New Notes for Chapter 9 Part 2—p. 176 “horrid” to p. 182 “clash”.
THESE NOTES ARE MASSIVELY SIGNIFICANT ON THIS UNIT BUT ALSO FOR
THE ENTIRE YEAR 
The American Revolution’s democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of
government.
-ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
-NEW STATE CONSTITUTIONS
-THE CONSTITUTION
The ideals that inspired the revolutionary cause reflected new beliefs about politics, religion, and society that had
been developing over the course of the 18th century.
-JOHN LOCKE
-JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU
-BARON MONTESQIEU –THREE BRANCHES OF GOV’T==CHECKS AND BALANCES
-HOBBES
-PAINE
-WHITEFIELD
-WESLEY
-MORE 
Enlightenment ideas and philosophy inspired many American political thinkers to emphasize individual talent over
hereditary privilege, while religion strengthened American’s view of themselves as a people blessed with liberty.
Liberty- freedom from arbitrary or despotic government; freedom from control, interference, obligation, restriction, to think, do, speak, as you
choose.
Freedom-the condition of being free or at liberty,-exemption from external control, interference, regulation.
Can “negative liberty” exist? We will see 
-JOHN LOCKE
-JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU
-BARON MONTESQIEU –THREE BRANCHES OF GOV’T==CHECKS AND BALANCES
-HOBBES
-PAINE
-WHITEFIELD
-WESLEY
-MORE 
The colonists’ belief in the superiority of republican forms of government based on the natural rights of the people found expression in Thomas
Paine’s Common Sense and the Declaration of Independence. The ideas in these documents resonated throughout the American history, shaping
Americans’ understanding of the ideals on which the nation was based.
- “WE THE PEOPLE”
-“THE CONSTITUTION” ---REPRESENTATION, 3 BRANCHES OF GOV’T WITH CHECKS AND BALANCES-BILL OF RIGHTS---MORE 
After declaring independence, American political leaders created new constitutions and declarations of rights that articulated the role of the state
and federal governments while protecting individual liberties and limiting both the centralized power and excessive popular influence.
THE AOC – NEW STATE CONSTITUTIONS- CONSTITUTION (SEVERAL SPECIFIC EXAMPLES
Delegates from the states participated in a Constitutional Convention and through negotiation, collaboration, and compromise proposed a
constitution that created a limited but dynamic central government embodying federalism and providing for a separation of powers between its
three branches.
55 DELEGATES REPRESENTING 12 STATES—RI NOT INCLUDED
ANNAPOLIS CONVENTION 1ST-PHILADELPHIA 2ND
REPRESENTATION COMPROMISE
PRESIDENTIAL COMPROMISE
3/5THS COMPROMISE
SLAVE TRADE COMPROMISE –ETC…
EXECUTIVE-LEGISLATIVE-JUDICIAL –ONLY ½ OF 3 ARE POPULARLY ELECTED…A CHECK ON THE MASSES
ENUMERATED POWERS OF THE FEDERAL GOV’T---BILL OF RIGHTS #10=ALL POWERS NOT SPECIFICALLY DELEGATED TO THE NATIONAL GOV’T
ARE LEFT TO THE PEOPLE AND THE STATES  A “FEDERAL” SYSTEM (SHARING OF POWER BETWEEN NATIONAL AND STATE GOVTS…
The Constitutional Convention compromised over the representation of slave states in Congress and the role of the federal government in
regulating both slavery and the slave trade, allowing the prohibition of the international slave trade after 1808.
3/5THS COMPROMISE
SLAVE TRADE COMPROMISE
MADISON’S QUOTE ---IT WAS EITHER UNITY OR DISSOLVE OVER THE SLAVE QUESTION---THEY CHOSE UNITY FIRST---
But ---history provided scant precedent for erecting a republic on a national scale. No law of nature guaranteed
that the thirteen rebellious colonies would stay glued together as a single nation, nor that they would preserve,
not to mention expand, their democratic way of life. New institutions had to be created, new habits of thought
cultivated. Who could predict whether the American experiment in government by the people would succeed?
The feeble (intentionally weak) national government cobbled together under the Articles of Confederation
during the Revolutionary War soon proved woefully inadequate to the task of nation building. In less than ten
years after the Revolutionary War’s conclusion, the Articles were replaced by a new Constitution.
