SCHIZOPHRENIA
Julian Prosser, Katana Tripi, Trevor Balnaves, Rachel
Crowe, & Taylor Eberhart
DSM V Diagnosis

It is characterized by the following:
 Delusions
 Hallucinations
 Disorganized
Speech & Behavior
 Other symptoms that cause social or occupational
dysfunction

For a diagnosis symptoms must be:
 Present
for six months
 Active for at least one month
DSM V Changes in Diagnosis


Increased symptom threshold that an individual exhibit
at least two of the specified symptoms, which previously
it only required one symptom.
The diagnostic criteria no longer identify subtypes.
Symptoms frequently changed from one subtype to another
and caused overlap
 It caused unclear distinctions of the five subtypes which
decreased their validity
 Subtypes can now help specify the diagnosis to provide
more detail

Epidemiology
Etiology – excess of dopamine
(neurotransmitter)
 Those that are diagnosed can be separated
into three broad groups:

 Those
treated successfully with a full recovery
 Those in partial recovery leading a reasonably
normal life
 Those with little or no recovery having repeated
hospitalizations
Epidemiology Cont’d




The median incidence rate was 15.2/100,000 (1.5%)
Higher incidence among the lower class 3:1
The overall heritability estimate for the liability to
schizophrenia is 60% to 70%. The risk for schizophrenia in
close relatives of schizophrenics is 5 to 15 times greater
than in the general population
Two Hypothesis:
1.
2.
These individuals fail to achieve their potential and suffer a
decline in occupational performance relative to expectation
One of the cardinal features of schizophrenia—the failure ever
to achieve one’s potential or, once diagnosed, to return to one’s
best previous level of functioning.
Epidemiology Cont’d




In the Suffolk County Mental Health Study: 65.2% (148/227) of people
with a research diagnosis of DSM-IV schizophrenia or schizoaffective
disorder were male. This generically speaking is a male to female rate
ratio of 1.4:1
There is wide variation in incidence rates of schizophrenia across
populations, regions, and groups and that this variation cannot be
accounted for on a methodological basis only.
Countries characterized by a large rich–poor gap may be at increased risk
of schizophrenia. It is suggested that income inequality impacts negatively
on social cohesion, eroding social capital, and that chronic stress associated
with living in highly disparate societies places individuals at risk of
schizophrenia.
Heredity is a large factor: 45% chance for identical twins or offspring of
two persons with disorder; 15% for fraternal twin or offspring of one
person with disorder; 10% for a sibling; 4% for nephew or niece
Risk Factors
Family History
 Pregnancy
 Risks during gestation:

 Mothers
use of medication
 Physical trauma during pregnancy
 Inflammatory disease/infection
 Prenatal poor nutrition
 Increased immunoglobulin GEM
Risk Factors Cont’d

Risks at Birth
 Being
male (2x as likely)
 Prolonged delivery
 Born in the Spring/Winter
 High fever (febrile seizure) during infancy
 Raised in an urban setting
Risk Factors Cont’d

Risks in Adulthood
 Being
migrant
 Being divorced or never married
 Unemployment
 Low social class
Protective Factors

Living in areas of high ethnic density

Early cognitive training

Residing in rural communities

Increase in Vitamin D

Healthy, low-stress family environment
Interventions - Micro

Family
 Family
education is about providing support,
education, and resources to the family members of
someone with schizophrenia. Family interventions
are strength based which include psycho-education,
behavior problem solving, family support, and crisis
management.
Interventions - Micro

Psychotherapy
 Focuses
on the client with schizophrenia in individual
and group settings. Psychotherapies are used to
help a client define reality. Therapist and groups
can be used to reassure, give advice, and organize
environment for the client.
Interventions - Micro

Medication
 Using
medication in schizophrenia can not be used
to cure it, however it can help to minimize some of
the symptoms that come with schizophrenia.
Interventions - Macro

Grand Challenges in Global Mental Health
(GCGMH)
 They
provide a framework for schizophrenia research
worldwide. The reason for GCGMH is to develop a
multinational perspective on the policies that govern
human research in mental health specifically
schizophrenia.
Community Resources
Common Ground
Schizophrenics Anonymous
1410 S. Telegraph Rd.
15920 W. Twelve Mile
Bloomfield Hills, MI 48302
Southfield, MI 48076
(248) 456-8150 or contact the crisis
center at (800) 231-1127
(810) 557-6777
Provides free, safe 24 hour shelter
for mental health individuals, as well
as 3-week residential counseling to
runaways and youth ages 10-17
Schizophrenics Anonymous is a
self-help group for persons who
have schizophrenia.
Community Resources Cont’d
Northeast Guidance Center
Southwest Counseling and
Development Services
12800 E. Warren Ave.
Detroit, MI 48215
(313) 824-8000
1700 Waterman St.
Provides mental health services
for children, families, and adults
and also work towards
community support.
Offers mental health treatment, case
management, assessments, therapy
including group individual and
family, as well as mentoring,
employment, and youth assistance
programs
Detroit, MI 48209
(313) 841-8900
Community Resources Cont’d
Havenwyck Hospital
1525 University Dr.
Auburn Hills, MI 48326
(248) 373-9200
Havenwyck provides psychiatric
treatment to children,
adolescents, and adults.