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Chapter Presentation
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Visual Concepts
Standardized Test Prep
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Chapter 13
Gene Technology
Table of Contents
Section 1 DNA Technology
Section 2 The Human Genome Project
Section 3 Genetic Engineering
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Chapter 13
Section 1 DNA Technology
Objectives
• Explain the significance of noncoding DNA to DNA
identification.
• Describe four major steps commonly used in DNA
identification.
• Explain the use of restriction enzymes, cloning
vectors, and probes in making recombinant DNA.
• Summarize several applications of DNA
identification.
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Chapter 13
Section 1 DNA Technology
DNA Identification
• The repeating sequences in noncoding DNA vary
between individuals and thus can be used to identify
an individual.
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Chapter 13
Section 1 DNA Technology
Steps in DNA Identification
• Copying DNA: Polymerase Chain Reaction
– To identify a DNA sample, scientists isolate the
DNA and copy it using the polymerase chain
reaction (PCR).
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Chapter 13
Section 1 DNA Technology
Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Chapter 13
Section 1 DNA Technology
Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Chapter 13
Section 1 DNA Technology
Steps in DNA Identification, continued
• Cutting DNA: Restriction Enzyme
– The DNA is then cut into fragments using
restriction enzymes.
– Restriction enzymes recognize and cut specific
nucleotide sequences.
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Chapter 13
Section 1 DNA Technology
Restriction Enzymes Cut DNA
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Chapter 13
Section 1 DNA Technology
Action of Restriction Enzymes
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Chapter 13
Section 1 DNA Technology
Steps in DNA Identification, continued
• Sorting DNA by Size: Gel Electrophoresis
– The fragments are separated by size using gel
electrophoresis.
– The resulting pattern of bands is called a DNA
fingerprint.
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Chapter 13
Section 1 DNA Technology
Gel Electrophoresis
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Chapter 13
Section 1 DNA Technology
DNA Fingerprint
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Chapter 13
Section 1 DNA Technology
Recombinant DNA
• Cloning Vectors
– Researchers use restriction enzymes to insert
DNA fragments into vectors.
– The resulting DNA from two different organisms is
called recombinant DNA.
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Chapter 13
Section 1 DNA Technology
Cloning Vectors and Plasmids
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Chapter 13
Section 1 DNA Technology
Applications For DNA Technology
• DNA technology provides the tools to manipulate
DNA molecules for practical purposes, such as
forensic investigation to determine the identity of a
criminal.
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Chapter 13
Section 2 The Human
Genome Project
Objectives
• Discuss two major goals of the Human Genome Project.
• Summarize important insights gained from the Human Genome
Project.
• Explain why animal model species are useful to study genes.
• State how information from the Human Genome Project will be
applied to future projects.
• Relate bioinformatics, proteomics, and microarrays to the
Human Genome Project.
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Chapter 13
Section 2 The Human
Genome Project
Mapping The Human Genome
• The goals of the Human Genome Project were to
determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire
human genome and map the location of every gene
on each chromosome.
• This information will advance the diagnosis,
treatment, and prevention of human genetic
disorders.
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Chapter 13
Section 2 The Human
Genome Project
Mapping The Human Genome, continued
• Important Insights
– The Human Genome Project yielded important
information about human genes and proteins.
– For example, there are far fewer protein-encoding
human genes than once believed but far more
proteins because of the complex way they are
encoded.
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Chapter 13
Section 2 The Human
Genome Project
Mapping The Human Genome, continued
• Model Species
– The Human Genome Project included sequencing
the genes of many model species to provide
insights into gene function.
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Chapter 13
Section 2 The Human
Genome Project
Mapping The Human Genome, continued
• Applications
– Information from the Human Genome Project has
been applied to medical, commercial, and
scientific purposes.
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Chapter 13
Section 2 The Human
Genome Project
The Future of Genomics
• Bioinformatics
– Bioinformatics uses computers to catalog and
analyze genomes.
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Chapter 13
Section 2 The Human
Genome Project
The Future of Genomics, continued
• Proteomics
– Proteomics studies the identities, structures,
interactions, and abundances of an organism’s
proteins.
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Chapter 13
Section 2 The Human
Genome Project
The Future of Genomics, continued
• Microarrays
– DNA microarrays, two-dimensional arrangements
of cloned genes, allow researchers to compare
specific genes such as those that cause cancer.
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Chapter 13
Section 3 Genetic Engineering
Objectives
• Discuss the uses of genetic engineering in medicine.
• Summarize how gene therapy is being used to try to cure
genetic disorders.
• Discuss cloning and its technology.
• Describe two ways genetic engineering has been used to
improve crop plants.
• Discuss environmental and ethical issues associated with
genetic engineering.
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Chapter 13
Section 3 Genetic Engineering
Medical Applications
• Genetic engineering is being used to provide
therapies for certain genetic diseases.