The National Government under the AOC—a single legislative house (unicameral) --- did some
things well------1 & 2 – Brilliantly, they solve the problems with western lands (took them 6 years, during
the war to solve this issue—it delays the formal adoption of the AOC)---The Land Ordinance of 1785 &
the Northwest Ordinance of 1787--- The system of adopting New States AS COMPLETELY EQUAL TO
THE ORIGNINAL 13-- in the system of “Temporary Tutelage”—the TERRITORY SYSTEM—allows or
system to EXPAND WEST [ OUR GLORIOUS “MANIFEST DESTINY”]---ALL 50 STATES ENTER AS
EQUALS---NO COLONIES FOR US ---(WE WILL QUESTION THIS LATER) AND WITHOUT QUESTION----BANNING SLAVES IN THE “OLD NORTHWEST” ---AND NOT BANNING SLAVES IN THE OLD
SOUTHWEST-----SET US UP FOR MANY CONTROVERSIES TO COME----AND THIS ISSUE ALONE----WHETHER TO ALLOW SLAVERY TO EXPAND WEST ----IS THE ISSUE THAT LEADS TO SECESSION AND A
CIVIL WAR************************************************splits religions, splits political parties, splits
the nation.
-3 It managed (barely) to WIN THE WAR—issues such as the “Newburgh Conspiracy” (XC) and the
FAILURE—OF THE --Requisition System (the way the national government had to beg for $$$ from the
states) LED TO MANY TO QUESTION, ESPECIALLY THOSE THAT SERVED IN THE MILITARY DURING
THE WAR AND FELT THE SHORTAGES ---WATCHED SOLDIERS DIE DUE TO STARVATION---EXPOSURE--AND THEY WONDERED---BEGAN TO QUESTION---WOULD THIS EXPERIMENT IN DEMOCRACY---ONE
THAT SO MANY HAD PAID FOR WITH THEIR LIVES---SURVIVE---DUE TO ITS CRITICAL WEAKNESSES ..
THE HORRID SPECTER OF ANARCHY
SHAY’S REBELLION (1787)*** THE “SPARK” that strikes fear----and leads to the Constitutional
Convention. (note: as we begin to study GWs presidency---pay attention to the WHISKEY
REBELLION---it will look similar)
Other “Backcountry Rebellions”- have occurred previously and the issues are similar---a
group of citizens feel as thought they are being “ripped off” or “cheated” by the ELITES that run the
State/Colonial Gov’t---THAT THEY ARE CORRUPT---SELF-SERVING---NOT “republican.” PAXTON
BOYS IN PENN, 1760S---THE REGULATORS IN NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA –TO 1771….
The fear of a “mobocracy.” (is this real---or is this about an unresolved question left over from the revolution--)
“really about “WHO SHOULD RULE AT HOME?” Some Historians claim the transition from the AOC to the Constitution--really was another---“peaceful revolution”- TJ’s opening quote--the more wealthy elites---limiting the
“ultrademocratic” excesses of the masses----to protect the interests of the more wealthy, educated, and thoughtful--those that should “rule”---it will be interesting as we see who comments on this and their rationale---it will seem later,
under GWs presidency that they are hypocrites- Some become-States Righters -- let’s see  and you tell me.
BY 1785 THERE WAS AN ECONOMIC DEPRESSION---The Requisition System*** was NOT WORKING--- some States REFUSE TO PAY ANYTHING --- Remember under the AOC:
There are 13 INDEPENDENT AND SOVEREIGN COUNTRIES**** WHO come together and form A CONFEDERACY---to
meet their common enemy----THE WAR IS OVER---WHAT WILL THESE 13 INDEPENDENT COUNTRIES DO NOW?
THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT (A SINGLE CONGRESS) – WAS IN PANIC, NO $$$--- interest on the $$$ they had
borrowed to fight the war was rising---DEBT WAS OUT OF CONTROL---many representatives to the national congress
did not show up AT ALL—believing that the POWER and future was in THEIR STATE.
