Anatomy and
Physiology
Chapter 3 Tour: Anatomy and Physiology
1
Building Blocks of the Human Body
Pages 65-68
 Explain the relationship and function of cells,
tissues and primary organs within the human body
2
Basic Body Systems
Pages 69-88
 Identify the structure, function and primary
cosmetological significance, where appropriate,
of 8 major body systems
1
Building Blocks
of the Human Body
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Body
Systems
Chapter 3.1
Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
Building Blocks of the Human Body
How many bones compose the physical
foundation of the human body?
Chapter 3.1
Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
Building Blocks of the Human Body
206 bones of different shapes and sizes
compose the adult skeleton;
but did you know that as a newborn, your
skeleton was composed of 300 bones?
For example, a newborn’s skull has eight
separate bone segments, while an adult’s
skull is composed of only four. As an adult,
bones have joined together leaving you
with only 206 bones.
Chapter 3.1
Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
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Building Blocks of the Human Body
Anatomy
study of organs and systems of the body
Gross
can be seen with
the naked eye
Microscopic
studies structures too small to
see without aid of a microscope,
also called histology
Chapter 3.1
Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
Building Blocks of the Human Body
Physiology
study of the functions
the organs and systems perform
Chapter 3.1
Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
Cells
Cells
the basic units of living matter (life)
Composed of gel-like substance called
protoplasm containing:
• water
• salt
• nutrients obtained from food
Chapter 3.1
Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
Cells
A cell contains 3 basic parts:
Nucleus
control center of cell activities
Cytoplasm
production department of cell where
cell’s activities take place
Cell Membrane
outer surface of cell enclosing
protoplasm
Chapter 3.1
Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
Cells
Metabolism
chemical process in which cells receive
nutrients for growth and reproduction
Anabolism
Building up larger molecules
from smaller ones
Catabolism
Breaking down larger molecules
into smaller ones
Chapter 3.1
Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
Cells
Beyond the Book
The longest cells in the human
body are the motor neurons. They
can be up to 4.5 feet (1.37 meters)
long and run from the lower spinal
cord to the big toe.
www.hightechscience.org
Tissues
Groups of cells of the same kind
1. Epithelial – covers and protects body surface and
internal organs
2. Connective – supports, protects and holds
body together
3. Nerve – coordinates body functions; carries
messages to and from the brain and spinal cord
4. Muscular – contracts to produce motion
5. Liquid – carries food, waste products
Chapter 3.1
and hormones
Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
Beyond the Book
Tissues
Very loud sounds can rip ear, lung and
other vibrating tissues.
A sound wave is a pressure wave; that's
why you can sometimes feel your body
vibrate during loud, low sounds.
When body tissues resonate with the
sound's frequency, the pressure
increases.
Organs
• Separate body structures that perform
•
•
specific functions
Composed of 2 or more different tissues
Skin is the body’s largest organ
Chapter 3.1
Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
Organs
Brain
Controls all body functions
Eyes
Control vision
Heart
Circulates the blood
Lungs
Supply the blood with oxygen
Stomach and
Intestines
Digest food
Liver
Removes toxic byproducts of digestion
Kidneys
Eliminate water and waste products
Skin
Forms external protective layer of body
Chapter 3.1
Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
Beyond the Book
The kidneys clean over 1
million gallons of blood in
a lifetime.
Organs
Body Systems
A system is a group of body structures and/or
organs that perform functions for the body.
Skeletal - provides framework of body
Muscular - moves body
Circulatory - circulates blood through body
Nervous - sends and receives body messages
Digestive - supplies food to body
Excretory - eliminates waste from body
Respiratory - controls breathing of body
Endocrine - controls growth, general health and
reproduction of body
Chapter 3.1
Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
Body Systems
Cells
tissues
and make
organs
make
systems!!
upup
make
tissues
organs,
up
Cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, and organs make up systems!!
Cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, and organs make up systems!!
Chapter 3.1
Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
Beyond the Book
Body Systems
From the age of thirty,
humans gradually begin to
shrink in size.
Building Blocks of the Body Self-Check
On a sheet of paper numbered from 1-9,
answer the following questions.
1. T or F Muscles are the basic units of living matter.
2. T or F The epithelial tissue covers and protects body
surfaces and internal organs.
3. The study of organs and systems of the body is
called ______.
4. Another name for histology is ______ ______.
5. The study of the functions of organs and systems of the
body is called ______.
Chapter 3.1
Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
Building Blocks of the Body Self-Check
6. The study of the human body as seen with the naked eye
is called ______ ______.
7. Cells are composed of a gel-like substance
called ______.
8. Cells make up ______, which make up organs.
Organs make up _______.
9. A group of body structures that, together, perform
one or more vital functions of the body is known
as a ______.
Chapter 3.1
Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
Know Chart
As you correct your answers, evaluate your progress. Create a
Know Chart with 2 columns. Place correct answers from the
Self-Check under the “I Know” column. Then place incorrect
answers under the “I Need to Study” column.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
I Know:
1.
2.
3.
I Need to Study:
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Chapter 3.1
Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
Building Blocks of the Body Self-Check
Now check your work. Observe each of the
false statements become true.
1. T or F Muscles are the basic units of living matter.
Cells are the basic units of living matter.
2. T or F The epithelial tissue covers and protects body
surfaces and internal organs.
3. The study of organs and systems of the body is
called ________.
anatomy
4. Another name for histology is ___________
microscopic ________.
anatomy
5. The study of the functions of organs and systems of the
body is called __________.
physiology
Chapter 3.1
Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
Building Blocks of the Body Self-Check
6. The study of the human body as seen with the naked eye
anatomy
is called gross
_____ ________.
7. Cells are composed of a gel-like substance
called protoplasm
__________.
8. Cells make up _______,
tissues which make up organs.
Organs make up _______.
systems
9. A group of body structures that, together, perform
one or more vital functions of the body is known
as a _______.
system
Chapter 3.1
Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
Lessons Learned
Cells




