Ch. 19.1 & 20: The Atlantic World
Bartolomeu Dias
Hernan Cortes
Prince Henry
Francisco
Vasco da
Treaty of
Gama
Tordesillas
peninsulare
conquistador
Mestizo
Middle Passage
Columbian Exchange
Christopher Columbus
Pizzaro
encomienda
Atlantic Slave
Triangular
system
Trade
Trade
capitalism
mercantilism
Terms:
Bartolomeu Dias – the 1st European to sail along the west coast of Africa and around the
Southern tip
Prince Henry – helped lead Portugal’s overseas expansion by creating a navigation school to
create new tools and work on mapmaking skills
Vasco De Gama – continued Portugal’s exploration and found a sea route between Portugal and
India
Treaty of Tordesillas – called for a Line of Demarcation which established a boundary between
the new land Portugal could claim to the east and those Spain could claim to the west
Christopher Columbus – set sail west across the Atlantic Ocean in search of a trade route to Asia
and the spice trade
Hernan Cortes – Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec empire in Mexico
Francisco Pizzaro – a Spanish conquistador who captured and killed Atahualpa, then captured
the Incan capital
Peninsulare – white Spanish settlers in the new world who came in search of riches
Conquistador – Spanish explorers who conquered the Americas in the 16th century
Mestizo – descendants of peninsulares and native women (i.e. mixed blood)
Encomienda system – a system of oppression used by the Spanish against the Native American
Atlantic Slave Trade – the buying and selling of Africans for work in the Americas, which resulted
in the import of 9.5 million Africans by the time it ended in 1870
Triangular trade – a transatlantic trading network
Middle Passage – the brutal crossing of the Atlantic of slave ships from Africa to the Americas/
the middle leg of the Triangular Trade
Columbian Exchange – the global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of
the Americas
Capitalism – an economic system based on private ownership and the investment of resources,
such as money, for profit
Mercantilism – a theory that a country’s power depended mainly on its wealth, so the goal of
every country became the attainment of as much wealth (gold) as possible
Questions:
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Identify and explain the three main reasons for European exploration (3 G’s)
God – continue fighting Muslims
Continue converting non-Christians to Christianity
Gold – new sources of wealth
Examples of wealth – spices, silver, oil and other luxury goods
Glory – bring fame and power
Caravel – sturdier boats with triangular sails
Improved navigational techniques – astrolabe and magnetic compass
What is the Triangular Trade – what are the different legs?
Definition – a transatlantic trading network
Leg 1 – European transported manufactured goods to the west coast of Africa
Traded goods for captured Africans
#1 good traded was guns
Leg 2 – Africans were transported from Africa across the Atlantic to the Americas and
sold
Called the Middle Passage
Leg 3 – raw materials shipped from the Americas back to Europe
Examples – sugar, coffee, rum and tobacco
Ch. 21: Absolute Monarchs
Philip II
Absolute
Divine right
Spanish Armada
Charles V
Cardinal
intendants
War of Spanish
monarch
Edict of Nantes
Louis XIV
Richelieu
Maria Theresa
Frederick the
Junkers
Great
Succession
Seven Years’
English Bill of Rights
war
Peter the Great
boyars
Romanovs
westernization
Catherine the Great
Charles I
Oliver
restoration
Glorious
English Civil War
Cromwell
Revolution
Terms:
Philip II – ruled the wealthy Spanish empire, promoted arts, defended Catholicism and fought
England
Absolute monarch – a king or queen who has unlimited power and seeks to control all aspects of
society
Divine Right – the idea that God created the monarchy and that the monarch is only responsible
to God
Spanish Armada – the fleet of ships sent by the rule of Spain to invade Europe that suffered a
huge defeat
Charles V – a Hapsburg King who was also elected the Holy Roman emperor
Edict of Nantes – s decree of religious toleration issued by King Henry IV that let Huguenots live
in peace in France
Louis XIV – French King who built Versailles, fought costly wars and referred to himself as the
Sun King
Cardinal Richelieu – a strong minister who worked with Louis XIII
War of Spanish Succession – the war fought to stop the union of the French and Spanish thrones
under the French Bourbons after the king of Spain died
Maria Theresa – Austrian ruler who limited nobles’ power, made peasant labor reforms, and
stopped Prussian aggression
Frederick the Great – Prussian king whose foreign policies led to war, but who pushed religious
toleration and legal reform at home
Junkers – Prussian land owning nobles who resisted the King’s growing power
reform at home
Seven Years War – European conflict fought in Europe, India and North America where France
lost its colonies
English Bill of Rights – passed in 1689, were limitations on a monarch in England, Cannot
suspend any of Parliament’s laws – No levying taxes without Parliament’s approval – No
interfering with freedom of speech in Parliament – No penalty for citizens who petition the king
about grievances or complaints
Peter the Great – czar and reformer whose goal was the westernization of Russia so he
advanced education modernized the military and built a port on the Baltic Sea
Boyars – a land owning noble in Russia
Romanovs – ruling family of Russia that ruled for 300 years
Westernization – use of western Europe as a model for change, used by Peter the Great
Catherine the Great – ruled with absolute authority but also tried to reform Russia
Oliver Cromwell – the leader of the Roundheads and the New Model Army, he ruled England
using his Puritan morals
Restoration – took place in 1660 whit Charles II as monarch in England
Glorious Revolution – the bloodless overthrow of England’s Catholic King, James II, launched by
the Protestant Parliament
Questions:
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What did Louis XIV build as a symbol of his power? Describe it in detail and
explain why it was a symbol of power.