STATE- “a politically unified people occupying a definite territory; nation.” By definition (dictionary.com) as you can see
the definition is one we would generally associate with “country”---however---that is not the case---but our viewpoint
today is very different in America due to the system that is created when we accept the Constitution, later—but goes a
long way to explain WHY AND HOW PEOPLE AT THIS TIME IN HISTORY SEE IT DIFFERENTLY--THE STATES WERE GETTING COMPETITIVE AND QUARRELING:
-Issues over boundaries---Maryland and Pennsylvania hire two surveyors (Mr. Mason and Mr. Dixon) to survey
their boundary---the famed MASON-DIXON LINE---it began to become associated with the boundary between FREE
and SLAVE STATES LATER---
- STATES WERE “TARIFFING” EACH OTHERS GOODS --- taxing goods produced in one state that crossed the boundary
into another state and were sold there----TARIFFs are often used by countries to protect their own similar industries
from competition from other countries---THIS WILL BE A MAJOR ISSUE LATER--- it raises prices for all—yet does
protect certain industries from competition--- if you are not benefitting from this protection---then all you get is
higher prices for these products, and often this leads to conflict---especially later in US History 
Example: New York taxed firewood from Conn. and cabbages from New Jersey.
STATES BEGAN TO ISSUE PAPER $$$ -- today this is no big deal---Because it is backed by our national government--and most countries do this---people accept paper as $$$ today. BUT---back then---who guaranteed the paper was
worth anything? During the WAR---the national government issued the CONTINENTAL DOLLAR ---and it became
worthless--- so as STATES do the same thing—it causes PANIC. Why? Because if you loaned someone $$$ or if you
had to buy goods or pay workers with HARD CURRENCY-SPECIE-GOLD AND SILVER--- and then someone bought your
goods with PAPER—or PAID YOU BACK WITH PAPER--- and it WAS WORTH LESS than the Gold or Silver you had used--YOU FELT CHEATED--- and probably were--- so THOSE WITH $$$ GOLD AND SILVER—OR GOODS--- THOUGHT THIS
WAS A BAD THING –CHAOS--- now---IF YOU WERE SOMEONE WHO OWED $$$ (most regular people) YOU LOVED THIS-- and you could get out of debt easier--- OR IF YOU ARE PAID IN PAPER—MOST REV. WAR SOLDIERS—(if they were
paid at all---some only got “Promissory Notes” - a promise to pay later )
(THE REAL STORY)***Most of the people involved IN SHAY’S REBELLION WERE FORMER SOLDIERS WHO HAD NOT BEEN
PAID--- YET---FOR THEIR MILITARY SERVICE---AND THE COURTS OF MASSACHUSETTS WERE “FORECLOSING ON
THEIR LAND” (did not allow them to pay property taxes with what they had grown or livestock) They attempted to
resolve their conflict peacefully---wrote letters, lobbied the Mass. Legis. In person… peacefully assembled at Court
Houses to ask Judges to reasonably give them time--- BUT---THE GOVT OF MASS SAID NO---SAID WHO ARE THESE
“RABBLE” ---PAY UP NOW OR LOSE YOUR LAND--- many wealthier citizens were looking for choice land to TAKE--CHOICE LAND WAS hard to find in Mass AT THIS TIME… which was already settled heavily--- land values were
climbing--- many were already looking west --- THE REAL STORY IS HEARTBREAKING---FAMILIES FORCED OUT—
FORMER SOLDIERS –NOT PAID--- FORCED TO LOSE ALL THEY HAD FOUGHT FOR--What would you do?
CAPTAIN DANIEL SHAYS---BEGINS to form an Army [they demand; cheap paper $, lower taxes, and a suspension of
foreclosures of property]—of these dissatisfied former Veterans---and they TOGETHER—go to Courthouses and
intimidate JUDGES AND JURIES (their peers) to quit taking these farms--- SO INTIMIDATING---that the legislature of
MASS is asked by the WEALTHY --- to form and ARMY TO PROTECT THEIR “rights” and their “liberties” ---to FOLLOW
THE LAW--- and these wealthy citizens ---PAY FOR ANY ARMY--- to CRUSH THE REBELS*** this uprising is almost
identical to the REGULATOR MOVEMENT that appeared in N & S Carolina earlier---they just wanted an “ETHICAL
GOVERNMENT” and LAWS that represented ALL PEOPLE EQUALLY----Clearly they were not very smart—they should
have known that $$$$ always wins, BECAUSE $$$ CREATES THE LAWS----not like today, of course  poor people---its
their own fault isn’t it…. Even then 
THE POOR PEOPLES ARMY IS CRUSHED BY THE RICH PEOPLES ARMY--- SHAY’S IS CONDEMNED TO DEATH—but
pardoned ---thanks  interestingly, later---THE MASS LEGISLATURE passes DEBT RELIEF LEGISLATION--RESTRICTING PROPERTY FORCLOSURES  - It happens at the same time that the CONSTITUTION was up for an
approval vote from the people’s convention in Mass. hmmmm.