Cells are the basic units of
living matter
Metabolism is the chemical process in which
cells receive nutrients
Tissues


Tissues are groups of the same kind
of cells
Chapter 3.1
Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
Lessons Learned
Organs

Organs are separate body
structures that perform specific
functions and are composed of two or
more different tissues
Body Systems

A system is a group of body
structures and/or organs that, together,
perform one or more vital functions for
the body
Chapter 3.1
Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
IT’S 2 U!
When a spider weaves its web, every strand is
connected somehow to a central starting point.
Body Systems…
Create a web connecting the centralCells…
idea to the
various related descriptions for
Building Blocks of the Human Body.
Example:
Press any key Building
and aBlocks
spider will start aTissues…
web.
of the
Complete the descriptions
Human Body and give an example
to finish the web.
Example:
Organs…
Example:
Chapter 3.1
Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
IT’S 2 U!
Answers
Answers will vary, but here is an example of what the web could look like.
Body Systems
group of body structures that
perform one or more vital
functions for the body
Skeletal, muscular,
circulatory, nervous,
digestive, excretory,
respiratory, endocrine
Organs
separate body
structures that perform
specific functions
Cells
basic units of
living matter
Building Blocks
of the
Human Body
Brain, eyes, heart,
lungs, stomach and intestines,
liver, kidneys, skin
Tissues
groups of cells
of the same kind
Epithelial tissue
connective tissue
nerve tissue
muscular tissue
liquid tissue
Chapter 3.1
Anatomy and Physiology
Building Blocks of the Human Body
Anatomy and Physiology
2
Basic Body Systems
Excretory
Respiratory
Nervous
Muscular
Endocrine
Digestive
Circulatory
Skeletal
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
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The Skeletal System
• Physical foundation of the body
• Composed of 206 bones of different
•
•
shapes and sizes
Bones are attached to each other
at movable or immovable joints
A joint is the point at which
two or more bones are
joined together
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Skeletal System
Osteology
study of bones
• Bone
Long bones (arms and legs)
Flat bones (skull)
Irregular bones (wrist, ankle, spinal column)
• Hardest structure in body
Composed of 2/3 mineral and 1/3
organic matter
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Skeletal System
Functions of the Skeletal System
Movement
Attachment
Protection
Support
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Skeletal System
The Skull
•
•
•
•
Skeleton of the head
Encloses and protects brain and primary
sensory organs
Divided into 2 groups
– Cranium composed of 8 bones
– Facial skeleton composed of 14 bones
6 of the 8 cranium bones are affected
by scalp massage
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Skeletal System
The Cranium
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Skeletal System
Facial Skeleton
Nasal
bridge of the nose
Lacrimal
Lacrimal
inner eyesocket
inner eyesocket
Zygomatic
Zygomatic
upper cheek
upper cheek
Maxillae
upper jaw
Mandible
lower jaw
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Skeletal System
Neck Bones
Cervical vertebrae
Hyoid
7 bones manipulated in
extended scalp massage
“Adam’s apple”
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Skeletal System
Back, Chest and Shoulder
Clavicle
collar bone
Scapula
shoulder bone
12 Ribs
Sternum
chest bone
Thoracic Vertebrae
spine
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Skeletal System
Arm, Wrist and Hand Bones
Humerus
largest bone of
upper arm
Radius
Metacarpals
5 long, thin bones
that form the palm
of the hand
Ulna
Carpals
8 small bones held together by
ligaments to form wrist or carpus
Phalanges
each finger has 3 phalanges;
each thumb has 2
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Skeleton System
Beyond the Book
The smallest bone in the human body is
the stapes or stirrup bone located in the
middle ear.
It is approximately .11 inches
(.28 cm) long.
http://www.hightechscience.org
The Muscular System
Myology
study of structure, function, and
diseases of muscles
•
Body is composed of over 500
large and small muscles
•
Muscles compose about 40% of
the body’s weight
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Muscular System
Functions of the Muscular System
•Support of the skeleton
•Production of body movements
•Contouring of body
•Involvement in functions of other body systems
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Muscular System
2 types of muscle tissues:
1.Voluntary or Striated – respond to
