Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
Part One
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
Warm-up
I.
Money Can’t Buy Everything
II. Money Idioms
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
I. Money Can’t Buy Everything
Money Can't Buy Everything
by Dennis Justin Fontaine
Some people think
being rich can buy you happiness.
Sure, it can buy you some
But, the love I have brings me more
happiness
than all the money in the world could.
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Enjoy the
poem.
Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
I.
Money Can’t Buy Everything
Money Can't Buy Everything
by Dennis Justin Fontaine
Some people think being rich makes you
better than everyone.
They think they
have a place reserved in heaven.
But, that's not something I worry about
because,
with my love, I am already there.
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
I.
Money Can’t Buy Everything
Money Can't Buy Everything
by Dennis Justin Fontaine
In this world
money can get you things and it can
make you happy,
but the love I share with my angel,
is more valuable than anything.
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The end of Money Can’t Buy Everything.
Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
II.
1.
Money Idioms
Someone sold you some gold earrings under
the counter. This means ____.
A. at a specially low price
B. on the black market
2.
“I’m afraid we’ll all have to tighten our belts a
bit.” This means ____.
A. spend less money
B. work harder to make more money
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Quiz
Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
II.
3.
Money Idioms
You’re finding it difficult to make ends meet. This
means ____.
A. you can’t pay your debts
B. you’re always short of money
4.
Which of these would you like to happen to you?
Why? Why not the others? ____.
A. To find you are in the red
B. To get a sudden windfall
C. To pay through the nose for something
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Quiz
Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
II.
Money Idioms
Quiz
5.
John smashed his new Porsche into a shop
window. The damage came to £10,000, and
his father had to foot the bill.
Who paid for the damage, John or his father?
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The end of Money Idioms.
Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
Part One
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
Part Two
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
Background information
I.
The US Money
II. Gypsies
III. Lifestyles in America
IV. Variety Store
V.
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Beauty Salon
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
I.
The US Money
Cash: paper currency
The US government prints money in the following
denominations: $10,000; $5,000; $1,000; $500;
$100; $50; $20; $10; $5 and $1.
You will never see most of these bills; twenties,
tens, fives and ones are the most commonly used.
You will find a picture of George Washington on
the $1 bill, Abraham Lincoln on the $5, Alexander
Hamilton on the $10 and Andrew Jackson on the
$20. There are also pictures on the back (the
White House on the $20, the Treasury Building on
the $10, the Lincoln Memorial on the $5 and a big
“ONE” and the American insignia on the $1.
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
I.
The US Money
Money in general is referred to as: “cash”, “bucks”,
“dough”, “bread”, “moolah”, “greenbacks”, etc. A
one-dollar bill is most often called “a dollar”, “a
single”, “a buck” or “a bill”; a five-dollar bill is “five
dollars”, “a fiver”, “a five spot” or “five bucks”. A
ten-dollar bill might be “a ten”, “ten bucks” or a
“ten spot”.
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
I.
The US Money
Cash: coins
Coins come in the following denominations: $.01
or 1¢ (a penny, a cent, one cent); $.05 or 5¢ (a
nickel, five cents); $.10 or 10¢ (a dime, ten cents);
$.25 or 25¢ (a quarter, two bits, twenty-five
cents); and $.50 or 50¢ (a fifty-cent piece).
Coins are called “change”, “small change”, or
“silver” (though they aren’t made of silver
anymore). Coins are generally recognized by their
size, but somebody “goofed” on the dime, which is
smaller than either a nickel or a penny. All the
others are in size order.
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
I.
The US Money
Cash: coins
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The end of The US Money.
Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
II.
Gypsies
Roma (people), commonly known as Gypsies, a
traditionally nomadic people found throughout the
world. While the term gypsy is often attached to
anyone leading a nomadic life, the Roma share a
common biological, cultural, and linguistic heritage
that sets them apart as a genuine ethnic group.
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
II.
Gypsies
When they first arrived in Europe over 500
years ago, the Roma were called Gypsies in
the mistaken belief that they had come from
Egypt. The true origins of the Roma
remained a mystery until the late 18th
century, when European linguists discovered
connections between the Romani language
and certain dialects spoken in northwestern
India. More recent linguistic and historical
studies have confirmed that the Roma
originated in India.
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
II.
Gypsies
The world
population of Roma is difficult to
establish with any certainty. Estimates suggest that
there are between approximately 15 and 30 million
Roma worldwide. Some 10 million Roma live in
Europe, and they make up that continent’s largest
minority population. The largest concentrations of
Roma are found in the Balkan peninsula of
southeastern Europe, in central Europe, and in Russia
and the other successor republics of the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Smaller numbers
are scattered throughout western Europe, the Middle
East, North Africa, and the Americas.
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The Fortune Teller,
Georges La Tour
1632—1635
Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
II.