EFFECTS OF SHAY’S REBELLION:
These outbursts of debtors STRUCK FEAR IN THE PROPERTIED CLASS.
They (wealthy) began to suspect—that the Revolution had created the MONSTER –“A MOBOCRACY”
“republicanism” unchecked –fed on an insatiable appetite for LIBERTY—(see definition at the beg. of the notes )
MAYBE A NEW STRONGER CENTRAL NATIONAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD BE CREATED?
SO—WE HAVE SOME FORMER REVOLUTIONARY SOLDIERS WHO BELIEVE WE NEED A STRONGER GOVERNMENT DUE
TO THE LACK OF SUPPORT THEY RECEIVED FIGHTING THE WAR---AND THAT IF NOT THE WHOLE “EXPERIMENT”
WOULD CRASH DUE TO CHAOS---WE HAVE SOME FROM THE PROPERTIED CLASSES THAT BELIEVED THAT
“UNCHECKED DEMOCRACY” LED TO A “MOBOCRACY” WITH THE MASSES RUNNING AMOK—WE SEE THAT OUR
FOREIGN RELATIONS ARE OUT OF CONTROL---WE SEE THAT OUR DEBT IS SKYROCKETING---WE SEE THE MASSES
ROLLING IN PAPER $$$ AND LAUGHING (JOKE ) SO WHAT ARE WE GOING TO DO---COULD IT BE THAT THE
REVOLUTION WAS NOT ABOUT “HOME RULE” (INDEPENDENCE) BUT---“WHO SHOULD RULE AT HOME?” perhaps?
The AOC was a STEP---another STEP is coming---an evolution---the Articles, made intentionally weak due to the
fears and experiences under the STRONG BRITISH CENTRAL GOV’t—led to a barely functioning BUT necessary
CONFEDERATION---Created to fight and win a war---perhaps with the intention of being A TEMPORARY MEASURE?--it depends on who is speaking--- 1)some maybe would want to evolve into a Europe—with several smaller
independent states--- 2)others might want a Confederation to continue with a very weak national government and
STRONGER STATES (STATES RIGHTERS) and 3)SOME a SUPREME STRONG CENTRAL NATIONAL GOVERNMENT with
subservient states--- what do we get? We will see---AND THIS DIVISION OF OPINION WILL BE THE BASIS FOR A FIGHT--THAT FOR SOME STILL CONTINUES TO THIS DAY! The fight will be between those that believe in #2 and those that
believe in #3 ---at some points #3 is dominant and at some points #2 is dominant---THIS
UNDERSTANDING
IS KEY*** AS WE STUDY AMERICAN HISTORY FROM THIS POINT FORWARD. And is key
to understanding the divisions and debates upcoming at the Constitutional Convention held in Philadelphia in 1787
that creates our new and current government based on this CONSTITUTION.