commands regulated by will
2.Involuntary or non-striated – respond
automatically to control various body
functions
Striated
Non-striated
Some muscles function both ways (eye muscles).
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Muscular System
The cosmetologist is primarily
concerned with the voluntary
muscles of the head, face, neck,
arms and hands
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Muscular System
Cardiac (heart) muscle
• Muscle of the heart itself
• Only muscle of its type in the human body
• Rugged muscle, functions involuntarily
Cardiac
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Muscular System
Terms used to identify location or function
• Anterior – in front of
• Posterior – behind or in back of
• Superioris – located above or is larger
• Inferiouris – located below or is smaller
• Levator – lifts up
• Depressor – draws down or depresses
• Dilator – opens, enlarges or expands
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Muscular System
3 Parts of the Muscle
Origin
non-moving fixed portion,
attached to bones or to other
fixed muscle
Belly
midsection of muscle,
between 2 attached sections
Insertion
portion of muscle joined to
movable attachments: bones,
movable muscles or skin
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Muscular System
Muscles produce movement through contraction
(tightening) and expansion (relaxing)
7 ways to stimulate muscular tissue include:
1. Massage
2. Electric Current (high-frequency and faradic current)
3. Light Rays (infrared rays and ultraviolet rays)
4. Heat Rays (heating lamps and heating caps)
5. Moist Heat (steamers, warm steam towels)
6. Nerve Impulses (through nervous system)
7. Chemicals (certain acids and salts)
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Muscular System
Scalp and Face Muscles
•
Scalp and face muscles are of primary interest
to the cosmetologist as massage is performed
•
Muscles affected by massage are generally
manipulated from the insertion attachment to the
origin attachment
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Muscular System
Scalp Muscles
• Epicranius (occipito-frontalis)
– Covers the epicranium (scalp)
– Formed by 2 muscles joined by
aponeurosis tendon
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Muscular System
Scalp Muscles
Frontalis
raises eyebrows;
draws scalp forward
Occipitalis
draws scalp back
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Muscular System
Ear Muscles
Auricularis superior
above the ear
Auricularis
anterior
in front of the ear
Auricularis
posterior
behind the ear
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Muscular System
Eye and Nose Muscles
Corrugator
draws eyebrows in
and down
Levator
Palpebrae
Superioris
Orbicularis Oculi
closes the eyelid
Procerus
draws brow down
raises eyelid
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Muscular System
Mouth Muscles
• Oris Orbicularis
•
•
– Circles the mouth
– Responsible for contracting, puckering and wrinkling the lips as
in kissing or whistling
Quadratus Labii Superioris
– Consists of 3 parts
– Located above the upper lip
– Raises nostrils and upper lip, as
in expressing distaste
Quadratus Labii Inferioris
– Located below lower lip
– Pulls lower lip down or to the side as in expressing sarcasm
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Muscular System
Mouth Muscles
•
Mentalis
– Located at tip of chin
– Pushes lower lip up and/or wrinkles chin as in
expressing doubt
•
Risorius
– Located at corner of mouth
– Draws mouth up and out as in grinning
•
Caninus
– Located above corners of mouth
– Raises angle of mouth as in snarling
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Muscular System
Mouth Muscles
•
•
•
Triangularis
– Located below the corners of mouth
– Draws corners of mouth down as in expressing depression
Zygomaticus
– Located outside the corners of mouth
– Draws mouth up and back as in laughing
– Consists of zygomaticus major and minor
Buccinator
– Located between jaws and cheek
– Responsible for compressing cheek to
release air outwardly as in blowing
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Muscular System
Mouth Muscles
1. Oris Orbicularis
2. Quadratus Labii Superioris
3. Quadratus labii inferioris
4. Mentalis
5. Risorius
6. Canius
7. Triangularis
8. Zygomaticus
9. Buccinator
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Muscular System
Mastication Muscles
Temporalis
performs both opening
and closing jaws as in
chewing (mastication)
Masseter
aids in closing jaw as in
chewing (mastication)
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Muscular System
Neck and Upper Back Muscles
Sternocleido
Mastoideus
causes the head to move from
side to side and up and down as in
