Government and Party Politics
Section 1
“How did debate over the role of
government lead to the formation of
political parties?”
Problems Faced by the New
Government
• Huge war debt from the
Revolutionary War - $52
million
• No navy; army of 400
men
• No respect from other
nations
• No permanent capital
• No federal officers
beyond Washington,
John Adams, and the
newly elected Congress
George Washington
• Elected
unanimously by the
Electoral College
– Twice!!
• Reluctant to take the
job
• Began setting
precedents
(traditions)
– “…So help me God”
– 2 terms
First Inauguration
• The oath of office was
administered in New
York City
• George Washington
repeated the oath of
office of President
• Inauguration: official
swearing-in ceremony
• Cabinet: leaders of the
executive departments
of the federal
government
President Washington
• Administration: staff in the executive branch
• Precedent: something done or said that
becomes an example, rule, or tradition;
formation of a Cabinet
• Established a tone of dignity; Washington
believed that parties and pomp were
necessary to command the respect of the
world
• Elected to second term in 1792
• Tradition of being elected for only two terms
Leaders
• President:
George Washington
• Vice President:
John Adams
TRANSPARENCY
The First President
The New Government
THE BIG IDEA: George Washington had to establish the
Executive Branch of the new government.
John Adams
Vice-President
Past Experience: Revolutionary
Leader, Lawyer, influential
Federalist
Alexander Hamilton
Secretary of Treasury
Past Experience: Personal Aide
to Washington, author of
many Federalist Essays
Thomas Jefferson
Secretary of State
Past Experience: Main writer
of the Declaration of Independence,
Ambassador to France
George Washington
President
Past Experience: Commander
of the Continental Army,
President of the
Constitutional Convention
Henry Knox
Secretary of War
Past Experience: General in
Continental Army, Sec. Of War
under Articles
Cabinet
• Cabinet: officials selected by the President
to head the major departments of the
executive branch and to advise the President
• Attorney General: Edmund Randolph
• Secretary of War: Henry Knox
• Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson
• Secretary of the Treasury: Alexander
Hamilton
Thomas Jefferson
• Planter, lawyer, and
diplomat; had
served several years
as ambassador to
France
• Writer, inventor, and
violinist
• Founded the
University of
Virginia
Alexander Hamilton
• Brilliant man
• Private secretary to
General Washington
• Believed in a strong
central government
and that
governmental power
could accomplish
great things
Setting Up the Judiciary
• Constitution called for
Supreme Court and
smaller ones
• Left details of
organization to
Congress
• Judiciary Act of 1789 –
established a system of
courts
• Thirteen federal district
courts
• John Jay was first Chief
Justice of the U.S.
Hamilton’s Program
• Supported strong national
power
• Little faith in the people
• Felt that government needed
to direct the development of
the American economy;
wanted to develop a strong
commercial and industrial
economy
• Hamilton’s Plan: federal
government to take on
Revolutionary War debts of
states
• Wanted to charter a Bank of
the U.S.
Hamilton’s Plan for National Debt
• Congress accepted the plan based
on a deal
– move the Capital to Washington
DC
• Why would the Government want
to add to $50 Million debt by
adding the States debts?
– Most debt was owed to foreign
countries, merchants and
speculators
– did not want government to fail
– wanted citizens to feel secure
• Raise Money - Whiskey Tax and
Tariff
– Place this $ in a special fund
– Repay debt with interest from it
CHART
Hamilton’s Plan for Restructuring Debt
Hamilton and Jefferson Debate
Hamilton and Jefferson in Conflict
• Hamilton: strong central government led by
wealthy, educated
• Jefferson: strong state, local government;
people’s participation
• Hamilton has Northern support; Jefferson has
Southern, Western
Hamilton’s Economic Plan
• U.S. owes millions to foreign countries, private
citizens
• Plan—pay foreign debt, issue new bonds,
assume states’ debt
• Some Southern states have paid debts, against
taxes to pay for North
Issue
Federalists
Jeffersonian Republicans
Leader
Alexander Hamilton
Thomas Jefferson
negative view of people, only
Nature of
the elite had the capability of
Human Beings
governing effectively
positive view of people,
"common man" could make
good decisions if he were
provided with proper
information, believes in
democracy, power in the hands
of a few would lead to a corrupt
gov't
powerful federal gov't, keep
power in the hands of a few,
elite should make decisions,
Very critical of Articles of
Confederation
keep power in the hands of the
states, keep federal gov't small,
people should make the
decisions of gov't
Best Type of
Gov't
Industrial, favored a gov't
Ideal Economy sponsored national bank to
support industrial businesses
View on the
Constitution
France or
Agricultural, society of small
independent farmers would lead
to prosperity, gov't should stay
out of economic matters
supported constitution, loose
interpretation, congress could
make any law "which shall be
necessary and proper"
accepted Constitution, believed
President had too much power,
promoted Bill of Rights, Strict
Interpretation, powers not
specifically given to the federal
gov't were given to the states.