A CONVENTION OF DEMIGODS (NOT REALLY THEY WERE JUST LIKE YOU AND ME , perhaps)
****According to the text, and many historians, a lack of CONTROL OF COMMERCE under the AOC (BUSINESS
AND $$$) WAS, MORE THAN ANY OTHER PROBLEM---the issue that led to the CONSTITUTIONAL
CONVENTION********
Virginia, in 1786, calls for a convention of the States to be held in ANNAPOLIS (the Annapolis Convention***) to
discuss the problems with Interstate Commerce. Only nine states appointed representatives, and only 5 states
showed up. Nothing meaningful could be decided here ----(remember that it takes ALL 13 STATES to agree to ANY
AMENDMENT OR CHANGE TO THE A.O.C.) ---BUT---a YOUNG, 31, NEW YORKER ******ALEXANDER HAMILTON****
Orphan from the West Indies, who becomes a brilliant Economic Genius while working as the Treasurer for a Sugar
Plantation, and moves to the USA-- becomes one of George Washington’s officers during the Revolutionary War, and is
a major influence for a STRONGER US GOVERNMENT*** a huge influence at the later convention, IS THE PRIMARY
WRITER OF THE “FEDERALIST PAPERS” that supports the ratification of the Constitution {along with James Madison and
John Jay}, AND during GWs Presidency becomes the 1st, and some say greatest, SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
Hamilton in the Annapolis Convention saved the meeting—by getting his “report” adopted… CALLING ON THE AOC
Congress to SUMMON A CONVENTION TO MEET IN PHILADELPHIA IN A YEAR—NOT TO DEAL WITH
JUST COMMERCIAL ISSUES---BUT—TO STRENGTHEN THE Articles of Confederation.****
The AOC Congress gets the message—in NYC---and slowly began to consider this call for a new
convention--- 6 states had already appointed delegates—so the CONGRESS CALLS FOR A NEW
CONVENTION IN PHILLY---FOR THE EXPRESSED PURPOSE---TO “REVISE” THE
ARTICLES*** Of course, we know now that the Articles are completely scrapped thrown away at the
convention and a brand new and very different government is created in the Constitution. BUT this was NOT THE
INTENTION OR PURPOSE, supposedly*** Patrick Henry, in Virginia is elected to serve, BUT CHOOSES NOT TO--“because he smelled a rat.”  he later opposes the Constitution and fights with James Madison and others in the
Virginia ratifying convention---he becomes an ANTI-FEDERALIST.
All of the States but ONE (Rhode Island) chose representatives [All appointed by
their State Legislatures] to serve at the Phllly Convention. Important question
before we begin---according to the “rules” of government under the Articles of
Confederation----CAN ANY CHANGES/AMENDMENTS BE MADE TO THE ARTICLES
WITHOUT UNANIMOUS APPROVAL? NO---“Little Rhoddy” Rhode Island knew this and so did not
appoint/elect anyone to attend---should not this action ended the convention? Could they LEGALLY DO ANYTHING?
Supposedly not…but let’s see what happens despite RIs opposition –and despite “THE RULES”  What will this make
the “Founders” real revolutionaries? Overthrowing a gov’t---by “peaceful means” JEFFERSON’S QUOTE AT THE
BEGINNING OF THE CHAPTER 
55 delegates show up in Philadelphia on May 25, 1787---with the intention to “REVISE THE ARTICLES,”
really? If you read the personal letters of Madison, GW, and many others this is not the case---THEY CAME TO
CREATE A NEW GOV’T AND GET RID OF THE ARTICLES. Madison and the Virginians meet many representatives from
other States BEFORE the convention begins to plan out they’re strategy---smart move—
THEY MET BEHIND CLOSED DOORS—WITH ARMED GUARDS---FRANKLIN WAS EVEN GIVEN ESCORTS AT NIGHT
BECAUSE THEY WORRIED THAT WHEN HE WENT OUT TO EAT AND DRANK TOO MUCH HE WOULD “SPILL THE
BEANS.” THEY MET IN SECRET**** could you imagine today if our Congress would meet in secret with
armed guards at the doors---from May 25th until September 17th ---can you say chaos??? (39 representatives sign the
doc at the end, 42 remained---three chose to oppose the ratification and did not sign it, despite Franklin’s plea to be
unanimous)
Most of the representatives were lawyers—most had experience making New Constitutions in there own states.
-GW is elected “president” of the Convention.
-James Madison, took detailed notes each day (his notes are still used today in an attempt to determine the
“intentions of the Founding Fathers” when certain Constitutional issues arise) HE IS CALLED “THE FATHER OF THE
CONSTITUTION.”
Ben Franklin is considered the “Elder Statesman” being 81.
Alexander Hamilton is considered to be the spokesperson for the Most Conservative group.
Many of the most “FIERY” of our, 1776, Revolutionary Leaders were absent. (this “spirit of 1776” is often debated--which groups in the future represent the “REAL FOUNDING FATHERS” ---Those that wrote and supported the ideas in
the “DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE”--- Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Thomas Paine were in Europe.
-Samuel Adams and John Hancock were not elected by the Mass. Legislature
-and Patrick Henry, selected from Virginia, chose not to attend—because he “smelled a rat.” ( a champion of STATES
RIGHTS)
PATRIOTS IN PHILADELPHIA
Not a single representative was present from the poorer debtor groups.