nodding “yes” or “no”
Trapezius and
Latissimus Dorsi
Platysma
depresses lower jaw
and lip as in
expressing sadness
draw head back, rotate
shoulder blades and control
swinging of arm
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Muscular System
Shoulder, Chest, and Arm Muscles
Deltoid
lifts or turns
the arm
Pectoralis Major and
Pectoralis Minor
assist in swinging the arms
Serratus anterior
helps in lifting arm
and in breathing
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Muscular System
Shoulder, Chest, and Arm Muscles
Tricep
controls forward
movement of forearm
Supinator
turns palm up
Pronator
turns palm downward
and inward
Bicep
raises forearm, bends elbow
and turns palm down
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Muscular System
Shoulder, Chest, and Arm Muscles
Extensor
straightens fingers
and wrist
Flexor
bends wrist and
closes fingers
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Muscular System
Hand Muscles
• Stretch over fingers
• Connect joints
• Provide dexterity
Abductor Muscles – Separate fingers
Adductor Muscles – Draw fingers together
Opponens Muscles – Located in palm; cause the thumb
to move toward fingers; give ability to grasp or make a fist
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Muscular System
Hand Muscles
1 3
1. Abductor
separates fingers
1
3
2. Adductor
1
draws fingers together
3. Opponens
2
2
2
1
give the ability to
grasp or make a fist
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Beyond the Book
Muscular System
The human jaw muscles can
generate a force of 200 pounds
(90.8 kilograms) on the molars.
http://www.hightechscience.org
The Circulatory System
•
•
Circulatory or Vascular System – controls
circulation of blood and lymph through body
Massage treatments stimulate or relax
circulatory system
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Circulatory System
•
Cardiovascular or Blood-Vascular
– Responsible for circulation of blood, includes heart,
arteries, veins and capillaries
•
Lymph-Vascular
– Reaches parts of body not reached by blood
– Circulates lymph through lymph glands, nodes
and vessels
– Lymph filters blood by removing toxins
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Circulatory System
The Heart
•
•
•
Cone-shaped, muscular organ located in the
chest, normally the size of a fist
Contracts and relaxes to move blood
Consists of 4 chambers:
– Upper – right and left atrium
– Lower – right and left ventricle
•
•
60-80 beats per minute (normal heart)
Pericardium – membrane that encases the heart
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Circulatory System
The Heart
Pericardium
Left Atrium
Auricle
Right Atrium
Auricle
Right Ventricle
Left Ventricle
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Circulatory System
The Blood
• Sticky, salty fluid
• Circulates to carry nourishment and oxygen to
•
•
body parts
Carries toxins and waste products to liver
and kidneys
Average adult blood supply is 8-10 pints
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Circulatory System
•
•
The Blood
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
– Carry oxygen and contain
hemoglobin
– Oxygenation is when
hemoglobin attracts oxygen
– Oxygen-poor blood is deep
scarlet red
– Oxygen-rich blood is bright red
Leucocytes (white blood cells)
– Increase in number when
infection invades the body
– Fight bacteria and other
foreign substances
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Circulatory System
The Blood
•
•
Thrombocytes (blood platelets)
– Responsible for the clotting of
blood
Plasma
– Fluid part of blood
– Carries RBC, WBC and blood
platelets through the body
– About 90% water
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Circulatory System
•
Blood Vessels
Arteries
•
– Tubular, elastic,
thick-walled
– Branching vessels
– Carry blood away
from heart
– Carry pure blood
(bright red in color)
•
Capillaries
– Small vessels
– Take nutrients and oxygen
from arteries to cells
– Take waste from cells
to veins
Veins
– Tubular, elastic, thin-walled
– Branching vessels
– Carry blood from capillaries
to heart
– Cup-like valves prevent
backflow
– Impure blood is dark red
– Closer to body surface than
arteries
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Circulatory System
Blood Flow through the Heart
– Systemic or general
circulation – process
of blood traveling from
the heart throughout
the body and back to
the heart
•
To the heart
– Blood enters right
auricle of heart through
superior vena cava
– Blood then pumped
through tricuspid valve
into right ventricle
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Circulatory System
Blood Flow through the Heart
•
To the lungs
– From right ventricle,
blood is pumped into