Gypsies
The Roma are divided
into groups sometimes
referred to as nations or
tribes. These divisions
generally reflect
historical patterns of
settlement in different
geographic areas.
Although historically
renowned as wanderers,
the vast majority of
modern Roma live in
settled communities.
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The end of Gypsies.
Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
III. Lifestyles in America
1. Lost Generation, group of expatriate American
writers residing primarily in Paris during the 1920s
and 1930s. The group never formed a cohesive
literary movement, but it consisted of many
influential American writers, including Ernest
Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Carlos
Williams, Thornton Wilder, Archibald MacLeish, and
Hart Crane. The group was given its name by the
American writer Gertrude Stein to refer to
expatriate Americans bitter about their World War I
experiences and disillusioned with American
society. Hemingway later used the phrase as an
epigraph for his novel The Sun Also Rises (1926).
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Ernest
Hemingway
Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
III. Lifestyles in America
2. The beat generation, group of American writers
of the 1950s whose writing expressed profound
dissatisfaction with contemporary American society
and endorsed an alternative set of values. Its bestknown figures were writers Allen Ginsberg and Jack
Kerouac, who met as students at Columbia University
in the 1940s, and San Francisco-based poet and
publisher Lawrence Ferlinghetti. Ferlinghetti’s City
Lights Bookstore, in the North Beach section of San
Francisco, became a center of Beat culture and
remained an enduring symbol of alternative literature
into the 1990s. Another center of Beat activity was
New York City’s East Village, where Ginsberg made
his home.
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
III. Lifestyles in America
3. Hippie, member of a youth movement of the late
1960s that was characterized by nonviolent anarchy,
concern for the environment, and rejection of
Western materialism. Also known as flower power,
the hippie movement originated in San Francisco,
California. The hippies formed a politically outspoken,
antiwar, artistically prolific counterculture in North
America and Europe. Their colorful psychedelic style
was inspired by drugs such as the hallucinogen
Lysergic Acid Diethylamid (LSD). This style emerged
in fashion, graphic art, and music by bands such as
Love, the Grateful Dead, Jefferson Airplane, and Pink
Floyd.
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
III. Lifestyles in America
4. Yuppie, a young upwardly mobile professional
person. Yuppies tend to be 9-5 professional workers.
Yuppies tend to value material goods (especially
trendy new things). In particular this can apply to
their stocks, imported automobiles, development
houses, and technological gadgets, particularly cell
phones. Unfortunately, the fast paced pursuit of
these material goods has unintended consequences.
Usually in a hurry, they seek convenience goods and
services. Being "time poor", their family relations can
become difficult to sustain. Maintaining their way of
life is mentally exhausting. Sometimes, they will
move every few years to where their job goes,
straining their family. The fast-paced lifestyle has
been termed a rat race.
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The end of Lifestyles in America.
Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
IV.
Variety Store
It refers to a retail store that carries a large
variety of usually inexpensive merchandise.
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The end of Variety Store.
Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
V.
Beauty Salon
An establishment providing women with services that
include hair treatment, manicures, and facials. Also
called
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beauty parlor, beauty shop.
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
Part Two
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
Part Three
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
Text Appreciation
I. Text Analysis
1. Theme
2. Structure
3. Further Discussion
II. Writing Devices
1. Parody
2. Synecdoche
3. Comparison and Contrast
III.Sentence Paraphrase
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
I.
Text Analysis
Theme of the Text
By describing the differences of
the two sisters’ different
lifestyles and experiences from
childhood to old age, the author
seems to suggest that an
exciting life does not necessarily
come together with financial
security. Instead it depends
totally on one’s attitude to life.
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The end of Theme.
Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
I.
Text Analysis
Structure of the Text
The two sisters’ contrasting
financial conditions in old age.
Part 1 (Para. 1):
Part 2 (Paras. 2—19): Recall on every earlier crucial
stage of their lives.
Part 3 (Paras. 20—34): Their reunion in old age and
similar opinions they share on life.
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The end of Structure.
Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
I.
Text Analysis
Where does the climax of the story
lie?
The reunion of the two sisters in their old
age, when they, for the first time, seem
to share similar opinions on life.
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
I.
Text Analysis
From whose point of view is the
story written, Lottie’s or Bess’s?
From Lottie’s. Much of the space is
devoted to description of Lottie’s
opinions, views and reflections. The
reader can enter her mind and learn what
goes on there. Also from this view, the
reader can gain a clear clue about the
differences of the two sisters’ lifestyles
and experiences.
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
I.
Text Analysis
Both formal and informal expressions
are used in the story. Can you tell the
differences between them?
In the first half of the story and much of the second
when Lottie is working wholeheartedly
to prepare for her old age, the writer uses more
formal words and expressions. But towards the end
of the story when Lottie’s lifestyle of “all work and no
play” begins to change, she speaks in a very
colloquial style. He speech at the end of the story is
also a good example.