o Palace at Versailles
o Intended to show Louis’ wealth and power
o Visitors would be impressed and know that France AND its leader was rich and
powerful
o Built by thousands of workers over many years
o Acres of gardens and fountains
o Elaborate decorations (Hall of Mirrors, gold, marble)
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List and explain four different changes Peter made to Russia to westernize the
country?
o Took over the Russian Orthodox Church
o Set up the Holy Synod to run it under his direction
o Gave positions of authority and grants of land to lower-ranking men to gain their
loyalty
o Modernized the army
o Hired European soldiers to train Russian soldiers with European weapons and
tactics
o Raised heavy taxes to pay for the army
o Introduced potatoes which became a staple of their diet
o Started the first newspaper,
o Raised women’s status by letting them attend social gatherings,
o Made nobles dress in western fashions
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Made nobles cut their beards or pay a tax
Opened schools of navigation and arts and science
Encouraged people to travel to other countries to study
By the end of the 17th century, the English monarch was different than the other
monarchies in Europe. Identify and explain the differences.
o England had been through a civil war which abolished the monarchy
 The monarchy was later restored
o Glorious Revolution made England a constitutional monarchy where a
legislative body (Parliament) limited the monarch’s power
o Other European monarchies were absolute monarchies where there are NO
LIMITS on the powers of the monarchs.
Ch. 22: Enlightenment & Revolution
Scientific
Scientific
Revolution
method
Nicolaus
Andreas
Copernicus
Vesalius
Rene Descartes
Enlightenment
Jean Jacques
Montesquieu
Heliocentric Theory
Galileo Galilie
Rousseau
Frederick the Great
Isaac newton
Geocentric
Theory
Francis Bacon
William Harvey
Social contract
philosophe
Voltaire
salon
Enlightened
Catherine the
Despots
Great
Johannes Kepler
Terms:
Heliocentric Theory – the idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun
Scientific Method – the logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas – it is a series of steps
used to answer questions
Scientific Revolution – a major change in European thought starting in the mid-1500s in which the
study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of
accept beliefs. It came as a result of the Renaissance and the Age of European Exploration
Isaac Newton – an English scientist; discovered gravity, laws of motions, and calculus
Geocentric Theory – the earth centered view of the universe in which scholars believed that the
earth was an immovable object located at the center of the universe
Galileo – determined that Jupiter had moons and that falling planets accelerated at a fixed rate
Copernicus – discovered and stated that the Earth and the planets revolved around the sun
Johannes Kepler – proved that the earth moved in an elliptical, not circular, orbit
Enlightenment – a new intellectual movement stressing reason and thought and the power of
individuals to solve problems
Social Contract – the argument by which people define an organized society or government
which was believed by Hobbes
Philosophe – French social critics who were influential in the mid-1700’s
Voltaire – influential philosophe who published many works arguing for tolerance and reason,
used satire in his criticisms
Rousseau – wrote the Social Contract, he believed that each person has to sacrifice some
personal freedoms or desires for the good of society as a whole and the only good government is
one which is formed by the general will of the people (majority)
Montesquieu – he proposed a separation of powers to keep any individual or group from gaining
total control of the government as the best way to protect liberty
Salons – social gatherings of intellectuals and artists that were held in the homes of wealthy
women in Paris and other European cities
Enlightened Despots – monarchs who embraced Enlightenment values to strengthen their rule
Catherine the Great – rule who was most admired by the philosophes, read works of the
philosophes and exchanged letters with Voltaire
Frederick The Great – King of Prussia, called himself “ the first servant of the state” and thought
that his goal was to serve and strengthen his country, which was an attitude that appealed to the
philosophes
Questions:
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Who were three scientists that made discoveries about the universe at this time
and what were they or what did they lead to?
