• Why does a structure like H – C = C – H fail to make sense chemically?
• Differentiate between hydrogen bonding and van der Waals bonding.
• If you were a pharmaceutical researcher, why would you want to learn the three-dimensional shapes of naturally occurring ligand (signal) molecules?
• What does it mean that the electrons of an atom are excited?
• Differentiate between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.

• List the three types of isomers we learned and give an example of each.
• Differentiate between polymers and monomers.
• Define functional groups.
• Describe how the properties of water contribute to the upward movement of water in a tree
(more than two properties apply).
• How can freezing of water crack boulders?
• Explain how carbonic acid can act as a buffer.

• Explain how the polarity of water molecule allows it to form hydrogen bonds.
• Explain the following graph by relating it to the physical and chemical properties of water:

• When a dog pants, holding its mouth open, what property of water allows loss of heat and subsequent reduction of the dog’s internal temperature?
• Describe what happens with water when it dissociates.
• Compared with a basic solution at pH 9, the same volume of an acidic solution at pH 4 has
____ times as many hydrogen ions.
• Differentiate between the dissociation of strong acids and weak acids. Chose which one would be a good buffer and explain why.

• Describe an environmental factor that results in acid rain. Explain how acid rain effects the environment and living organisms on land and in water.
• Analyze the data on the given graph. How did the frequency of acid rain change over the given years:

• Write the chemical formula of a monosaccharide with three carbons.
• Maltose forms by joining two alpha-glucose molecules together by dehydration synthesis.
What is the formula of maltose?
• Differentiate between the structure and function of starches and cellulose.
• Describe how carbohydrates can be involved in energy storing or in providing energy.

• What is the group of big four that this molecule belongs to?
• Which subgroup?
• List four learned examples of this molecule.
• List two functions of this molecule.
• Determine the polarity of this molecule.

• What is this polymer?
• Name its monomers.
• Name three specific learned examples.
• List two functions of this molecule.

• How do phospholipids polarity help them to perform their functions?
• Compare the structure and function of simple lipids and phospholipids.
• Draw the orientation of phospholipids in water and in oil.
• Why cannot we properly digest trans fats?
• How many water molecules are released when simple fats form? Why?
• Why are sterols considered lipids, although they have no similarity in structure to other types of lipids?

• What is this polymer?
• What are its monomers?
• List its four functions.
• Determine the polarity of this molecule.

• What is this molecule?
• What main group of macromolecules that this belong to?
• List three of its functions.
• Determine the polarity of this molecule

• What main group of the big four does this molecule belong to?
• What is this molecule?
• What is its polarity?
• What is its function?
• What are its monomers?

• What is this monomer?
• What is the polymer that forms from this?
• How many different kinds of this monomer do we have in our body?
• What is the bond that binds these monomers together?
• Determine the polarity of this molecule.

• Name this molecule.
• List two examples of this that we learned.
• Name a function of this molecule.
• Name the reaction that breaks this molecule down to its monomers.

• What is this molecule?
• What are its monomers?
• What is the bond that combines the monomers?
• List the levels of its structure.
• Name the bonds that form each level of structure.
• List 5 functions of this molecule.

• Differentiate between the competitive inhibitor and allosteric inhibitor
• Name and explain three ways in which enzyme activity can be regulated
• Explain how the primary structure of proteins determine all of their other levels of structures
• Why does a denatured protein no longer function properly?
• What parts of the polypeptide participate in forming the secondary and tertiary structures of proteins.
• Name three protein functions and describe how the protein structure fit to perform this function.