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
I.
Text Analysis
In Para. 10
Bess had a boy friend in the school band,
who had no other ambition except to play
a horn.
There are also many descriptions of Harry
from Para.10 to Para.19. Can you draw a
picture of Harry? Did Bess love him? What
made it possible for him to be loved so
deep?
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
I.
Text Analysis
Can you make a list of words and
expressions to describe the differences
of the two sisters?
Money
Lottie
Bess
never lean
…
Love
Family
Living standards
Job
Experiences
Others
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
I.
Text Analysis
For what purpose does the author shed
a lot of ink describing how Lottie
prepared everything for the welcome
of Bess’s return?
•Lottie was eager to show off herself and her life.
•During the process, Lottie became aware of the
distance between her dream and the actual situation.
•The detailed descriptions lead the reader to a
well-prepared readiness to meet the surprise to be
displayed by Bess’s indifference.
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
I.
Text Analysis
…, a week of hard work and hard cash. (Para. 21)
…, a place in her sister’s home and heart.
(Para. 31)
What writing devices are used here in the
two expressions? What effects do you
think they have?
Zeugma, alliteration, parallelism are used here
to put an emphasis on the inseparable two
aspects of the same “week” and “place”.
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
I.
Text Analysis
in Para. 33
What does “the end” imply?
Euphemism. “The end” here implies a
person’s death.
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
I.
Text Analysis
Further Discussion About the Text
What made young Lottie desire money so much?
What was young Lottie’s life dream?
Did Lottie ever want to get married? How come
she was never tempted to settle down with a
home and family?
How did Lottie come to be the owner of a house?
Is it possible for Lottie to transform into an lady
over sixty to lead a life similar to her sister?
Why? or why not?
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
I.
Text Analysis
Further Discussion About the Text
What might be young Bess’s life ambition?
Did Bess go to college ever? Why or why not?
What kind of man did she marry? What was
their marriage life probably like?
Why was Bess and her husband like gypsies?
Was it out of necessity or out of choice?
Was it possible for Bess to live peacefully with
her sister together till the end of their life?
Why or why not?
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The end of Further Discussion.
Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
II.
Writing Devices
Parody
A job in hand was worth two in the
future. (Para. 9)
A bird in hand is worth two in the
woods.
(saying)
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What effect
do you think
it has here?
Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
II.
Writing Devices
Parody
Parody has come to be applied also to the comic
imitation of history, fiction, scientific writing, or any
other prose. The essence of parody is the treatment of
a light theme in the style appropriate to a serious
work.
The humor lies in the contrast between subject
matter and the treatment of it.
In parody, the theme and the characters are
greatly modified or completely changed, but the style
of the original is closely followed in those peculiarities
that easily lend themselves to ridicule.
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More Examples
Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
II.
Writing Devices
Parody: more examples
1. Familiarity breeds contempt. (old saying )
Quality breeds success.
(ad for Ford )
2. Necessity is the mother of invention.
(from Aesop’s Fable)
Failure is the mother of success.
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
II.
Writing Devices
Parody: more examples
3.
Twinkle, twinkle, little star,
How I wonder what you’re!
Up above the world so high,
Like a diamond in the sky.
(The Star by Jane Taylor)
Twinkle, twinkle, little bat,
How I wonder what you’re at!
Up above the world you fly
Like a teatray in the sky.
(from Alice in Wonderland by Lewis Carrol)
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The end of Parody.
Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
II.
Writing Devices
Synecdoche
That Lottie had a doorstep was only
because her boss… (Para. 14)
a house
Synecdoche:
figurative locution whereby the part is made
to stand for the whole, the whole for a
part, the species for the genus, and vice
versa
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What effect
do you
think it has
here?
Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
II.
Writing Devices
Synecdoche
More Examples
Thus, in the phrase “50 head of
cattle”, ”head” is used to mean whole
animals, and in the sentence “The
presidents’ administration contained the
best brains in the country”, “brains” is
used for intellectually brilliant persons.
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
II.
Writing Devices
Synecdoche
•wheels
car (infml.)
•engine
locomotive (a vehicle that
pulls a train)
•mind
an intelligent person
•hand
a person who does physical work
•big mouth
a person who talks too much or
too loudly; someone who tells
secrets
•loud mouth a person who talks too much or
too loudly
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The end of Synecdoche.
Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
II.
Writing Devices
Comparison and Contrast
What is a comparison/contrast essay?
To compare is to explain the similarities between
things; to contrast is to describe their differences.
These are two sides of a single coin. Comparison and
contrast both emphasize apparent traits, seeing that
which is similar and different. Some argue that the
essential nature of human thought itself is the process
of recognizing similarities and differences between
phenomena (Lakoff and Johnson, Metaphors We Live
By). Undoubtedly, comparison and contrast is an
essential feature of many rhetorical modes, allowing us
to describe things, to define things, to analyze things,
to make an argument—to do, in fact, almost any kind of
writing.
