Kingdoms, Dichotomous Keys,
Diversity, & Resilience
Homework
Review pp. 8-23 in your textbook and answer
1.1 even questions
1.2, questions 1, 3, 5
Define:
unicellular & multicellular
prokaryotic & eukaryotic
autotrophic & heterotrophic
sexual & asexual
Species Concepts?
Definitions
Unicellular: single-celled
Multicellular: more than one cell
Prokaryote: smaller, simpler type of cell without a membrane-bound nucleus
Eukaryote: larger, more complex type of cell with a membrane-bound nucleus
Autotroph: obtains energy by making its own food (sunlight)
Heterotroph: consumes other organisms to obtain energy and nutrients
Sexual reproduction: requires the genetic material from two parents to form
offspring with a unique combination of genes (unique to the Domain,
Eukarya)
Asexual reproduction: offspring arise from a single parent, and inherit the
genes of that parent only. The offspring will be exact genetic copies of the
parent (eg. in Eukarya include some reptiles, insects, and fish).
Eukaryotic cells
• Us!
• Membranebound nucleus
• much larger
and more
complex than
prokaryotic
cells
Examples?
Organisms we
can see
Prokaryotic cells
• Do not have a
nucleus. Genetic
material is found
in the cytoplasm
• Smaller, and less
complex than
eukaryotic cells
• There are at least
20 times more
prokaryotic cells
on Earth than
there are
eukaryotic cells
Features common to all cells
D
O
M
A
I
N
S
K
I
N
G
D
O
M
S
Kingdoms
(refer to text p. 29, table 1.5)
DKPCOFGS: We need a mnemonic!
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Dichotomous Keys
An identification solution that uses many 2-part
choices to narrow down the solution
We did this! With our shoes!
(eg. leather and not leather)
Another activity… meet the Norns!
…for more practice and information, look at text
pp. 40-1
Criteria depends on Taxonomic rank
(refer to p. 29, Table 1.5 vs p. 30, #9)
If we’re interested in the Kingdom what types of
criteria are we looking at?
If we’re interested in the Species rank, what
types of criteria are we looking at?
How to Make a Dichotomous Key From
a Table of Bacterial Characteristics
(for use in running the minimum number of
tests in identifying an unknown bacterium)
ericstavney.net/ppts/a10d%20DichoKeyExample.ppt
Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria
Organism
Characteristics
Alcaligenes faecalis
Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose,
catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S
negative
Citrobacter freundii
Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose,
catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not
hemolytic, H2S negative
Pseudomonas
fluorescens
Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose,
catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S
negative
Streptococcus
pneumoniae
Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative,
galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in
litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative
Mycobacterium
smegmatis
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose
fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus
milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Mycobacterium leprae
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose
fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus
milk not hemolytic, H2S negative
Corynebacterium
xerosis
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose
fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase
positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Aeromonas hydrophila
Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase
positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S positive
Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria
Alcaligenes faecalis
Citrobacter freundii
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Mycobacterium smegmatis
Mycobacterium leprae
Corynebacterium xerosis
Aeromonas hydrophila
Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria
Organism
Characteristics
Alcaligenes faecalis
Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose,
catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S
negative
Citrobacter freundii
Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose,
catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not
hemolytic, H2S negative
Pseudomonas
fluorescens
Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose,
catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S
negative
Streptococcus
pneumoniae
Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative,
galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in
litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative
Mycobacterium
smegmatis
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose
fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus
milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Mycobacterium leprae
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose
fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus
milk not hemolytic, H2S negative
Corynebacterium
xerosis
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose
fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase
positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Aeromonas hydrophila
Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase
positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S positive
Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria
Organism
Characteristics
Alcaligenes faecalis
Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose,
catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S
negative
Citrobacter freundii
Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose,
catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not
hemolytic, H2S negative
Pseudomonas
fluorescens
Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose,
catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S
negative
Streptococcus
pneumoniae
Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative,
galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in
litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative
Mycobacterium
smegmatis
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose
fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus
milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Mycobacterium leprae
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose
fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus
milk not hemolytic, H2S negative
Corynebacterium
xerosis
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose
fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase
positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Aeromonas hydrophila
Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase
positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S positive
Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria
Alcaligenes faecalis
Citrobacter freundii
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Mycobacterium smegmatis
Mycobacterium leprae
Corynebacterium xerosis
Aeromonas hydrophila
Gram stain
negative
Alcaligenes faecalis
Citrobacter freundii
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Aeromonas hydrophila
positive
Mycobacterium smegmatis
Mycobacterium leprae
Corynebacterium xerosis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria
Organism
Characteristics
Alcaligenes faecalis
Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose,
catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S
negative
Citrobacter freundii
Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose,
catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not
hemolytic, H2S negative
Pseudomonas
fluorescens
Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose,
catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S
negative
Streptococcus
pneumoniae
Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative,
galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in
litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative
Mycobacterium
smegmatis
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose
fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus
milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Mycobacterium leprae
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose
fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus
milk not hemolytic, H2S negative
Corynebacterium
xerosis
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose
fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase
positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Aeromonas hydrophila
Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase
positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S positive
Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria
Alcaligenes faecalis
Citrobacter freundii
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Mycobacterium smegmatis
Mycobacterium leprae
Corynebacterium xerosis
Aeromonas hydrophila
Gram stain
negative
Alcaligenes faecalis
Citrobacter freundii
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Aeromonas hydrophila
Galactose fermentation
positive
Alcaligenes faecalis
Aeromonas hydrophila
negative
Citrobacter freundii
Pseudomonas fluorescens
positive
Mycobacterium smegmatis
Mycobacterium leprae
Corynebacterium xerosis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria
Organism
Characteristics
Alcaligenes faecalis
Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose,
catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S
negative
Citrobacter freundii
Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose,
catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not
hemolytic, H2S negative
Pseudomonas
fluorescens
Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose,
catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S
negative
Streptococcus
pneumoniae
Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative,
galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in
litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative
Mycobacterium
smegmatis
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose
fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus
milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Mycobacterium leprae
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose
fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus
milk not hemolytic, H2S negative
Corynebacterium
xerosis
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose
fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase
positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Aeromonas hydrophila
Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase
positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S positive
Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria
Alcaligenes faecalis
Citrobacter freundii
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Mycobacterium smegmatis
Mycobacterium leprae
Corynebacterium xerosis
Aeromonas hydrophila
Gram stain
negative
Alcaligenes faecalis
Citrobacter freundii
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Aeromonas hydrophila
Galactose fermentation
positive
Alcaligenes faecalis
Aeromonas hydrophila
H2S production
positive
Aeromonas
hydrophila
negative
Alcaligenes
faecalis
negative
Citrobacter freundii
Pseudomonas fluorescens
positive
Mycobacterium smegmatis
Mycobacterium leprae
Corynebacterium xerosis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria
Organism
Characteristics
Alcaligenes faecalis
Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose,
catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S
negative
Citrobacter freundii
Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose,
catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not
hemolytic, H2S negative
Pseudomonas
fluorescens
Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose,
catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S
negative
Streptococcus
pneumoniae
Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative,
galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in
litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative
Mycobacterium
smegmatis
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose
fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus
milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Mycobacterium leprae
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose
fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus
milk not hemolytic, H2S negative
Corynebacterium
xerosis
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose
fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase
positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Aeromonas hydrophila
Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase
positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S positive
Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria
Alcaligenes faecalis
Citrobacter freundii
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Mycobacterium smegmatis
Mycobacterium leprae
Corynebacterium xerosis
Aeromonas hydrophila
Gram stain
negative
positive
Alcaligenes faecalis
Citrobacter freundii
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Aeromonas hydrophila
Mycobacterium smegmatis
Mycobacterium leprae
Corynebacterium xerosis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Galactose fermentation
positive
Alcaligenes faecalis
Aeromonas hydrophila
negative
Citrobacter freundii
Pseudomonas fluorescens
H2S production
positive
Aeromonas
hydrophila
negative
Litmus milk
acid
Alcaligenes Citrobacter
faecalis
freundii
alkaline
Pseudomonas
fluorescens
Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria
Organism
Characteristics
Alcaligenes faecalis
Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose,
catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S
negative
Citrobacter freundii
Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose,
catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not
hemolytic, H2S negative
Pseudomonas
fluorescens
Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose,
catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S
negative
Streptococcus
pneumoniae
Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative,
galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in
litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative
Mycobacterium
smegmatis
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose
fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus
milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Mycobacterium leprae
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose
fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus
milk not hemolytic, H2S negative
Corynebacterium
xerosis
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose
fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase
positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Aeromonas hydrophila
Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase
positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S positive
Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria
Alcaligenes faecalis
Citrobacter freundii
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Mycobacterium smegmatis
Mycobacterium leprae
Corynebacterium xerosis
Aeromonas hydrophila
Gram stain
negative
positive
Alcaligenes faecalis