Britain
France
Hamilton’s Opponents
• Washington sided with
Hamilton
• Thomas Jefferson
resigned from the
Cabinet in 1793.
• Believed that Hamilton
was betraying the spirit
of the Revolution
• Jefferson had more
faith in the people
Government Affairs
• Foreign affairs: relations with foreign
countries; the Secretary of State heads the
State Department and coordinated U.S.
involvement with foreign countries
• Domestic affairs: Issues relating to a
country’s internal affairs
Interpretation of Constitution
• Strict construction –
government should not
do anything unless
specified in the
Constitution
• Loose construction –
government could do
anything that was not
forbidden in the
Constitution
Payment Plan for War Debt
• Tariff enacted in
1789 to tax imported
goods to raise
money
• 1791, congress
placed a tax on
whiskey
• Fund set up to pay
creditors slowly,
with interest
Whiskey Rebellion
• Corn made into whiskey
• Used as a kind of
currency
• Rebels closed courts
and attacked tax
collectors
• 1794, army of 12,000
men put down the
rebellion in
Pennsylvania to
demonstrate the power
of the government
• Led to the development
of two political parties
TRANSPARENCY
Analyzing Political Cartoons: The Whiskey Rebellion
INFOGRAPHIC
Political Parties Grow
Democratic Republicans
• Stood for a more democratic republic
• Along with Federalists, they became the first
political parties: a group of people who seek
to win elections and hold public office in
order to control government policy and
programs
NOTE TAKING
Reading Skill: Summarize
The Struggle Over Foreign
Policy
Section 2
“How did foreign policy challenges
affect political debate and shape
American government?”
War in the Old Northwest
• American Revolution
weakened Iroquois and
Cherokee
• Miami, Delaware,
Shawnee, and other
Native American groups
grouped to fight
expansion
• Miamitown 1790 – Little
Turtle and Blue Jacket
defeat army
• Expedition led by
Arthur St. Clair defeated
Battles-Army Victories
• Legion of the U.S. led
by General Wayne win
at the Battle of Fallen
Timbers in Ohio
• Native American groups
forced to accept Treaty
of Greenville
• Miami, Delaware,
Shawnee, and other
groups lost southern
two thirds of Ohio
• Ohio River no longer a
permanent boundary
between their land and
settlers
Accepting White Culture
• Little Turtle - leader of
the Miami people
• Adopted some
American customs
• Tried to live peacefully
with settlers
Blending Cultures
• Handsome Lake - a
Seneca called for a
rebirth of Seneca
culture that would
blend customs of both
Native Americans and
Americans
• Urged his people to
abandon war and focus
on rituals
Returning to Traditions
• Tenskwatawa (the
Prophet) called for a
rejection of European
ways and a return to
tradition
• Established
Prophetstown in
Indiana; had warlike
attitude
Military Action
• Tecumseh believed that
Native Americans must
unite the Native
American groups to
fight the Americans;
brother of Tenskwatawa
• Battle of Tippecanoe –
William Henry Harrison
was attacked by
Tenskwatawa;
Prophetstown burned
Result
• Tecumseh died in Canada during the War of
1812 at the Battle of the Thames
• Tecumseh did not accomplish goal of uniting
Native Americans
• Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa showed
defiance and earned respect for their people
and culture
LEADER
Little Turtle
DESCRIPTION of
Leader
Military leader, won
victories against
PEOPLE
(Tribe)
MIAMI
settlers in the 1790s
Handsome
Lake
Fought against
settlers, confined
to a reservation
Tenskwatawa
“The Prophet”
Tecumseh
War chief, brother
of “The Prophet”
SENECA
RESPONSE of Tribe
Adopted some white
culture, lived in peace,
acceptance of white
culture
Acceptance on Native
American terms,
Blended Indian and
White Culture
SHAWNEE
Reject white culture,
return to traditional
native ways, leaned
towards fighting
SHAWNEE
Unite and take military
action against white
settlers
Accommodation – accepting
and attempting to make
comfortable
Assimilation – people of one culture
blending into and becoming part of
another
Treaty of Greenville – Tricked by US to sign