pulmonary artery, then
travels through
pulmonary artery to
lungs
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Circulatory System
Blood Flow through the Heart
• Back to the Heart
•
– Oxygenated blood
returns to heart via
pulmonary vein and
enters left auricle
– Blood is then pumped to
left ventricle by bicuspid
valve, then through the
valve into aorta
To the Body
– Blood then flows
throughout body and
returns to heart via the
superior vena cava
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Circulatory System
Arteries and Veins of the
Face, Head and Neck
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Common carotid artery
Internal carotid artery
External carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
External jugular vein
Occipital artery
Posterior auricular artery
Superficial temporal artery
External maxillary artery
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Circulatory System
Arteries and Veins of the
Face, Head and Neck
Common Carotid Arteries
•
•
•
Supply head, face
and neck
Located on either side of
the neck
Split into internal and
external carotid arteries
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Circulatory System
Arteries and Veins of the
Face, Head and Neck
•
•
Internal Carotid Artery – supplies blood to brain,
eyes and forehead
External Carotid Artery – branches into smaller
arteries, supplying blood to skin and muscles of
the head
All blood from the head, face and neck returns through
two veins, internal and external jugular veins
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Circulatory System
Arteries and Veins of the Face, Head and Neck
• External Carotid Artery – branches into
smaller arteries
– Occipital – supplies blood to back of the head,
up to crown
– Posterior Auricular – supplies blood to scalp
above and behind ears
– Superficial Temporal – supplies blood to sides
and top of the head
– External Maxillary – supplies blood to lower
portion of the face, including mouth and nose
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Circulatory System
Lymph-Vascular System (Lymphatic System)
•
Lymph
– Colorless liquid byproduct
– Nourishes parts of the body not reached
by blood
– Travels through nodes or glands
The lymphatic system picks up leaked fluid and
plasma proteins and returns them to the
cardiovascular system
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Beyond the Book
Circulatory System
In one day your heart transports
your blood around the body
about 1,000 times.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science
The Nervous System
Neurology
study of nervous system
•
•
•
Coordinates and controls operation of the body
3 Subsystems
– Central or Cerebrospinal
– Peripheral
– Autonomic or Sympathetic
Primary Components
– Brain
– Spinal cord
– Nerves
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Nervous System
The Central Nervous System
• Central Nervous System
– Composed of brain, spinal cord and spinal
and cranial nerves
– Responsible for all voluntary body actions
• Brain
– Controls all 3 parts of nervous system
– Command center
– Weighs 44-48 ounces
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Nervous System
The Brain
Cerebrum
•
•
Mental activity
Upper front of
cranium
Pons
• Connects other parts of
brain to spinal column;
below cerebrum
• Front of cerebellum
Cerebellum
• Muscle movement
• Occipital area below
cerebrum
Medulla Oblongata
• Connects other parts of
brain to spinal column
• Below pons
The Nervous System
The Spinal Cord
• Composed of long
•
•
nerve fibers
Originates in base of
brain and extends to
base of spine
Holds 31 pairs of
spinal nerves
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Nervous System
The Peripheral Nervous System
• Composed of sensory and motor nerves extending
from brain and spinal cord to other parts of body
Nerve Cells (neurons)
• Have nucleus, cytoplasm and membrane
• Long and short threadlike fibers called
axons extend from nerve cells
• Nerve terminals
– located at the end of axons
– send messages as impulses
– short fibers called dendrites receive
messages
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Nervous System
Types of Nerves
• Sensory
– Afferent
– Carry messages to brain and spinal cord
– Sense of smell, sight, touch, hearing, taste
• Motor
– Efferent
– Carry messages from brain to muscles
• Mixed
– Perform both sensory and
motor functions
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Nervous System
The Trifacial Nerve (Fifth Cranial)
•
•
•
•
Largest of cranial nerves
Transmits facial sensations to brain
Controls the muscle movements of chewing
Divides into three main branches:
– Ophthalmic
– Maxillary
– Mandibular
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Nervous System