19 of the 55 owned slaves.
The average age was 42 (young?)
They were mostly NATIONALISTS—interested in strengthening our National Government rather than spreading
popular democracy.
MOTIVES OF THE FOUNDERS AT PHILADELPHIA:
They hoped to create a stable political structure that would endure (and they are successful, for sure)
They wanted to be able to protect our young nation overseas-they wanted to give the national government real
power-they wanted the national government to control commerce, tariffs, and make satisfactory commercial treaties
with foreign nations---they were determined to preserve the UNION, stop anarchy, to ensure protection of life and
property against the power of an uncontrolled MOB, and sought to stop unrestrained ultrademocracy (PAINE).
GW-“We have, probably, had too good an opinion of human nature in forming our Confederation.”
FEAR SAT IN THE 55TH CHAIR
HAMMERING OUT A BUNDLE OF COMPROMISES
“Delegates decided to OVERTHROW the existing government of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA by PEACEFUL
means.” (Textbook)
THE VIRGINIA-LARGE STATE PLAN: authored primarily by James Madison***
****This plan was used as the original framework for the Constitution---(the Mass. State Const. was a guide as well)
Now… everyone did not agree ---so compromise in several areas had to be debated and worked out—
VA Plan- REPRESENTATION in BOTH HOUSES OF CONGRESS (NEW) would be based on population—the large states
would have an advantage.
NJ plan- “small-state plan”- this plan provided equal representation in a one-house Congress (just like the AOC) with
each state’s delegation getting just one vote---this ignored size and population of the individual states---and favored
the smaller, less populous states.
***THE DEBATE THAT ENSUED OVER REPRESENTATION AND THE STRUCTURE OF THE
LEGISLATURE WAS THE MOST PROLONGED AND HEATED OF ALL ISSUES*** frequently causing
delay---they move on to other issues and often the debate would come back to this issue.
****THE GREAT COMPROMISE—CONNECTICUT COMPROMISE—authored by Conn. delegate Roger
Sherman.
- The structure of the legislature would be Bi-Cameral (two houses)
-The House of Representatives would be DIRECTLY ELECTED BY THE PEOPLE (ONLY BRANCH) and
the # of representatives apportioned to each state would be based on a state’s population to be
determined in an annual census taken every ten years, after which the #’s of representatives per
state would be adjusted accordingly. This favored the large states.
-The Senate, to be chosen by the State Legislatures****until the 20th century (16th amendment I
think ) would be represented by two (2) people from each state. This favors the smaller states.
*** as an additional measure to favor the larger states it was decided---THAT ALL $$$ MONEYSPENDING BILLS---MUST ORIGINATE IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
THIS COMPROMISE WAS THE KEY***
THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH AND ITS LEADER THE PRESIDENT (these details are hammered out and compromise is
present in each detail)
The Constitution provided for a strong, independent, executive in the form of the office of the President of the United
States of America. (Mass. example from their state constitution was the model)
-The President was to be Commander in Chief of the Military (but only Congress can declare War-a check on power)
-The President would be able to appoint all judges and other Executive Branch Department members. (but the Senate
must confirm these appointments—a check on power)
-The President would also be able to VETO any legislature passed by Congress (a check on the legislature’s power)--(Several examples of Montesquieu’s Enlightenment contributions---3 branches of gov’t that check and balance each
other) *****
-The President is indirectly elected by the ELECTORAL COLLEGE (each state getting a # that adds the # of
members of the House of Representatives and Senate together –an advantage to the larger more populous states)
-Until the 12th Amendment in 1804—the candidate for President with the most and a majority of Electoral College
votes would become President and the candidate with the 2nd most votes would become Vice-President ---Each elector
in the Electoral College has two (votes for President)----note: This changes after the 12th amendment ---when the
electors vote once for President--- there were issues in the elections of 1796 and 1800 which causes this change--there ARE NO POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE USA YET**** THEY ARE NOT CREATED UNTIL AFTER GW IS ELECTED
PRES….---THE 1804 ELECTION IS THE 1ST AFTER THE 12TH AMENDMENT—each elector, based on the changes in the
12th amendment, now casts one ballot for Pres. and one for VP---electors also must for one or the other, Pres. or VP,
that DOES NOT RESIDE IN THEIR OWN STATE.
