Special dietary requirements
Special dietary requirements
Obesity, Dental decay, Heart disease, Osteoporosis, Bowel disorders, Diabetes, Coeliac,
Vegetarianism
© pdst Home Economics.
Obesity – The Causes
Energy intake is greater than energy output.
Genetics or family tradition
Thyroid problems
Slow metabolic rate – elderly
Certain drugs
Risks of Obesity
Heart disease
Difficulty breathing
Gallstones
Back pain
Diabetes
Arthritis
High blood pressure
Stroke
Varicose veins
Controlling Obesity
A low fat low carbohydrate high fibre balanced diet.
Exercise @least 30 mins 3 times a week
.5-1Kg loss per week
Don’t eat late
Avoid alcoholic and sugary drinks
Low fat products
Low fat cooking methods
Slimming club
Dental Decay
2 types - (a) periodontal disease affects gum, bone surrounding teeth (b)
Dental cavities
Caused by plaque = mixture of saliva and bacteria. This builds up on teeth and damages gums
When carbohydrate, esp. sugar, is eaten plaque converts it to acid which decays the teeth
Prevention of dental problems
Avoid sugary foods
Snack on nuts, fruit, yoghurt
Eat calcium and vit D rich foods
Use fluoride toothpaste and drink fluoridated water
Thorough brushing @ least twice daily
Visit dentist @least once a year.
Coronary Heart disease
Narrowing and hardening of the coronary arteries due to build up of fat.
CHD can cause angina, heart attack, sudden death
Risk factors – smoking, high fat and cholesterol diet, obesity, high blood pressure
To reduce risk of CHD
Reduce fat intake esp. saturated fats and cholesterol
Eat foods with unsaturated fat
Use low fat products
Increase fibre
Reduce intake of salt and refined carbohydrates
Exercise increases
“good” cholesterol
(HDL)
Don’t not smoke or abuse alcohol
Cholesterol
Functions: produces hormones, making cell membranes,
production of bile
Liver makes cholesterol we
don’t need to eat it in food
If too much cholesterol is in the blood it clings to artery walls and obstructs the blood flow
The body binds cholesterol with protein to make lipoprotein.
There are 2 types - LDL low density lipo-protein and HDL high density lipo-protein
LDL sticks to artery walls.
HDL removes cholesterol from the blood and gets it excreted
To Lower cholesterol
Eat less cholesterol rich food e.g. eggs, liver, shell fish.
Eat less foods high in saturated fats eg. fatty meat, butter, cream, cheese.
Consume polyunsaturated fats esp. fish oils
- counteract effect of cholesterol on arteries.
Exercise to increase HDL in the blood
Osteoporosis
Bones become light and thin and break easily
Maximum bone mass should be reached before end of teenage years – calcium intake vital for this
Osteoporosis risk factors & prevention
Being female – loss of oestrogen @ menopause - HRT
Lack of Vit. D
Family history
Exercise 30 min 3 times/week
Smoking and alcohol abuse affect calcium absorption
Enough calcium during childhood, adolescents and child bearing years
Enough vit. D
Exercise
Don’t smoke or abuse alcohol
HRT
Bowel Disorders
Fibre is not digested ,it absorbs water and keeps the faeces large and soft and easy to eliminate with little pressure
Lack of fibre leads to small hard faeces that are slow and hard to eliminate.
This can cause constipation, haemorrhoids (piles), diverticulosis and cancer
Bowel disorders
Haemorrhoids: Swollen
veins of the rectum and anus- pain itching bleeding
Diverticulosis:
Wall of intestine develops pouch-like structures. If they fill with food waste and bacteria they can become infected – diverticulitis.
Colon Cancer:
Research shows connection between colon cancer and lack of fibre.
High Fibre Tips
Change from white to wholemeal bread
Eats lots of fruit, veg. and pulses.
Fibre rich breakfast cereal e.g. ‘All Bran’
Add some wholemeal flour when baking.
Try to use whole grain pasta and rice
RDA fibre = 25-30g
Diabetes
Condition where the body cannot control blood sugar levels.
The hormone insulin made in the pancreas controls blood sugar
Diabetics do not produce enough insulin or the insulin produced does not work properly
Glucose is not used to make heat and energy but excreted in the urine instead
If uncontrolled it can lead to heart attack, stroke, bad circulation, damage to kidney and eyesight
Diabetes: types and symptoms
Type1: juvenile onset diabetes: insulin dependent.
Damaged pancreas unable to make insulin
Type2: maturity onset: Noninsulin dependent.
Pancreas produces some insulin controlled by diet.
Symptoms increased thirst, dry mouth, increased urination, weight loss, fatigue, blurred vision
Controlling Diabetes
Controlling diabetes involves balancing insulin exercise and food so that the correct amount of sugar is kept in the blood.
Diet: 1. Eat three regular meals, and one or more snack. 2. High fibre starchy carbohydrates that increase blood sugar slowly.3. Avoid sugary foods, use diabetic products and artificial sweeteners.
Hypoglycaemia : blood sugar too low. Symptoms: feeling ill, perspiration, hunger, irritability, unconscious, coma.
Control: take sugary sweet or drink.
Hyperglycaemia : blood sugar too high.
Symptoms: vomiting, deep loud breathing, high temp, diabetic coma.
Control: give insulin
Coeliac Disease
Condition where by gluten damages the lining of the small intestine and the ability to absorb nutrients is reduced.
Gluten is a protein in wheat, similar protein in rye barley and oats can also be harmful
Rice and maize are not harmful.
Symptoms of coeliac disease
Children
Slow growth
Weight loss
Irritability
Pale bad smelling faeces
Adults
Abdominal pain
Weight loss
Mouth ulcers
Tiredness
Anaemia and other deficiency diseases
Treatment of coeliac disease
Strict gluten free diet
Avoid wheat, barley rye oats and all their by products such as bread, cakes, biscuits, pasta, breaded fish, pizza, pies, pastries.
Use naturally gluten free foods e.g. meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs, fruit, veg.
Use special gluten free products e.g. gluten free flour, bread biscuits etc.
Avoid hidden sources of gluten e.g. sausages , black and white pudding, processed foods, some soups, sauces
,gravies.