treaty which gave up 2/3 of Ohio
Reservation – area that the government
sets aside for Native Americans who lost
their land
Battle of Tippecanoe – William Henry
Harrison attacked Indians in Indiana
forced them off their land
French Revolution
• 1789 French people
overthrew King Louis
XVI
• During the Reign of
Terror, thousands of
people were executed,
including King Louis
XVI and Queen Marie
Antoinette
American Relations With Europe
• Federalists opposed the
French Revolution, while
Jefferson and his supporters
thought of it as an extension
of the American Revolution
• War broke out between
Great Britain and France
• America remained neutral
• Pinckney negotiated a treaty
with Spain that guaranteed
free shipping rights on the
Mississippi River and access
to New Orleans for trade
Jay’s Treaty of 1794
• Washington sided with
Britain in war because of
British navy
• Britain agreed to leave the
forts in Northwest Territory
• Expanded trade, but did not
solve ship problem of
stopping American ships to
search for British subjects
• Americans to repay prewar
debts
• Lost support of many
Americans
Washington’s Legacy
• Washington was
famous for his
honesty, dignity, an
self-control
• He was very popular
in his first four
years
• Problems clouded
his second term
• Many distrusted the
government
• Many disliked
Hamilton’s
economic plans
• Jefferson resigned
in 1793
• Divisions in the
government
developed
Capital City
• First government was in New
York City
• Capital moved to
Philadelphia in 1790
• Residence Act of 1790: 10square-mile stretch of land
on Virginia-Maryland border
• District of Columbia
• Benjamin Banneker:
surveyor
• Pierre-Charles L’Enfant
developed the city plan with
broad streets, the White
House for the President’s
residence, and the Capitol
building for Congress;
moved in 1800
U.S. Response to Events in Europe
Reactions to the French Revolution
• Federalists pro-British; Democratic-Republicans
pro-French
• Washington declares neutrality, will not support
either side
• Edmond Genêt, French diplomat, violates
diplomatic protocol
Treaty with Spain
• Spain negotiates with Thomas Pinckney, U.S.
minister to Britain
• Pinckney’s Treaty of 1795, or Treaty of San
Lorenzo, signed:
- Spain gives up claims to western U.S.
- Florida-U.S. boundary set at 31st parallel
- Mississippi River open to U.S. traffic
Washington’s Farewell Address
• “[A system of political
parties] agitates the
Community with illfounded jealousies and
false alarms, kindles
the animosity of one
part against another,
[and] foments [stirs up]
occasional riot and
insurrection.” 1796
Election of 1796
• Washington set a
precedent of serving
two terms
• John Adams ran
against Thomas
Jefferson.
• Adams elected with
Jefferson his Vice
President (from
different political
parties)
John Adams
 Second President
 Lacked the prestige of
Washington
 Rise of political parties
 Threat of war from
abroad with the French
over Jay’s Treaty
 French began seizing
American ships in
French harbors
John Adams as President
• XYZ Affair
• France begins to attack our
merchant ships because of Jay’s
Treaty with Britain
• Adams sends officials to negotiate
treaty with France
• French officials XYZ tried to extort
$$ from the USA
• American People “Millions for the
defense, but not a cent for tribute.”
• undeclared war on France
• Roused public sentiment against
France
TRANSPARENCY
The XYZ Affair
Adams Provokes Criticism
First Party-Based Elections
• 1796, Federalist John Adams elected president
- Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican, is
vice-president
• Result of sectionalism, placing regional interests
above nation
Adams Tries to Avoid War
• French see Jay’s Treaty as violation of alliance;
seize U.S. ships
• XYZ Affair—French officials demand bribe to see
foreign minister
• Congress creates navy department; Washington
called to lead army
• Undeclared naval war rages between France,
U.S. for two years
Alien Act
 President gained the
right to imprison or
deport citizens of other
countries residing in
the U.S.