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
II.
Writing Devices
Comparison and Contrast
Follow these steps when writing a comparison/contrast
essay:
1. Identify similarities and differences. If you have two
items to compare or contrast, determine how they are
similar and how they are different. You should find at
least three points for comparison or contrast. Then
write the detailed characteristics for each point.
2. State your purpose in the thesis sentence. Identify
the two subjects that you will compare or contrast and
state whether you will focus on similarities, differences,
or both. The thesis may also indicate which points you
will compare or contrast.
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
II.
Writing Devices
Comparison and Contrast
Follow these steps when writing a comparison/contrast
essay:
3. Choose a pattern to organize your essay. The two
major patterns for organizing a comparison/contrast
essay are
Subject by Subject (Whole-to-Whole). Write first about
one of your subjects, covering it completely, and then
you write about the other, covering it completely. Each
subject is addressed in a separate paragraph. The
points of comparison or contrast should be the same for
each subject and should be presented in the same
order.
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
II.
Writing Devices
Comparison and Contrast
Follow these steps when writing a comparison/contrast
essay:
A list of transitions follows:
For comparison: like, same, both, the same as, similar,
in the same way, most important, similarly, as, too,
have in common, as well as
For contrast: although, however, differ, unlike, even
though, yet, but, instead, on the contrary, on the other
hand, whereas, while, unless, contrary to, the reverse
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
II.
Writing Devices
Comparison and Contrast
Follow these steps when writing a comparison/contrast
essay:
Point by Point. Each point is addressed in a separate
paragraph. Discuss both of your subjects together for
each point of comparison and contrast. Maintain
consistency by discussing the same subject first for
each point.
4. Use appropriate transitions. Transitions are
important in comparison/contrast writing, especially
with the point by point organization, to avoid confusion.
Without transitions, the points you are
comparing/contrasting may blur into one another. Also,
a variety of transitions prevent monotony.
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
II.
Writing Devices
Comparison and Contrast
Follow these steps when writing a
comparison/contrast essay:
To evaluate the effectiveness of a comparison/
contrast essay, ask the following:
Is the essay balanced? The most common
error in a comparison/contrast essay is
spending too much time on one subject and
too little on the other. Make sure the essay
equally and thoroughly covers both subjects.
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
II.
Writing Devices
Comparison and Contrast
The story is a good example of comparison and
contrast. The point-by-point method of
organization is employed.
• Financial conditions in old age: Lottie’s
• Earlier crucial life stages: Lottie’s
Bess’s
Bess’s
• Reunion: to share similar opinions on life
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The end of Comparison and Contrast.
The device
used in the
story.
Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
III. Sentence Paraphrase 1
Over the years Bess had lived each day as
if there were no other. (Para. 1)
subjunctive mood
Over the years in spite of her sister’s urge
to prepare for her old age, Bess seized
every minute to enjoy herself as if she
would die the next day.
go to 2
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
III. Sentence Paraphrase 2
Lottie had a bank account that had never
grown lean. (Para. 1)
small in amount or quality
Lottie always had quite a sum of
money deposited in the bank.
go to 3
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
III. Sentence Paraphrase 3
When the dimes began to add up to dollars,
she lost her taste for sweets. (Para. 4)
to make a total amount of
When her savings grew considerably,
she was too old to want candy any
more.
go to 4
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
III. Sentence Paraphrase 4
But her freshman year found her unable to
indulge this fantasy, … (Para. 6)
to allow oneself/sb.
to have whatever one
likes or wants
But in her first year at high school, she
found that she couldn’t allow herself to
spend her money on clothes.
go to 5
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
III. Sentence Paraphrase 5
She made her choice easily. A job in
hand was worth two in the future.
(Para. 9)
parody
She made her choice without the slightest
hesitation. To have a promising job now was
surely far more worthwhile than college.
go to 6
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
III. Sentence Paraphrase 6
Two or three times she was halfway
persuaded, but to give up a job that paid well
for a homemaking job that paid nothing was a
risk she was incapable of taking. (Para. 11)
Two or three times, urged by others, she thought
seriously about marrying, but she didn’t because
that would mean she had to give up a well-paying
job and become a housewife/homemaker who
didn’t get paid or all the work she did. This was
something she couldn’t make herself accepted.
go to 7
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
III. Sentence Paraphrase 7
Bess grieved because she had no child, not
having sense enough to know she was better
off without them. (Para. 13)
to feel extremely sad
to be happier without
Bess felt sorry that she had no children.