-If there is no majority winner in the 1st round of voting---THEN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES VOTES,
EACH STATE GETTING ONE VOTE [this has only occurred twice in American History—in 1800 and 1824]---only the
three (3) highest vote getters in the original election can be considered by the House of Representatives for President.
The Senate then votes for the Vice-President---and they can only consider the VP candidates with the two (2) highest
vote totals. Note: at this time there are no provisions for who would become President if the President were to die or
become incapacitated---which will occur---we will see what happens 
More compromise---this time based on a Sectional issue – SLAVERY
Should the slave count as a person for the apportionment of taxes for each state or
in counting total population of each state for apportioning representatives in the
House of Representatives?
The Southern states thought they should and the Northern States thought they should not.
Mr. Luther Martin [MD]
“proposed to vary article 7, sect. 4, so as to allow a prohibition or tax on the importation of slaves. In the first
place, as five slaves are to be counted as three freemen, in the appointment of representatives, such a clause
would leave an encouragement to this traffic. In the second place, slaves weakened one part of the Union, which
the other parts were bound to protect; the privilege of importing them was therefore unreasonable. And, in the
third place, it was inconsistent with the principles of the revolution, and dishonorable to the American character,
to have such a feature in the Constitution.”
Mr. Charles Pinckney [SC].
“South Carolina can never receive the plan if it prohibits the slave trade. In every proposed extension of the
powers of Congress, that state has expressly and watchfully excepted that of meddling with the importation of
negroes. If the states be all left at liberty on this subject, South Carolina may perhaps, by degrees, do of herself
what is wished.”
Col. George Mason [VA]
“The poor despise labor when performed by slaves. They prevent the emigration of whites, who really enrich
and strengthen a county. They produce the most pernicious effect on manners. Every master of slaves is born a
petty tyrant. They bring the judgment of Heaven on a country. As nations cannot be rewarded or punished in the
next world, they must be in this. By an inevitable chain of causes and effects, Providence punishes national sins
by national calamities.”
Mr. Charles Pinckney [SC].
“If slavery be wrong, it is justified by the example of all the world. He cited the case of Greece, Rome and other
ancient states; the sanction given by France, England, Holland, and other modern states. In all ages, one half of
mankind have been slaves. If the Southern States were let alone, they will probably of themselves stop
importations. He would himself, as a citizen of South Carolina, vote for it. An attempt to take away the right, as
proposed, will produce serious objections to the Constitution, which he wished to see adopted. The importation
of slaves would be for the interest of the whole Union. The more slaves, the more produce to employ the
carrying trade; the more consumption also; and the more of this, the more revenue for the common treasury. He
admitted it to be reasonable that slaves should be dutied like other imports; but should consider a rejection of
the clause as an exclusion of South Carolina from the Union.”
The reasons for their different opinions varied---yet they differed enough that Georgia and South Carolina threatened
to leave and end the process if this was not worked out.
THE 3/5THS COMPROMISE***
They agree that for the purposes stated above that slaves should count as shown… they do not include the word slave
in the Constitution---on purpose--- yet make it clear in the language how this would be accomplished.
***********NOTE:This has massive implications as the nation elects Presidents, especially, up to the Civil War. This
gives the SOUTH the ability to control Presidential elections due to their inflated #s of Electoral College
Representatives, as well as control legislation for the same reason----THE VA. DYNASTY IS BORN HERE---OUT OF THE
FIRST FIVE PRESIDENTS---ONLY ONE, JOHN ADAMS IS NOT FROM VIRGINIA---this will cause issues, several elections,
especially 1800, would have turned out differently if the 3/5ths compromise did not exist---also as slaves are freed
after the civil war---the additional population of the South will give it more power at that point as well---which was
one reason they are not immediately re-admitted as States 
The Slave-Trade CompromiseThis is specifically dealing with the INTERNATIONAL SLAVE TRADE---not the DOMESTIC SLAVE TRADE.
It is decided that in 20 years---January 1st, 1808--- that SLAVES WILL NO LONGER BE ABLE TO BE IMPORTED FROM
OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES.