The Trifacial Nerve
• Ophthalmic
– Main nerve branch to the top 1/3 of face
• Maxillary
– Main nerve branch to the middle 1/3 of face
– Divides further into zygomatic and infraorbital
• Mandibular
– Main nerve to the lower 1/3 of the face
– Divides further into auriculo temporal
and mental
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Nervous System
The Trifacial Nerve
Ophthalmic
Maxillary
Mandibular
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Nervous System
The Facial Nerve (Seventh Cranial)
• Emerges from brain at the lower part of ear
• Primary motor nerve of the face
• 6 branches are of particular importance
– Posterior Auricular - extends to muscles
behind and below ear
– Temporal - extends to muscles of temple,
side of forehead, eyebrow, eyelid and
upper cheek
– Zygomatic – extends to upper muscles
of cheek
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Nervous System
The Facial Nerve (Seventh Cranial)
– Buccal – extends to muscles of mouth
– Mandibular – extends to muscles or chin and
lower lip
– Cervical – extends to muscles on side of neck
•
Other cervical nerves originate in spinal cord
with branches to scalp and neck
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Nervous System
Arm and Hand Nerves
4 primary nerves are mixed nerves
Radial
extends down thumb side of
the arm into back of hand
Median
Digital
extends into fingers of hand
extends down mid-forearm
into hand
Ulnar
extends down little finger side
of arm into palm of the hand
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Nervous System
Nerves and Massage
•
•
Previously listed nerves of face, head and
neck may be stimulated during facials and/or
scalp massage
Through massage, tight muscles can be
relaxed; fatigued muscles can be soothed
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Nervous System
The Autonomic System (Sympathetic)
•
•
•
Physically part of central nervous system
Responsible for all involuntary body functions
Operates the respiratory, digestive,
circulatory, excretory, endocrine and
reproductive systems
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Beyond the Book
Nervous System
There are more nerve cells in
the human brain then there
are stars in the milky way.
http://serendip.brynmawr.edu
The Digestive System
Breaks food down into simpler chemical
compounds easily absorbed by cells or
eliminated from the body in waste products
1. Enzymes from salivary glands start breaking
down food
2. Food travels down pharynx and
through esophagus
3. Food is propelled into stomach by twisting
and turning of esophagus (peristalsis)
4. Food is broken down by hydrochloric
acid and enzymes
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Digestive System
5. Food passes from stomach into small intestine
6. Nutrients are absorbed by villi
7. Undigested food passes into large intestine
The entire digestive process takes about 9 hours
Happiness and relaxation
promote good digestion.
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Beyond the Book
Digestive System
Food is able to reach your
stomach even when you are
standing upside down.
The Excretory System
•
Eliminates solid, liquid and gaseous waste products from
the body
Organs of excretory system include:
• Skin
– Body’s largest organ; releases water, carbon dioxide
and other waste through sweat glands
• Liver
– Neutralizes ammonia from circulatory system and
converts it to urea
• Kidneys
– Receive urea from liver
– Nephrons filter out waste and water
– Excreted waste products travel through
Chapter 3.2
ureters and bladder, eliminated in urine
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Beyond the Book
Excretory System
Three of the four major metabolic
wastes produced by the body are
filtered from the blood by the kidneys.
They are water, salts, and urea; these
are the same three wastes that sweat
glands filter and excrete. Sweat and
urine are basically made from the
same ingredients.
The Respiratory System
•
Primary Functions
– Intake of oxygen
– Exhalation of carbon dioxide
•
•
Primary organs are lungs
and diaphragm
Breathing through the nose
is a healthier option than
breathing through the mouth
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Respiratory System
• Lungs
- process oxygen for
absorption into the blood
and release carbon
dioxide.
• Diaphragm
- expands and contracts
automatically, forcing air
into and out of the lungs.
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Beyond the Book
Respiratory System
Seventy-eight percent of the air we
breathe in is nitrogen, twenty-one
percent is oxygen, one percent is
argon and other waste gasses, and
0.033 percent is carbon dioxide.
The Endocrine System
•
•
•
•
Composed of ductless glands that regulate and