Copernicus – studied planetary movements and came up with the Heliocentric Theory
Did not fully explain how the other planets revolved around the sun and knew that most
scholars and clergy would reject it because it contradicted their religious views
Brahe – Danish explorer who built on Copernicus ideas studied planets for years and
gathered a lot of data which he left for his followers to make mathematical sense of it
Kepler – using Brahe’s work, he concluded that certain mathematical laws govern
planetary motion. One of these laws shows that the planets revolve around the sun in
elliptical orbits instead of circles. His laws also showed that Copernicus’s basic ideas
were true.
Galileo – built on new theories about astronomy. Built his own telescope and used it to
study the heavens. His observations and his laws of motion supported the theories of
Copernicus. The Church made him sign a confession stating, that though he had found
them to be true, Copernicus’s ideas were false. He lived under house arrest until he
died.
How do Hobbes and Locke disagree on human nature and the role of government?
Locke believed that rights belonged to people at birth: Life, liberty and property. He
believed that the government was to protect the people natural rights. If the government
doesn’t do that then the people should overthrow it. He favored a democracy where the
power of the government comes form the consent of the governed or the majority.
Hobbes believed that people are basically greedy and selfish and the society can’t exist
without control. He believed that there needed to be a social contract where people
would give up their freedoms in exchange for an orderly society. He favored an absolute
monarchy because society needs strict control to impose order and force obedience.
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Ch. 23: The French Revolution & Napoleon
Old Regime
Louis XVI
Estates-General
Tennis Court
Jacobins
Oath
Declaration of the
Robespierre
guillotine
Reign of Terror
sans-culottes
Napoleon
coup d’état
Napoleonic Code
Blockade
Waterloo
Continental
Battle of
guerilla
System
Trafalgar
Rights of Man
Committee of Public
Safety
Scorched-earth policy
Terms:
Old Regime – the social and political system in use in France in the 1700s
Louis XVI – king of France, weak leader
The Estates-General – an assembly of representatives from all three of the estates or social
classes in France
Tennis Court Oath – pledge of the Third Estate to draw up a new constitution and reform the
social structure
Jacobins – radical political group
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen – a statement of revolutionary ideals, which
claimed that all men were born and remained free and equal in rights
Robespierre – Leader of the Committee of Public Safety who governed France as a virtual
dictator during the Reign of Terror
Guillotine - a machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French
Revolution
Reign of Terror - time in France when more that 40,00 French citizens were executed
Sans-culottes – Parisian workers and small shop keepers who wanted the Revolution to bring
even greater change,
Committee of Public Safety – under the reign of Robespierre this committee’s chief task was to
protect the Revolution from its enemies
Napoleon – a great military leader who seized power in France and made himself an emperor.
Coup d’etat - a sudden seizure of power lie Napoleon’s literally meaning “blow to the state”
Napoleonic Code – a comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by
Napoleon
Blockade – the use of troops or ships to prevent commercial traffic from entering or leaving a city
or region
Scorched-earth policy - a policy which involved burning grain fields and slaughtering livestock so
as to leave nothing for the enemy to eat
Continental System - the set-up of a blockade to prevent all trade and communication between
Great Britain and other European nations. It was supposed to make continental Europe more
self-sufficient
Waterloo – a village in Belgium where the battle that ended the Hundred Days took place
between Britain and it’s allies versus the French
Battle of Trafalgar – the only major battle that Napoleon lost which force Napoleon to give up on
his plans of invading Britain
Guerilla – bands of Spanish peasant fighters who struck at French armies in Spain
Questions:
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What three factors led to revolution? Explain How?
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Enlightenment Ideas
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Spread among the 3rd estate
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Inspired by success of American Revolution
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Questions ideas about the structure of society
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Began to demand equality, liberty and democracy
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Economic Troubles
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Cost of living rising sharply
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Bad weather caused widespread crop failure causing grain shortage and price of bread to
increase
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Starvation
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Government in debt due to Louis XVI and Maria Antoinette’s spending
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The cost of helping the Americans in the Revolution against Britain
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Debt from previous kings
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Weak Leader
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Louis XVI was indecisive,
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Didn’t pay attention to government advisors
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Little patience for details of governing
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Marie Antoinette gave poor advise and unpopular with the people since she’s Austrian
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Wouldn’t cut expenses
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Explain the Reign of Terror. Include how many people where executed, what was the
preferred method, what group made up the largest amount of those executed, and why
is this significant?
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The Committee of Public Safety chief task was to protect the revolution from its enemies
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Robespierre governed France virtually as a dictator
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Time when “enemies” of the Revolution were quickly tried and executed
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Most executed were the peasants
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The Revolution was supposed to help the peasants not kill them
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It ended the Revolution
What was Napoleon’s most critical mistake in 1812, what policy did his enemies use
against him, and what were the results of his 1812 campaign?