She was not sensible and practical
enough to know that with children, their
conditions would have been worse still.
go to 8
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
III. Sentence Paraphrase 8
Very likely she would have dumped them on
Lottie’s doorstep. (Para. 13)
to leave or abandon
If she had had children, she would very probably
have left them with Lottie.
go to 9
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
III. Sentence Paraphrase 9
The years, after forty, began to race.
(Para. 17)
After one reached forty, one grew old
rapidly.
go to 10
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
III. Sentence Paraphrase 10
Lottie, trapped by the blood tie, knew
she would have to send Bess money to
bring her home. (Para. 20)
caught
family
relationship
Though she always disproved of Bess’s way of
life, she was well aware that as sisters they
were closely related. She knew that she would
have to help her out by sending money for her
journey home.
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go to 11
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
III. Sentence Paraphrase 11
She was having more fun than she had
ever had in her life. She was living each
hour for itself. (Para. 24)
Now she was working for fun not for
money. For the first time she was doing
something to prepare for her old age,
not just to pass the time, etc.
go to 12
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
III. Sentence Paraphrase 12
Her heart raced, and she wondered if the
heat from the oven was responsible.
(Para. 27)
Her heart beat fast and she was not sure
whether the heat from the oven caused that.
go to 13
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
III. Sentence Paraphrase 13
Stiffly she suffered Bess’s embrace, her heart
racing harder, her eyes suddenly smarting
from the onrush of cold air. (Para. 28)
unfriendly or
very formally
hurt with stinging pain
She accepted Bess’s warm hug in a formal way.
Her heart beat faster and a gust of cold wind
stung her eyes.
go to 14
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
III. Sentence Paraphrase 14
Tomorrow she would see the room as it really
looked, and Lottie as she really looked, and
the warmed-over turkey in its second-day
glory. (Para. 31)
exaggeration
reheated
Lottie thought that tomorrow Bess would notice
how nice the room was, how smart she looked
and how inviting the big turkey was when the
remaining part was warmed over and put on
the table again.
go to 15
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
III. Sentence Paraphrase 15
She said, “That’s enough about me. How
have the years used you?” (Para. 32)
to treat sb. in a
stated way
She said, “I’ve talked enough about myself.
How have you been over the years?”
go to 16
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
III. Sentence Paraphrase 16
That’s my life story, a life never lived.
Now it’s too near the end to try. (Para. 33)
euphemism
past
participle
That’s what I’ve done. I’ve never had the joys,
or the sorrows, that life offers. It’s just an
existence, not a life. Now I’m too old to learn
how to live.
go to 17
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
III. Sentence Paraphrase 17
Don’t count the years that left us. At our time
of life it’s the days that count. (Para. 34)
to figure
emphatic
sentence
Don’t try to figure out how many years we are
going to live. At our age, we must live in terms
of days, not years, and spend each day joyfully.
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The end of Sentence Paraphrase.
Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
Part Three
This is the end
of Part Three.
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
Part Four
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ENTER
Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
Language Study
I.
Word Study
II. Phrases and Expressions
III.Word Building
IV. Grammar
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
I.
Word Study
Word list:
1. ambition
6. indulge
11. sentimental
2. conscience
7. lean
12. threadbare
3. dump
8. lumpy
13. transform
4. errand
9. miserly
14. urge
5. expand
10.onrush
15. worldly
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
I.
Word Study
1. ambition
n. a. strong desire, esp. over a long period, for
success, power, wealth, etc.
b. sth. that is desired in this way
Examples:
She’s clever but she lacks ambition.
He has at last achieved his lifetime ambition of
launching a newspaper.
ambitious a.
an ambitious politician
We cooked nothing more ambitious than boiled
eggs.
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
I.
Word Study
2. conscience
Word Formation
n. person’s awareness of right and wrong with
regard to his own thoughts and action
a. conscientious
cf.
Examples:
have a clear/guilty conscience
He has several murders on his conscience (受到
良心的谴责).
You cannot in all conscience (的确，凭良心)
regard that as fair pay.
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
I.
Word Study
cf.
a conscientious worker
a conscientious attitude
stream of consciousness
This essay is a most conscientious piece of
work.
Are you conscious of how people will
regard such behavior?
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
I.
Word Study
3. dump
Examples
v. a. to put (sth. unwanted) in a place and
leave as rubbish
b. to put (sth.) down carelessly, heavily or
in a mass
c. to leave or abandon (sb.)
d. to sell abroad at a very low price
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
I.
Word Study
Examples:
c

He dumped his wife and went with another girl.
a

The government declared that it did not dump
radioactive waste at sea.
d

It produces more than it needs, then dumps its
surplus onto the world market.

b
Just dump things over there—I’ll sort it out
later.
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Decide whether
the meaning of
“dump” is “a”, “b”,
“c” or “d”.
Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
I.
Word Study
4. errand
n. short journey to take a message, get or
deliver goods, etc.
If you run errand for sb., you do or get sth. for
them, usually be making a short trip
somewhere.