Now this has implications as well---due to this ban on importing slaves….AND THE INVENTION OF THE
COTTON GIN BY ELI WHITNEY IN 1793--- combined together this leads to a HUGE increase in THE DEMAND for Slaves --and makes the Domestic Slave Trade (shown in Django-the film---written about in Uncle Toms Cabin) very valuable
and a HUGE PART OF OUR 1ST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION---that is based on TEXTILES—specifically the making of
COTTON CLOTH---AND MILLS SPRING UP ALL OVER NEW ENGLAND---the move South around 1900 or so.
COTTON EVENTUALLY ACCOUNTS FOR OVER ½ OF ALL EXPORTS FROM THE USA---BILLIONS OF DOLLARS IN VALUE
ANNUALLY—BILLIONS OF DOLLARS OWNED IN SLAVES---AND THE MAJOR DRIVER OF OUR NATIONAL ECONOMY--AND WESTERN EXPANSION. Some historians even go so far as to say that the COMBINED COTTON –SLAVE ECONOMY
SINGLE-HANDIDLY SPREADS CAPITALISM ACROSS THE GLOBE… perhaps, we shall see. IT ALSO BRINGS THE
GREATEST PSYCHOLOGICAL HORROR TO THE SLAVE FAMILY---THE SELLING APART FAMLIES---IN THE DOMESTIC
SLAVE TRADE.
SAFEGUARDS FOR CONSERVATISM
Agreement between the delegates:
- Economically-they demanded sound $ (no paper), protection of private property (including slaves), and control over
interstate commerce by the national government.
- Politically- they favored a stronger government, with 3 branches to check and balance each other, they opposed
universal manhood suffrage (no qualifications for white men to vote)-They erect safeguards against the mob---judges
appointed for life, the President elected indirectly by the Electoral College—Only ½ of 1 out of the 3 branches do the
PEOPLE CHOOSE DIRECTLY—the House of Representatives.
Despite some anti-democratic measures---THERE ARE DEMOCRATIC ELEMENTS:
THE CONSITITUTION IS BASED ON THE TWO GREAT PRINCIPLES OF REPUBLICANISM—
1 – “WE THE PEOPLE” – POWER TO THE PEOPLE---that the only LEGITIMATE government is one based on the
consent of the governed (social contract theory)
2- THAT THE POWER OF GOVERNEMENTS SHOULD BE LIMITED.
THE PEOPLE NOT STATES WOULD BE THE ULTIMATE GUARANTOR OF LIBERTY, JUSTICE, AND ORDER
The preamble to the Constitution begins with three very powerful words (written
by a huge but largely unknown contributor to the entire Constitution today –
Gouvenor (really just his first name ) Morris, NY---)
WE THE PEOPLE----------IT DOES NOT SAY WE THE STATES----- THE POWER COMES
FROM THE PEOPLE—PERIOD---AND ONE CLAUSE (not mentioned for some reason?)
THE SUPREMACY CLAUSE IS HUGE----THAT THIS DOCUMENT IS THE HIGHEST LAW
IN OUR LAND---PERIOD--- for these two very significant reasons-----There is no
LEGAL ARGUMENT FOR STATES RIGHTS---ALTHOUGH THEY ATTEMPT TO MAKE
SEVERAL---IT IS JUST THIS SIMPLE---PERIOD---THE CONSTITUTION MADE THE
NATIONAL GOVERNMENT SUPREME.**************HUGE******************* THIS
WAS THEIR INTENTION******************* regardless of how some ignorant people
try to argue it was not---all they have to do is read the convention notes---taken by
Madison---himself a Federalist---and a Southerner--- EVEN HE WILL WISH HE DID
NOT SAY AND WRITE SOME OF THE THINGS HE DOES---IN SUPPORT OF THE
SUPREMACY OF THE FEDERAL (NATIONAL) GOVERNMENT OVER THE
STATES*********soon we will see this 
Ben Franklin is asked after the signing was done and the document was headed to each state to be voted upon,”Well,
what have we got, a republic or a monarchy?” Franklin replied, “A Republic, if YOU can keep it.”
IT IS OVER---A CONSTITUTION HAS BEEN CREATED---A GROUP OF MEN “PEACEFULLY” OVERTHREW THE
GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITES STATES OF AMERICA----or had they? Not yet, the States in their conventions will vote
one at a time on this new government----AND THE ISSUE COULD NOT BE MORE SIGNIFICANT ---FOR THE STAKE OF
OUR NATION.