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Invading Russia as he did not consider the role that the weather would play in his fight
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Scorched-earth policy
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Napoleon waited in Moscow until mid-October and then decided to retreat back to France
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Harsh winter and no food left army tired, hungry and cold
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410,000 died – gets back to France with 10,000 men of just 2% of his army
Ch. 25: The Industrial Revolution
Industrial
industrialization
entrepreneur
urbanization
middle class
factors of
Manchester
stock
corporation
Revolution
enclosure
production
crop rotation
factory
Term:
Industrial Revolution – time period in Europe that increased the output of machine-made goods
that began in England
Industrialization – process of developing machine production of goods
Entrepreneur – people who organize, manage and take risks on businesses by supplying the own
money
Urbanization – city building and the movement of people to cities that took place in earnest in the
first half of the 19th century
Middle class – social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and
wealthy farmers
Enclosures – fenced-in or hedged-in fields created by wealthy British landowners on land that
was formerly worked by village farmers used to boost crop yields
Factors of production – resources needed to produce goods and services
Manchester – a mill city during the Industrial Revolution
Stock – rights of ownership which are sold to raise money, stock holders are part owners of the
businesses
Corporation – businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock
Crop rotation – practice of using different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting
the soil
Factory – large buildings with weaving and spinning machines at first built near streams and
rivers
Questions:
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Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England? (3 reasons)
Large population – means lots of workers
Extensive natural resources – water power and coal to power machines
Iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings,
There were rivers for transportations and harbors for merchant ships
Expanding economy – there was money to invest in new inventions
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A highly developed banking system which made bank loans available for starting
businesses
An increased demand for goods due to prosperity
Political stability – wars had not occurred on British soil
Positive attitude from military successes
Parliament passed laws to encourage business
Explain two immediate effects and two long-term effects of the Industrial
Revolution.
Immediate Effects
Created jobs
Helped nations become wealthy from trade and taxes
Fostered technological progress and inventions
Increased production of goods and raised standard of living
Provided hope for improvement in people’s lives – dream of becoming wealthy through
hard work
Healthier diets, better housing and cheaper clothing
Expanded education opportunities
Middle class prospered – higher pay, shorter hours, better working conditions
Long Term Effects
Consumer goods more affordable due to mass production
Living and working conditions greatly improved since the 19th century
Profits from industrialization increase tax revenues, so governments can improve urban
areas
How did industrialization shift the world balance of power and what is going to
happen as a result?
Increased competition between industrialized nations and poverty in less-developed
nations
Industrialization widened the wealth gap between industrialized and non-industrialized
lands
Viewed the poor countries as market for their manufactured goods
Exploited overseas colonies for resources and market and started seizing more colonies
EssaysDuring the Age of Absolutism, a number of European rulers held tremendous power. Choose
ONE of the absolute monarchs we studied. Write an essay which includes:
An explanation of absolutism as a form of government and the ruler’s justification for this
type of rule
An explanation of how the monarch you chose exercised his/her power
How the ruler exemplifies absolute rule
The Industrial Revolution has been described as a mixed blessing. Do you agree or disagree?
Write an essay which includes:
An explanation of the changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution
The positive effects of the Industrial Revolution
The negative effects of the Industrial Revolution
Midterm Essay on Absolutism
Introduction
Background Information
When was the Age of Absolutism? Where?
Define absolutism or absolute rule
Thesis Statement: ___________________ was an absolute ruler in ________________
who exemplifies absolutism because he __________________________________,
_____________________________, and _________________________________. (Fill in the
blanks with three actions he took which show he was an absolute ruler.)
Body Paragraph I
Discuss absolutism in more detail, including how absolute rulers justified their rule
Body Paragraph 2 –
Discuss your ruler and give examples of how he ruled, how he used his power, how
he maintained absolute rule, specific actions he took (as mentioned in your thesis
statement).
Body Paragraph 3 –
Explain how your ruler is an example of an absolute ruler. Use your info from body
paragraph 1 and relate it to the ruler’s actions in body paragraph 2.
Conclusion –
Summarize your essay and the reign of your ruler in 2 or three sentences.
Midterm Essay on the Industrial Revolution
Introduction
Background Information:
When? Where? What was it?
Thesis Statement: The Industrial Revolution was a mixed blessing because it
had both positive effects such as ________________ and _____________ and negative
effects such as ________________ and _________________. (Be sure the examples you
give here are EXPLAINED later in your essay!)
II. Body Paragraph 1 –
Explain the changes that were brought about by the Ind. Rev. (include things like
industrialization, urbanization, factories, etc).
III. Body Paragraph 2 –
Explain the positive effects of the Industrial Revolution
IV. Body Paragraph 3 –
Explain the negative effects of the Industrial Revolution
V. Conclusion
Summarize your arguments as to why the Ind. Rev. was a mixed blessing.