Examples:
Run an errand for me, will you? Go find Roger
for me.
He was tired of running errands for his sister.
an errand of mercy 雪中送炭
a fool’s errand 徒劳无功的差事
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
I.
Word Study
5. expand
cf.
长度、面积或体积等方面的扩张、膨胀，多含有
朝四面八方扩展或延伸之义
Examples:
He breathed deeply and expanded his
chest.
He expanded his operation to include all
aspects of the clothing industry.
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
I.
Word Study
cf.
extend 表示时间、空间或土地等方面的纵向扩展或延续
The cold weather extended into March.
The railway has been extended to the next town.
spread 多指事物在时间、距离或面积上的扩大或延伸
The various dealers’ prices show a wide spread.
There is a tree with a spread of 100 feet.
stretch 可指身体上的伸展， 也可指长度或广度上的增长性、
伸缩性
There is not much stretch in this collar; I can hardly get
it over my head.
She got out of bed and had a very good stretch.
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
I.
Word Study
6. indulge
v. to allow oneself/sb. to have whatever one
likes or wants
Examples:
I’m really going to indulge myself tonight
with a bottle of champagne.
indulge in a long hot bath
I shall forget about dieting today. I’m just
going to indulge, i.e. eat and drink what I
like.
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Word Formation
a. indulgent
n. indulgence
Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
I.
Word Study
7. lean
a. a. without much flesh; thin and healthy
b. containing no or little fat
c. small in amount or quantity;
not productive
 a lean body
 lean beef
 lean meat
 a lean diet
 a lean harvest
 a lean year
 a lean season for good films
cf.
a ladder leaning against the wall
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Synonyms
thin
scant
spare
meager
Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
I.
Word Study
8. lumpy
a. full of lumps; covered in lumps
Examples:
lumpy gravy 有颗粒的肉汁
a lumpy mattress 有疙瘩的褥垫
a sugar lump
break a piece of coal into small lumps
a nasty lump on her neck
have a lump in one’s throat
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
I.
Word Study
9. miserly
a. a miserly person is one who hates
spending money
Example:
a miserly attitude
miser n.
A typical miser, he hid his money in the
house in various places.
cf.
They endured hours of backbreaking work in
miserable conditions.
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Antonym
generous
Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
I.
Word Study
10. onrush
n. a strong movement forward
an onrush of cold air
cf.
an oncoming event
a. coming
an ongoing program of research
a. continuing to exist or progress
an onshore breeze
a. blowing from the sea towards the
land
an onslaught on government housing
policies
n. fierce attack
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
I.
Word Study
Synonyms
11. sentimental
a. a. showing or based on tender feelings
rather than reasonable or practical
judgments
b. showing too much of such feelings,
esp. of a weak or insincere kind
Examples:
The necklace was a present from my mother and
has sentimental value.
I enjoyed this movie but the ending was too
sentimental.
cf.
a sensational murder trial
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emotional
tender
affectionate
Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
I.
Word Study
12. threadbare
a. worn thin; shabby
Examples:
a threadbare carpet
a threadbare joke
cf.
bare-
without the usual covering or protection
bareback a. ad.
on a horse without a saddle
barefaced a.
barefoot(ed) a. ad.
bareheaded a. ad.
shameless
without shoes or stockings
not wearing a hat
barelegged a. ad.
wearing nothing on one’s legs
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
I.
Word Study
Synonyms
13. transform
v. to completely change the appearance,
form, or character of sth. or sb., esp. in
a way that improves it
Examples:
A steam engine transforms heat into power.
Put yourself in the hands of our experts, who will
transform your hair and makeup.
transformation n.
In recent years his ideas have undergone a
complete transformation.
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change
convert
alter
Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
I.
Word Study
Synonyms
14. urge
v. a. to try very hard to persuade
b. to suggest very strongly; draw attention
to the importance of or need for
c. to drive or force (forward)
Examples:
They urged us to give our support.
They urged on us the need for cooperation.
He urged the horses on with a whip.
urgent a.
urgency n.
in urgent need of medical attention
a matter of great urgency
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force
drive
spur
prompt
Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
I.
Word Study
15. worldly
a. a. material; not spiritual
b. sophisticated; practical
Synonym
earthly
worldly concerns
 世俗的心思
worldly distractions
 世俗的乐趣
a worldly person
 老成持重的人
words of worldly wisdom
 人生的经验之谈
I think it is time you woke up and focused
your thoughts on more worldly matters.
He was different from anyone I had known,
very worldly, very sophisticated.
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The end of Word Study.
Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
II.
Phrases and Expressions
List:
1. add up to
5. hard cash
2. be better off without
6. kick up one’s
heels
3. be through
7. make no mention
of
4. go to ruin
8. put/set/turn
one’s mind to sth.
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
II.