Sedition Act
• Persons who wrote,
published, or said
anything “of a false,
scandalous, and
malicious” nature
against the American
government or its
officials could be jailed
or fined
• Resulted in limiting the
power of the
Democratic Republican
Party
TRANSPARENCY
Analyzing Political Cartoons: Fighting Over the Sedition Act
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
 Jefferson, Madison, and
others felt the Sedition
Act violated free speech
 Legislatures of two
states came up with
“null and void” idea
 Stated that states had
the right to judge
whether federal laws
agreed with the
Constitution
Nullification
 Principle that a state
could declare a federal
law “null and void” in a
state
 Principle unresolved
Prosser’s Rebellion
 Gabriel Prosser, a
blacksmith, in
Richmond, Virginia, led
a rebellion. It failed and
twenty of them were
executed.
Election of 1800
 Personal attacks
 Jefferson versus
Adams
 Jefferson did not gain a
majority so decided in
the House of
Representatives
Transfer of Power
 Peaceful
 Americans must be
willing to disagree
peacefully
NOTE TAKING
Reading Skill: Identify Supporting Details
MAP
Presidential Election of 1800
The Age of Jefferson
Section 3
“What were the successes and failures
of the Jefferson administrations?”
Rivals to Jefferson
• Aaron Burr: Vice
President
• Alexander Hamilton,
now a lawyer in New
York
• Burr killed Hamilton in a
duel in 1804, ending his
political future
Election of 1800
• Spirit of 1776 - Jefferson
– campaigning on the idea of liberty found
in the Declaration of Independence
– accused Adams of being a monarch
• Spirit of 1787 - Adams
– emphasis of order and the Constitution
– Jefferson was a godless man who would
lead the US into chaos
• House of Representatives had to elect
President
• First peaceful transfer of political
parties
First Change of Political Parties
• Why Adams Lost
– unfair judgement of
his abilities
– more honest than
most Presidents
– went against
supporters in dealing
with France
– failed to quiet critics
and angered
supporters
• Why Jefferson won
– leader of local
government
supporters
– better to risk too
much freedom than
too much government
– Started a permanent
political party
Reducing Government
• Jefferson reversed much of what the
Federalists had done, such as presidential
style; addressed as “Mr. President”
• Reduced taxes; wanted to retire the national
debt by paying it down
• Cut the bureaucracy – the departments and
workers that make up the federal government
• Slashed the size of the army to 3,000 men
• Let stand the Bank of the United States since
charter would expire in 1811
Judiciary Acts
• Judiciary Act of 1789: created a national
court system with three circuit courts and
thirteen district courts, headed by the
Supreme Court
• Stated that the Supreme Court would settle
differences between state and federal laws
Judiciary Acts
• Judiciary Act of 1801: decreased the number
of Supreme Court justices and increased the
number of federal judges. Adams filled the
new posts to have more Federalists judges;
• Known as midnight judges
• Angered Jefferson who felt that he should
appoint new judges from his political party
John Marshall
• Federalist leader
• Became Chief Justice in
1801 and held post for
34 years
• Established principle of
constitutional law –
judicial review
• Insisted federal laws
were superior to state
laws
Marbury v. Madison
• Adams appointed Marbury as justice of the
peace for the District of Columbia
• Secretary of State Madison never delivered
the papers
• Marbury sued Madison
• Chief Justice Marshall ruled against
Marbury; declared part of the Judiciary
Act of 1789 unconstitutional
• Established the power of judicial review
Judicial Review
• Enables federal courts to review state laws
and court decisions
• Can decide if laws passed by Congress are
constitutional
• Was an important accomplishment of Chief
Justice John Marshall
NOTE TAKING
Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence
TRANSPARENCY
The Marshall Court
CHART
U.S. Population, 1790-1810
Louisiana Purchase
• Northwest Ordinance of 1787: established a
process by which territories could become
states
• Land Act of 1800: Americans able to buy land
in small parcels and on credit
• Napoleon, the French ruler, took over much
of the Spanish land in the West and charged
large sums of money from American traders
to use the Mississippi River and New Orleans
Louisiana Purchase
• France controlled New Orleans
• Napoleon failed to stop a rebellion in Haiti
• Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris to buy
New Orleans for $10 million, but he bought
all French land for $15 million
• Jefferson overcame doubts about
constitutionality of buying land and signed
purchase
• Doubled the size of the U.S.
