Chapter 16 World War Looms
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Dictators Threaten World Peace
Militarists control Japan; Japan invades Manchuria (1931) & China (1937)
Ethiopia falls to Italy (1936); Italy led by Mussolini creates fascist regime
Stalin begins to transform the Soviet Union- establishment of a communist
state; Stalin establishes totalitarian government
Hitler and Nazi party rule Germany
Civil War breaks out in Spain – Hitler and Mussolini use it as a testing
ground for their military aspirations
U.S. continue policy of isolationism and pass the Neutrality Acts
Neutrality Acts (1937): prohibits loans, arm sales to belligerent nations;
cash & carry of nonmilitary goods
War in Europe
Germany enters entered Rhineland, Rome-Berlin Axis formed, Germany
unites w/ Austria
Hitler wants the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia- tells Britain and France it
will be his last territorial demand; Munich Pact (appeasement) is signed –
Hitler is give Sudetenland without firing a single shot; British and French
leaders claim there will be peace;
Hitler violates Munich Pact and takes the rest of Czechoslovakia; policy of
appeasement a failure
non-aggression pact w/ USSR – pact shocks the world
Germany invades Poland (blitzkrieg) 9/1/1939 – Britain and France declare
war on Germany
France falls quickly to Germany; Germany bombs Britain from air hoping o
weaken Britain for ground invasion; British Air Force fights brilliantly
aides by radar; Britain never invaded by Germany
Holocaust
Jews targeted by Nazi Germany
1935 Nuremberg Laws stripped Jews of German citizenship, jobs and
property, forced to wear a yellow Star of David
Kristallnacht- 11/9/1939 – Night of Broken Glass, Nazi storm troopers
destroy Jewish homes, businesses and property; Jews forced to pay for
clean up
Nazi’s tried to speed up Jewish emigration; Many in the Jewish population
try desperately to flee Germany but had a difficult time finding countries to
accept them
St Louis- Ocean liner that tried to dock in Miami; many Jewish passengers;
denied right to dock in U.S.; many end up back in Germany and become
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victims of the Holocaust
Nazi’s target others including gypsies, handicapped, freemasons, Jehovah’s
Witness
Jews forced into ghettos- life miserable in ghettos; Jews tried to carry on
some semblance of normal life – held religious services, schools
Concentration camps – families often separated; horrible condition; often
worked to death;
Mass exterminations
America Moves Toward War
9/1939 –Congress passes Cash Carry Policy – allowed warring nations to
buy U.S arms
Congress increased $ for defense; FDR runs for third term – says his
experience was needed; wins 55% of vote
Selective Service Act First peace-time draft for men 21-35
Lend-Lease Act – U.S. would lend or lease weapons to nations to any
country whose defense was vital to U.S.
Germany has invaded Soviet Union – U.S. now sending supplies to Britain
and Soviet Union
Churchill and FDR meet at created declaration of war aims – The Atlantic
Charter; pledged collective security, self-determination, freedom of seas…
Germany continues unrestricted submarine warfare; FDR arms merchant
ships;
After Germany fires on the Greer – Roosevelt orders navy to “shoot on
sight”
U.S. puts an embargo on gas, iron, steel on Japan (1940)
Japan signed treaty w/ Axis
Japanese assets in USA frozen
Pearl Harbor attacked 12-7-1941
12-8-1941 FDR asks Congress to declare war.
Chapter 17 The United States in World War II
Mobilizing for Defense
- Selective Service Act – provided 10 million men to military; minorities served in
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large numbers during WWII (African Americans; Japanese Americans, Native
Americans…)
Creation of WAAC (Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps) – women could do some
jobs that would free up men to fight
Conversion from peacetime to wartime production; women and minorities take
jobs left by men in factories;
Office of Scientific Research and Development – penicillin, atomic bomb,
pesticides
Department of Treasury – issued war bonds
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War Production Board (1942): regulated raw material usage
Office of Price Administration (1942): regulated prices & wages, fought
inflation; rationed food
Revenue Act (1942): extended income tax to majority of population
- War in Europe and North Africa
- FDR and Churchill agree defeating Germany is the first priority; then would focus
on Japan
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Germany tried to attack USSR—Turning Point: Stalingrad – Stalin refuses
to retreat; Germany hurt by “general winter” and scorched earth policy
Battle of the Atlantic – allies organized convoys; by mid 1943 Battle of
Atlantic was in allies favor
D-Day (6-61944): Allied Troops invade France
Battle of the Bulge – massive loss for Germany; Germany could do little
but retreat
V-E Day (April 1945)
War in the Pacific
After Pearl Harbor Americans are driven out of the Philippines, Baton
Death March
Use of island hopping - attack the less defended island and hop way over
to mainland Japan
Coral Sea (May 1942): Japan advanced toward Australia
Midway (June 1942): USA defeated Japan Navy
-Iwo Jima – Massive loss of life; only 200 Japanese survive
Okinawa (June 1945): shows Japan will not surrender easily
Hiroshima & Nagasaki (1945): atomic bomb dropped; Truman makes the
decision; decides to use bomb to prevent more allied casualties
Japan surrendered 8-14-1945
Diplomacy
Yalta Conference: “Big Three” decided on UN & occupation of Germany
Potsdam Conference (July/Aug. 1945): demanded Japan surrender
The Home Front
U.S. begins policy of internment of Japanese Americans
Korematsu v. US (1944): Supreme Court upheld relocation of Japanese-Am
to concentration camps for military security
Phillip Randolph, Civil Right Leader who opposed the war because of Civil
Rights; FDR signs executive order preventing discrimination in the work
place
WWII good for the economy; workers, corporations and farmers prospered;
women enjoyed employment gains; job opportunities had caused
population shifts; many move to states with defense industries
Families had to adjust during WWII; dad at war, mom at work, kids home
alone, increase in juvenile crime
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GI Bill of Rights- provided $ for education and training, guaranteed low
interest loans to buy a home or start a business
Content Focus : These terms are given in addition to those found in the Standards,
benchmarks and benchmark clarifications. Additional items may include but are not
limited to, the following: Atlantic Charter, Coral Sea, Final Solution, Hiroshima,
Nagasaki, Holocaust, home front, Japanese-American internment, Lend-Lease Act,
loyalty review boards, loyalty review programs, Mary McLeod Bethune, Midway,
national security, Normandy, Nuremberg Trials, Pearl Harbor, Potsdam, Salerno,
Tehran Conference, United Nations, V-E Day, V-J Day, Yalta Conference
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Florida
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World War II spurred economic development in Florida. Because of its year-round mild climate,
the state became a major training center for soldiers, sailors, and aviators of the United States and
its allies. Highway and airport construction accelerated so that, by war's end, Florida had an up-todate transportation network ready for use by residents and the visitors who seemed to arrive in an
endless stream.
In 1944 the U.S. Supreme Court outlawed a system of all-white primary elections that had limited
the right of African Americans to vote.
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German U-boats sink over 24 cargo ships off Florida coast; Florida increased
production of oranges and dehydrated orange juice to ship to soldiers; during
WWII military bases were built throughout Florida, these military bases brought
economic growth to the state, major cities that experienced growth: Miami,
Tampa, Jacksonville, Key West, Pensacola;
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