control growth, reproduction and health of body
The glands manufacture hormones
Nutrition plays a key role in proper regulation of
this system
Affects hair growth, skin conditions, energy levels
– Signs of fatigue or changes in hair growth may
signal need for medical attention
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Reproductive System
• Responsible for process by which a living
organism procreates others of its kind
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
The Integumentary System
• Composed of skin and its layers
• The two primary glands are
– Sebaceous (oil) glands
– Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Beyond the Book
Endocrine System
The average person has
2.6 million sweat glands
in their skin!
http://science.howstuffworks.com
Basic Body Systems Self-Check
On a sheet of paper numbered 1-8, answer
the following questions.
1. Name three of the nine
mouth muscles:
__________________
__________________
__________________
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Basic Body Systems Self-Check
2. Name two of the six cranial bones
affected by a scalp massage.
__________________
__________________
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Basic Body Systems Self-Check
3. Which blood cells fight bacteria and other
foreign substances and increase in number
when infection invades the body?
a. plasma
b. leucocytes
c. thrombocytes
d. red blood cells
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Basic Body Systems Self-Check
4. Name two of the four primary
nerves found in the arm and hand.
__________________
__________________
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Basic Body Systems Self-Check
5. Where does food travel after it leaves the
esophagus during the digestive process?
a. pharynx
b. stomach
c. small intestine
d. salivary glands
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Basic Body Systems Self-Check
6. Name two of the three organs of
the excretory system.
______________________
______________________
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Basic Body Systems Self-Check
7. Name the two primary respiratory
system organs.
_________________
_________________
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Basic Body Systems Self-Check
8. Name the three things that the endocrine
system directly affects.
_________________
_________________
_________________
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Know Chart
As you correct your answers, evaluate your progress. Create a
Know Chart with 2 columns. Place correct answers from the
Self-Check under the “I Know” column. Then place incorrect
answers under the “I Need to Study” column.
I Need to Study:
I Know:
1.
2.
1.
3.
4.
5.
6.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
7.
8.
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Basic Body Systems Self-Check
Now check your work.
1. Name three of the nine mouth muscles:
Oris orbicularis
Quadratus labii superioris
Quadratus labii inferioris
Mentalis
Risorius
Caninus
Triangularis
Zygomaticus
Buccinator
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Basic Body Systems Self-Check
2. Name two of the four cranial bones
affected by a scalp massage.
Parietal
Frontal
Occipital
Temporal
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Basic Body Systems Self-Check
3. Which blood cells fight bacteria and other
foreign substances and increase in number
when infection invades the body?
a. plasma
b. leucocytes
c. thrombocytes
d. red blood cells
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Basic Body Systems Self-Check
4. Name two of the four primary
nerves found in the arm and hand.
Ulnar (1)
____________
Radial (2)
____________
Median (3)
____________
Digital (4)
____________
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Basic Body Systems Self-Check
5. Where does food travel after it leaves the
esophagus during the digestive process?
a. pharynx
b. stomach
c. small intestine
d. salivary glands
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Basic Body Systems Self-Check
6. Name two of the three organs of
the excretory system.
Skin
Kidneys
Liver
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Basic Body Systems Self-Check
7. Name the two primary respiratory
system organs.
Lungs (1)
________________
Diaphragm (2)
________________
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Basic Body Systems Self-Check
8. Name the three things that the endocrine
system directly affects.
Hair Growth
_______________
Skin Conditions
_______________
Energy Levels
_______________
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Lessons Learned
Skeletal System
Composed of 206 bones, the skeletal