Phrases and Expressions
1. add up to
to amount to
Examples:
The company’s profits last year added up to
$50 million.
With a meal included in the cost of the ticket, it
all adds up to a really good evening’s
entertainment.
cf.
Add your scores up and we’ll see who won.
Our explanation seemed only to add to his
bewilderment.
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
II.
Phrases and Expressions
2. be better off without
to be happier without sb./sth.
Example:
cf.
We’d be better off without them as neighbors.
He’d be better off going to the police about it.
(be wiser)
better late than never
better safe than sorry
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
II.
Phrases and Expressions
3. be through
a. to have finished doing sth., using sth.,
etc.
b. to be no longer having a relationship
with sb. or sth.
Examples:
I’m not through just yet; I should be
finished in an hour.
I am through with Jane/alcohol.
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
II.
Phrases and Expressions
4. go to ruin = fall into ruin
to become damaged or destroyed because
no one is taking care of it
Examples:
It is his brother who had let the farm go to
ruin.
The ancient temple had fallen into ruin.
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“ruin” phrases
Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
II.
Phrases and Expressions
be on the road to ruin
 正在走向毁灭
be on the brink of ruin
 濒临破产、垮台
in ruin
 破败不堪
go to rack and ruin
 逐渐破损毁坏
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
II.
Phrases and Expressions
5. hard cash
money in the form of notes and coins as
opposed to a cheque or a credit card
cf.
A hard currency is one that is unlikely to lose
its value and so is considered to be a good one
to have or to invest in.
The government is running short of hard
currency to pay for imports.
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“hard” phrases
Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
II.
Phrases and Expressions
cf.
a hardback/hardcover book
a hard-headed realist
a hard-hearted woman
hard labor
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
II.
Phrases and Expressions
6. kick up one’s heels
to be relaxed and enjoy oneself
Example:
She’s a workaholic and doesn’t know how
to kick up her heels.
cf.
kick one’s heels (to have nothing to do while
waiting for sb./sth.)
We’re just kicking our heels until the next
semester begins.
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
II.
Phrases and Expressions
7. make no mention of
not to say anything about
Examples:
He made no mention of having seen her.
He made no mention of his wife’s illness
to me.
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“mention” phrases
Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
II.
Phrases and Expressions
cf.
Don’t mention it.
They already take pension and
social security payments off my
pay, not to mention state taxes.
Let’s meet the above-mentioned
heroes.
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
II.
Phrases and Expressions
8. put/set/turn one’s mind to sth.
to give all one’s attention to
Examples:
It won’t take long to sort it out once you
put your mind to it.
Let’s now turn our minds to tomorrow’s
meeting.
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“mind” phrases
Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
II.
cf.
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Phrases and Expressions
keep one’s mind on sth.:
to continue to pay attention to
give one’s mind to sth.:
to concentrate on or give all one’s
attention to
have sth. on one’s mind:
to worry about sth.
bear/keep sth./sb. in mind:
to remember sth./sb.
bend one’s mind to sth.:
to direct one’s thoughts to sth.
bring/call sb./sth. to mind:
to recall sb./sth. to one’s memory
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The end of Phrases and Expressions.
Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
III. Word Building
List:
1. Prefix—em
2. Root—form
3. Suffix—ish
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
III. Word Building
prefix
em-: the form used for enbefore b, m or p
embrace
embark
embed
embellish
empower
W
B
乘船，搭载
埋入，深留
装饰，布置
授权给，使能
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
III. Word Building
root
transform
form: shape
informal
formula
deformity
information
performance
reform
uniformity
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非正式的
客套语
畸形，残疾
情报，资讯
履行，表演
改革，改善
一律，相同
E
Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
III. Word Building
suffix
lavish
-ish: to do
banish
cherish
diminish
embellish
flourish
furnish
garnish
放逐
珍爱，珍惜
减少; 缩小
修饰，润色
繁茂; 盛行
供给，陈设
加装饰; 在食物中加
调味料
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The end of Word Building.
Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
IV. Grammar
Purpose Adverbial
Purpose is expressed by the infinitive:
1.
The infinitive alone
2.
In order/ so as + infinitive
3.
Infinitive + noun + preposition
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Examples
Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
IV. Grammar
Purpose Adverbial
1.
They stopped to ask the way.
2.
She gave up work in order to have more
time with the children.
3.
She learnt typing in order to help her
husband with his work.
4.
I need a corkscrew to open this bottle
with.
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
IV. Grammar
Purpose Adverbial
Examples
Clauses of purpose:
1.
so that + will/would or can/could +
infinitive
2.
so that/ in order that + may/might or
shall/should + infinitive
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
IV. Grammar
Purpose Adverbial
1.
Ship lifeboats so that the crew can escape
if the ship sinks.
2.
These men risk their lives in order that we
may live more safely.
3.