Lewis And Clark
• Meriwether Lewis and
William Clark
– Pioneered the Louisiana
Territory
• Jefferson’s Orders
– Find a water route to
pacific
– Make friends with
Natives
– Survey the land
• York – Capt. Clarks slave
– Novelty to the natives
• Sacajawea – Shoshone
Lewis and Clark Expedition
• Meriwether Lewis and William Clark explored
the Louisiana Purchase in 1804 to make
contact with Native Americans and to gather
information about the region’s natural
resources
• Sacajawea and husband were interpreters
Zebulon Pike
• Sent to find origin of Mississippi
River
• Surveyed the Southwest
– Pike’s Peak
– New Mexico
• People were awesome
• Accused of being a spy
– Arrested by Spanish troops
– Escorted out of Spanish Territory
• Due to Lewis, Clark, and Pike
citizens of the US became inspired
to settle in the West
Trans-Appalachian West
• What made it attractive?
– Lewis and Clarks Journals
– Pike’s book about Southwestern People and Land
• People
– Hunters, Trappers and Fur Traders
– Settlers and Land Speculators
– People with unsavory pasts – criminals,
scoundrels
– Unorthodox religious groups, social reformers,
idealists
Foreign Policy
• Jay’s Treaty expired in 1805
• Great Britain and France at war again
• Harassing American ships; British
kidnapping American sailors
• Leopard incident – British ship, the Leopard,
attacked the U.S.S. Chesapeake, inflicting 21
casualties in search of deserters from the
British navy
Barbary War
• Barbary States of
North Africa used
piracy for profit
• U.S. had paid
protection money to
the Barbary States
• Price increased, so
Jefferson blockaded
the port of Tripoli
• Peace in 1805
The War of 1812
Section 4
• “Why did the United States go to war with
Britain, and what was the outcome of that
war?”
• Terms and people:
Tecumseh
Battle of Tippecanoe
War Hawks
Battle of New Orleans
War of 1812
Treaty of Ghent
Andrew Jackson Hartford Convention
Francis Scott Key
“The Star-Spangled Banner”
The War of 1812 – Mr. Madison’s War
• Causes
– British attacks on US shipping
– Impressment
– War Hawks –
• Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun
– Arming Indians and encouraging
attacks on settlers in ORV
• Excuse to conquer Canada
• Course of War
• Consequences
– Hartford Convention
– Treaty of Ghent
– Panic of 1819
NOTE TAKING
Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence
DECISION POINT
Should the United States Declare War on Britain?
Reasons for War
• Americans believed the British were
encouraging the Native Americans to attack
• War Hawks (Clay and Calhoun) wanted
Britain out of North America
• British interference with shippingimpressment: the act of forcing people into
military service
Land War
• Tried to defeat British in Canada; defeated by
the British in summer of 1812; Americans
were poorly equipped and led
• Battle of the Thames, 1813, Americans
defeated British and Native Americans,
including Tecumseh
Baltimore
• British bombarded Fort McHenry
• Francis Scott Key watched and wrote the
Star-spangled banner
The Star-Spangled Banner
• In 1813 the commander of Ft. McHenry asked
for a flag so big that "the British have no
trouble seeing it from a distance."
• He asked Mary Young Pickersgill to make the
flag for him. Her thirteen year old daughter
helped her.
– She used 400 yards of fine wool.
– They cut 15 stars that were two feet across.
– There were
8 red and 7 white stripes.
– The stripes were each two feet wide.
– When it was finished it measured 30 by 42 feet and
cost $405.90.
Naval War
• American vessels outnumbered 20 to 1
• Perry defeated British fleet on Lake Erie,
protecting northern border
• British blockaded coast
Washington, D.C.
• 1814, British ended war
with Napoleon
• British seized
Washington and burned
the White House and
the Capital
• President Madison fled
War Ends
• The Hartford Convention 1814: New England
considered leaving the Union; called for
constitutional amendments to increase New
England’s political power
• Treaty of Ghent
-Representatives met in Belgium
-All old boundaries between the U.S. and
Britain were restored
• Result of the War of 1812 the Federalist Party
played a lesser role in American politics and
will soon end
Battle of New Orleans
• Two weeks after treaty
signed
• General Andrew
Jackson defeated the
British
• Battle unified country
and made Jackson a
hero
TRANSPARENCY
The War of 1812
ANALYZE
Cause and Effect: The War of 1812
What’s next for the young
country???
• Americans now turned their energies to
exploring and settling the American
continent in a fury of westward
expansion.