen (ex.
Glycolysis)
aerobic respiration
Process that requires oxygen and
breaks down pyruvic acid and
NADH to make ATP
fermentation
Breakdown of carbs by enzymes,
bacteria, yeasts, or mold in the
absence of oxygen
Krebs cycle
Series of reactions that convert
pyruvic acid into CO2 and water
photosynthesis
Process by which plants use
sunlight, CO2, and water to
produce carbs and O2
6 CO2 + 6 H2O  C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Light reactions
Initial reactions in photosynthesis
which are triggered by light
chloroplast
Organelle found in plants where
photosynthesis occurs
granum
Stack of thylakoids in the
chloroplast
stroma
Solution in plants that surround
the thylakoids in a chloroplast
carotenoid
Pigments that are present in the
thylakoid membrane of plants
and help in photosynthesis
photosystem
Cluster of pigments that harvest
light for the light reactions of
photosynthesis
Primary electron
acceptor
Acceptor of electrons lost from
chlorophyll a
chemiosmosis
Making of ATP in chloroplasts
and mitochondria
Calvin cycle
Biochemical pathway of
photosynthesis in which CO2 is
converted to glucose using ATP
Carbon fixation
Synthesis of organic compounds
from CO2
stomata
Opening in the leaf or a stem of a
plant that allows for gas
exchange