Criminals usually telephone from public
telephone boxes so that the police won’t
be able to trace the call.
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
IV. Grammar
Purpose Adverbial
in case and lest:
1.
I’ll make a cake in case someone drops in
at the weekend.
2.
I carry a spare wheel in case I
have/should have a puncture.
3.
I always kept candles in the house in case
there was a power cut.
4.
He doesn’t/didn’t dare to leave the house
lest someone should recognize him.
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Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
IV. Grammar
Purpose Adverbial

... Bess was still waiting for Harry to earn
enough to buy a marriage license. (10)
the infinitive

She made several attempts to find other
employment, but nobody would hire her. (18)
the infinitive
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To be continued on the next page.
Find more
examples in
the text.
Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
IV. Grammar
Purpose Adverbial

She thought she lived frugally in her
middle years so that she could live in
comfort when she most needed peace of
mind. (16)
purpose clause
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The end of Grammar.
Lesson 10—The Richer, the Poorer
Part Four
This is the end
of Part Four.
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The Richer, the Poorer
Exe. 4
• 1) are better off
• 2) had put your mind
to
• 3) go about
• 4) added up to
• 5) save for
• 6) marveled at
• 7) above all
• 8) by comparison
• 9) have anything to
do with
• 10) adds up to
• 11) go about
Exe.5
•
•
•
•
1) keep her on
2) keep on
3) keep AIDS from
4) Keep out of it
• 5) keep it up/keep at it
• 6) keep off
• 7) keep up with
Exe.6
•
•
•
•
1) terms
2) attention
3) business
4) children
• 5) his anger, her
attempts
• 6) the furniture
• 7) errands
• 8) her embrace,
humiliation
Exe.7
• 1) race 比赛
• 2) hard on sb. 对某人
过于为难
• 3) hard cash 现金
• 4) hard 很难的；
terms 条件
• 5) passage 行程；航
程；旅费
• 6) passage 通道
• 7) passage 文章的一
段
• 8) race种族
• 9) race 跑步比赛
Exe.9
• 1) I think you'll have to depend on your own efforts to
overcome the difficulties.
• 2) We have arranged for you to speak to university
students during your visit.
• 3) The conference called on us to pay special attention
to the growing gap between the rich and the poor.
• 4) The students appealed to the school authorities to
improve their living conditions.
• 5) You can rely on her to find the best solution.
• 6) More and more people are pleading with their
government to stop the bombing.
Exe. 10
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
(1) older/elder
(2) took
(3) second
(4) felt
(5) once
(6) have
(7) started/began
•
•
•
•
•
•
(8) To
(9) stay/live
(10) job
(11) agreed
(12) first
(13) for
Exe. 10
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
(14) family
(15) the
(16) before
(17) By
(18) because
(19) US
(20) much
•
•
•
•
•
•
(21) point
(22) American
(23) retain/keep
(24) birth
(25) does
(26) China
Exe.2
•
•
•
•
•
1) ever
2) constantly
3) always
4) usually
5) all the time
•
•
•
•
•
6) normally
7) seldom
8) frequently
9) Occasionally
10) never
Exe. 3 2)
•
•
•
•
(1) for pleasure, not for money
(2) To stay alive
(3) to relax a bit
(4) so as to have trees around them
instead of buildings
• (5) so that children can understand
• (6) so as not to disturb other guests
Exe. 3 2)
•
•
•
•
(7) so as not to be recognized
(8) In order not to put on weight
(9) To avoid any mistake
(10) in order that you can make your
arrangements
• (11) for their child to go to college
• (12) for every student to finish the exam
Exe. 4
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1) that or /
2) Whatever
3) what
4) unless
5) before
6) While
7) as
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
8) As long as
9) what
10) where
11) where
12) until
13) as if
14) so that
Exe. 5
•
•
•
•
1) by
2) by, from
3) with, since, in
4) from, without, out
of, with/of
•
•
•
•
5) In, In, for, like
6) for, with, at, into
7) about, as, about
8) in, by, Because of,
for, for
Exe. 6
• 1) The man who came to see Xiao Liu yesterday is his
cousin.
• 2) In those days, the man was happier than he had ever
been in his life.
• 3) The farmers didn't stop working until darkness fell. Or;
The farmers worked until darkness fell.
• 4) I'm not going to the grocery store today unless you
want some milk or something.
• Or: I'll go to/am going to the grocery store today if you
want some milk or something.
• 5) The family are constantly complaining about one
another.
Exe. 6
• 6) Is there any place nearby -where/in -which I
can get my laptop fixed quickly?
• 7) When questioning the driver who caused the
accident, the police was quite sure that the
driver wasn't telling the truth.
• 8) Even if I had the money, I wouldn't buy such
an expensive thing.
• 9) Seeing is believing.
• 10) It is important for college freshmen to plan
their time so that they don't waste it.