system is the physical foundation of the body

The skeletal system supports the body,
protects internal organs, provides a frame for
muscles, and allows for body movement
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Lessons Learned
Muscular System

There are more than 500 large and small
muscles in the body, composing approximately
40% of the body’s weight

The muscular system supports the skeleton,
produces body movements, contours the body
and helps other body systems function
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Lessons Learned
Circulatory System
 The circulatory system controls the circulation

of blood and lymph through the body

 The circulatory system is composed of the
heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, lymph glands,
nodes and vessels
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Lessons Learned
Nervous System

Primary components of the nervous
system include the brain, spinal cord,
and nerves

The study of the nervous system is
called neurology
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Lessons Learned
Digestive System

The digestive system breaks food down into
simpler chemical compounds that can be
easily absorbed by cells or eliminated from the
body in waste products
Excretory System

The excretory system eliminates solid, liquid
and gaseous waste products from the body
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Lessons Learned
Respiratory System

The respiratory system is responsible for the
intake of oxygen to be absorbed into the blood
and the exhalation of carbon dioxide
Endocrine System

The endocrine system is composed of a group
of specialized ductless glands that regulate
and control the growth, reproduction, and
health of the body
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
IT’S 2 U!
Answers
Match each picture with the correct term by placing the correct letter in the appropriate blank.
1.
2.
3.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
B
____bicep
I
____tricep
F
____pectoralis
G
4. ____opponens
D
5. ____flexor
H
6. ____extensor
C
7. ____origin
E
8. ____striated
A
9. ____non-striated
Chapter 3.2
Anatomy and Physiology
Basic Body Systems
Anatomy and Physiology Self-Test
On a sheet of paper numbered 1-10, answer the
following questions.
1. The basic units of living matter are:
a. cells
b. nerves
c. organs
d. muscles
Chapter 3
Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy and Physiology Self-Test
2. What is the role of epithelial tissue?
a. contracts to produce motion
b. carries messages to and from brain
c. supports, protects and holds the
body together
d. covers and protects body surfaces and
internal organs
Chapter 3
Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy and Physiology Self-Test
3. Which of the following is NOT a function
of the skeletal system?
a. allowing body movement
b. providing a frame for the body
c. sending and receiving body messages
d. surrounding and protecting internal organs
Chapter 3
Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy and Physiology Self-Test
4. Which of the following phrases describes
striated muscles?
a. involuntary muscles
b. only found in the heart
c. respond to commands regulated by will
d. controlled by the autonomic nervous system
Chapter 3
Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy and Physiology Self-Test
5. Muscles affected by massage are
generally manipulated from the:
a. belly to insertion
b. insertion to belly
c. origin to insertion
d. insertion to origin
Chapter 3
Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy and Physiology Self-Test
6. Thick-walled vessels that carry blood
away from the heart are called:
a. veins
b. arteries
c. capillaries
d. lymph vessels
Chapter 3
Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy and Physiology Self-Test
7. The fluid part of the blood is called:
a. plasma
b. hemoglobin
c. red blood cells
d. white blood cells
Chapter 3
Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy and Physiology Self-Test
8. The cranial nerve responsible for
transmitting facial sensations to the
brain is the:
a. ulnar
b. facial
c. radial
d. trifacial
Chapter 3
Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy and Physiology Self-Test
9. Which of the following nerve types
carry messages from the brain to
the muscles?
a. trifacial
b. afferent
c. efferent
d. sensory
Chapter 3
Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy and Physiology Self-Test
10. What is the name of the system that
regulates the growth, reproduction and
health of the body?
a. nervous
b. digestive
c. endocrine
d. respiratory
Chapter 3
Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy and Physiology Self-Test
Time to check the self-test
1. a. cells
2. d. covers and protects body surfaces and
internal organs
3. c. sending and receiving body messages
4. c. respond to commands regulated by will
5. d. insertion to origin
Chapter 3
Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy and Physiology Self-Test
6. b.
7. a.
8. d.
9. c.
10. c.
arteries
plasma
trifacial
efferent
endocrine
Chapter 3
Anatomy and Physiology
In conclusion...
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