UNIT 2 STUDY GUIDE
2.1 What is a pump?
Concepts
1. A pump is a machine that moves a fluid from one location to another.
2. There are multiple ways to construct a pump.
Essential Questions
1. What is a pump?
2. What are some principles of fluid mechanics that influence pump design?
Key Terms
Pump
Fluid Mechanics
Positive
Displacement Pump
A device that raises, transfers, delivers, or compresses fluids or
gases especially by suction or pressure or both.
A branch of mechanics dealing with the properties of liquids and
gases.
A type of pump that uses positive pressure to move a fluid.
2.2 Structure of the Heart
Concepts
1. The human heart is a four-chambered living pump designed to provide the force
needed to transport blood through all the tissues of the body.
2. The design of the four-chambers allows the heart to handle both oxygenated blood
from the lungs and un-oxygenated blood from the body without mixing the two types of
blood.
3. The human heart has different types of tissue which vary in characteristics.
4. A tissue is a group of similar cells designed to carry out a specific function.
Essential Questions
1. Why is the heart considered a pump?
2. What are the structures that make up the human heart?
3. How are these structures organized?
4. What is the pathway blood takes as it passes through the heart?
5. What is meant by the term tissue?
6. What are the different types of cardiac tissue and how do they differ?
7. How do principles of engineering apply to heart structure and function?
Key Terms
Aorta
Aortic Valve
Artery
Atrium
Cardiovascular
System
Cell
Histology
Inferior Vena Cava
Mitral Valve
Pericardium
Superior Vena Cava
Tissue
Tricuspid Valve
Valve
2.3 The Heart At Work
Concepts
The large arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be
distributed by branch arteries through the body.
The semilunar valve separating the aorta from the left ventricle that
prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle.
Any of the tubular branching muscular and elastic-walled vessels
that carry blood from the heart through the body.
An anatomical cavity or passage; especially: a chamber of the heart
that receives blood from the veins and forces it into a ventricle or
ventricles.
The transport system of the body responsible for carrying oxygen
and nutrients to the body and carrying away carbon dioxide and
other wastes; composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
The smallest structural unit of living matter capable of functioning
independently.
A study of tissues.
A vein that is the largest vein in the human body and returns blood
to the right atrium of the heart from bodily parts below the
diaphragm.
A valve in the heart that guards the opening between the left atrium
and the left ventricle; prevents the blood in the ventricle from
returning to the atrium. Alternative name is bicuspid valve.
The membrane that encloses the heart.
A vein that is the second largest vein in the human body and returns
blood to the right atrium of the heart from the upper half of the
body.
An integrated group of cells with a common function, structure, or
both.
A valve that is situated at the opening of the right atrium of the
heart into the right ventricle and that resembles the mitral valve in
structure but consists of three triangular membranous flaps.
A body structure that temporarily closes a passage or orifice, or
permits movement of fluid in only one direction.
1. The heartbeat is caused by the contraction of cardiac muscle cells and results in the
movement of blood from the heart to the arteries and the rest of the body.
2. Heart rate is the number of heart contractions per unit of time, usually per minute.
3. Heart rate, EKG, and blood pressure measurements are indicators of a person’s medical
condition.
4. Internal and external factors affect heart function including heart rate, EKG, and blood
pressure.
5. Blood pressure is a measure of the force put on the vascular walls by the blood as it is
pushed by the cardiac muscles through the vascular system.
6. The electrical activity of the heart can be measured and recorded by an
electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG).
Essential Questions
1. In what ways can technology be used to collect and analyze cardiovascular data?
2. What factors can influence heart rate?
3. What is the relationship between blood pressure and cardiovascular function?
4. What factors can influence blood pressure?
5. What is an EKG?
6. How can an EKG be used in the diagnosis and treatment of heart disease?
Key Terms
Blood Pressure
Cardiology
Diastole
Diastolic Pressure
Electrocardiogram
(EKG)
Hypothesis
Sinoatrial Node
Sphygmomanometer
Pressure exerted by the blood upon the walls of the blood
vessels, especially arteries, usually measured by means of a
sphygmomanometer and expressed in millimeters of mercury.
The study of the heart and its action and diseases.
The stage of the heart cycle in which the heart muscle is relaxed,
allowing the chambers to fill with blood.
Blood pressure that remains between heart contractions.
A measurement of heart electrical activity.
A tentative answer to a well-framed question that can be tested
by an experiment.
A small mass of tissue that is made up of Purkinje fibers, ganglion
cells, and nerve fibers, that is embedded in the musculature of
the right atrium, and that originates the impulses stimulating the
heartbeat -- called also S-A node, sinus node.
An instrument for measuring blood pressure and especially
arterial blood pressure.
The stage of the heart cycle in which the heart muscle contracts
and the chambers pump blood.
Blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles.
Systole
Systolic Pressure
2.4 Blood the River of Life
Concepts
1. Blood is liquid connective tissue composed of red cells, white cells and platelets
suspended in liquid plasma.
2. Red cells, erythrocytes, contain large amounts of hemoglobin and are essential for
transporting oxygen to all cells in the body.
3. White cells, leukocytes, are responsible for fighting infection.
4. Platelets are cell fragments that are necessary for blood to clot.
5. All blood cells originate in the bone marrow.
6. Blood is the major transport mechanism for substances that must be distributed
through the body, including gases, molecules, nutrients, and hormones.
7. The body must continually replenish blood cells.
Essential Questions
1. What is the general composition of human blood?
2. Why is blood classified as a tissue?
3. What are the characteristics and function of red blood cells?
4. What are the characteristics and functions of white blood cells?
5. What are the characteristics and function of platelets?
6. In what ways does blood directly relate to other human body tissues and systems?
7. Why are most cells so small?
Key Terms
Biopsy
Erythrocyte
Hemoglobin
Histology
The removal and examination of tissue, cells, or fluids from the
living body.
A red blood cell; the major cell component of blood whose primary
function is to carry oxygen.
An iron-containing protein that binds oxygen and is the primary
component of erythrocytes.
The study of tissues.
Leukocyte
Plasma
Platelet
Tissue
A white blood cell; primary function is defense against foreign
materials as part of the immune system.
The fluid part especially of blood or lymph.
A component of mammalian blood that lacks a nucleus and is
derived from fragments of megakaryocyte cytoplasm, and that
assists in blood clotting, also called a thrombocyte.
An integrated group of cells with a common function, structure, or
both.