Citrobacter freundii
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Aeromonas hydrophila
Mycobacterium smegmatis
Mycobacterium leprae
Corynebacterium xerosis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Acid-fast staining
Galactose fermentation
positive
Alcaligenes faecalis
Aeromonas hydrophila
Citrobacter freundii
Pseudomonas fluorescens
H2S production
positive
Aeromonas
hydrophila
negative
acid fast
negative
Litmus milk
acid
Alcaligenes Citrobacter
faecalis
freundii
alkaline
Pseudomonas
fluorescens
not acid fast
Mycobacterium smegmatis
Corynebacterium xerosis
Mycobacterium leprae
Streptococcus
pneumoniae
Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria
Organism
Characteristics
Alcaligenes faecalis
Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose,
catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S
negative
Citrobacter freundii
Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose,
catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not
hemolytic, H2S negative
Pseudomonas
fluorescens
Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose,
catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S
negative
Streptococcus
pneumoniae
Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative,
galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in
litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative
Mycobacterium
smegmatis
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose
fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus
milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Mycobacterium leprae
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose
fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus
milk not hemolytic, H2S negative
Corynebacterium
xerosis
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose
fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase
positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Aeromonas hydrophila
Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase
positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S positive
Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria
Alcaligenes faecalis
Citrobacter freundii
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Mycobacterium smegmatis
Mycobacterium leprae
Corynebacterium xerosis
Aeromonas hydrophila
Gram stain
negative
positive
Alcaligenes faecalis
Citrobacter freundii
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Aeromonas hydrophila
Mycobacterium smegmatis
Mycobacterium leprae
Corynebacterium xerosis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Acid-fast staining
Galactose fermentation
positive
Alcaligenes faecalis
Aeromonas hydrophila
Citrobacter freundii
Pseudomonas fluorescens
H2S production
positive
Aeromonas
hydrophila
negative
acid fast
negative
Litmus milk
acid
Alcaligenes Citrobacter
faecalis
freundii
alkaline
Pseudomonas
fluorescens
not acid fast
Mycobacterium smegmatis
Corynebacterium xerosis
Mycobacterium leprae
Streptococcus
pneumoniae
Catalase produced
positive
Mycobacterium
leprae
negative
Mycobacterium
smegmatis
Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria
Organism
Characteristics
Alcaligenes faecalis
Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose,
catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S
negative
Citrobacter freundii
Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose,
catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not
hemolytic, H2S negative
Pseudomonas
fluorescens
Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose,
catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S
negative
Streptococcus
pneumoniae
Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative,
galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in
litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative
Mycobacterium
smegmatis
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose
fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus
milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Mycobacterium leprae
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose
fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus
milk not hemolytic, H2S negative
Corynebacterium
xerosis
Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose
fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase
positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative
Aeromonas hydrophila
Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase
positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S positive
Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria
Alcaligenes faecalis
Citrobacter freundii
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Mycobacterium smegmatis
Mycobacterium leprae
Corynebacterium xerosis
Aeromonas hydrophila
Gram stain
negative
positive
Alcaligenes faecalis
Citrobacter freundii
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Aeromonas hydrophila
Mycobacterium smegmatis
Mycobacterium leprae
Corynebacterium xerosis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Acid-fast staining
Galactose fermentation
positive
Alcaligenes faecalis
Aeromonas hydrophila
Citrobacter freundii
Pseudomonas fluorescens
H2S production
positive
Aeromonas
hydrophila
negative
acid fast
negative
Litmus milk
acid
Alcaligenes Citrobacter
freundii
faecalis
alkaline
Pseudomonas
fluorescens
not acid fast
Mycobacterium smegmatis
Corynebacterium xerosis
Mycobacterium leprae
Streptococcus
pneumoniae
Catalase produced
positive
Mycobacterium
leprae
negative
Hemolysis
positive
Mycobacterium Streptococcus
smegmatis
pneumoniae
negative
Corynebacterium
xerosis
DIVERSITY!
Ecosystem Diversity
Diversity!
Ecosystem Diversity:
The variety of ecosystems in the biosphere (landscapes)
Ecosystem Services:
Can you think of any examples?
For a grassland?
A ravine?
Wetlands?
Temperate forests?
Tropical rainforests?
Is it important to preserve ecosystem diversity? Why?
Diversity!
Species Diversity:
The variety and abundance of species in a given
area (community)
-What are some examples of species diversity?
-How might species diversity at the level of primary
production (plants) affect other trophic levels in food
chains?
Species Diversity
Species Diversity
Species Diversity
Species Diversity
Diversity!
Genetic Diversity:
The variety of genes in a population of
interbreeding individuals
-Why is genetic diversity important?
-What would happen if a population lacked genetic
diversity?
Genetic Diversity
(Homo sapiens)
Resilience!
Biodiversity is the most important factor in ensuring resilience
at the ecosystem (landscape), species (communities), and
genetic (population) scales
• What is resilience?
Resilience is the ability of an ecosystem to maintain a balance
in the face of outside disturbances
• What are some examples of threats to resilience?
Loss of resilience = more brittle populations, communities,
and ecosystems
• How does this relate to Endangered Species?
ENDANGERED SPECIES PROFILE #1
Polar bear (Ursus maritimus)
IMPORTANCE of the POLAR BEAR
Polar bears are at the top of the food chain and have
an important role in the overall health of the marine
environment. Over thousands of years, polar bears
have also been an important part of the cultures
and economies of Arctic peoples. Polar bears depend
on sea ice for their existence and are directly
impacted by climate change—serving as important
indicator species.
http://worldwildlife.org/species/polar-bear
A Warming Climate Takes its Toll on the Polar
Bears of Hundson Bay
Homework
Review:
text pp. 44-47: 1-22, 30, 32, 33
text pp. 48-49: 1-13, 17-23
(use the self-check summary at the
bottom of page 49 for questions you don’t
understand)
Quiz Next Class! - Wed, Feb 13