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Chapter 13
Section 3 Genetic Engineering
Medical Applications, continued
• Gene Therapy
– Gene therapy refers to treating genetic disorders
by correcting a defect in a gene or by providing a
normal form of a gene.
– Researchers hope that gene therapy can be used
to cure genetic disorders in the future.
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Chapter 13
Section 3 Genetic Engineering
Medical Applications, continued
• Cloning
– In cloning by nuclear transfer, a nucleus from a
body cell of one individual is introduced into an
egg cell (without its nucleus) from another
individual.
– An organism identical to the nucleus donor results.
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Chapter 13
Section 3 Genetic Engineering
Cloning
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Chapter 13
Section 3 Genetic Engineering
Genetically Engineered Vaccines
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Chapter 13
Section 3 Genetic Engineering
Agricultural Applications
• Genetic engineering is used to produce diseaseresistant, pest-resistant, and herbicide-resistant crops
in an effort to improve the yields and nutrition of the
human food supply.
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Chapter 13
Section 3 Genetic Engineering
Genetic Engineering
and Cotton
Plants
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Chapter 13
Section 3 Genetic Engineering
Ethical Issues
• Some people fear that the release of genetically
modified organisms would pose an environmental
risk.
• Many safety, environmental, and ethical issues
involved in genetic engineering have not been
resolved.
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Chapter 13
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
1. Which is a molecule containing DNA from two
different organisms?
A. vector DNA
B. a DNA clone
C. plasmid DNA
D. recombinant DNA
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Chapter 13
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. Which is a molecule containing DNA from two
different organisms?
A. vector DNA
B. a DNA clone
C. plasmid DNA
D. recombinant DNA
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Chapter 13
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Which of the following is used to cut DNA molecules
in specific locations?
F. cloning vectors
G. cloning enzymes
H. restriction enzymes
J. polymerase chain reaction
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Chapter 13
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Which of the following is used to cut DNA molecules
in specific locations?
F. cloning vectors
G. cloning enzymes
H. restriction enzymes
J. polymerase chain reaction
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Chapter 13
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. What is the term used for inserting a healthy copy of
a gene into a person who has a defective gene?
A. cloning vector
B. gene therapy
C. recombinant DNA
D. polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
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Chapter 13
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. What is the term used for inserting a healthy copy of
a gene into a person who has a defective gene?
A. cloning vector
B. gene therapy
C. recombinant DNA
D. polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
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Chapter 13
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. Which is the process used in animal cloning?
F. DNA cloning
G. recombinant DNA
H. polymerase chain reaction
J. cloning by nuclear transfer
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Chapter 13
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. Which is the process used in animal cloning?
F. DNA cloning
G. recombinant DNA
H. polymerase chain reaction
J. cloning by nuclear transfer
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Chapter 13
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The graphic below
shows a bacterial cell.
Use the graphic to
answer the questions that
follow.
5. Which best describes molecule
A?
A. It is an insulin gene.
B. It is recombinant DNA.
C. It is a bacterial plasmid.
D. It is a disease-causing virus.
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Chapter 13
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The graphic below
shows a bacterial cell.
Use the graphic to
answer the questions that
follow.
5. Which best describes molecule
A?
A. It is an insulin gene.
B. It is recombinant DNA.
C. It is a bacterial plasmid.
D. It is a disease-causing virus.
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Chapter 13
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The graphic below
shows a bacterial cell.
Use the graphic to
answer the questions that
follow.
6. How is a bacterial plasmid
described after donor DNA is
inserted into the bacterium’s
DNA?
F. vector DNA
G. cloned DNA
H. plasmid DNA
J. recombinant DNA
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Chapter 13
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The graphic below
shows a bacterial cell.
Use the graphic to
answer the questions that
follow.
6. How is a bacterial plasmid
described after donor DNA is
inserted into the bacterium’s
DNA?
F. vector DNA
G. cloned DNA
H. plasmid DNA
J. recombinant DNA
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Chapter 13
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
7. Proteomics : proteins :: genomics :
A. lipids
B. genes
C. proteins
D. carbohydrates
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Chapter 13
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
7. Proteomics : proteins :: genomics :
A. lipids
B. genes
C. proteins
D. carbohydrates
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Chapter 13
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The diagram below is
of two pieces of DNA that
were cut with the same
restriction enzyme. Use the
diagram to answer the
question that follows.
8. Which nucleotide sequence
must the sticky end labeled 2
have if it is to bond with the
sticky end labeled 1?
F. UGGCCU
G. TCCGGA
H. ACCGGT
J. CTTAAG
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Chapter 13
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The diagram below is
of two pieces of DNA that
were cut with the same
restriction enzyme. Use the
diagram to answer the
question that follows.
8. Which nucleotide sequence
must the sticky end labeled 2
have if it is to bond with the
sticky end labeled 1?
F. UGGCCU
G. TCCGGA
H. ACCGGT
J. CTTAAG
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Chapter 13
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response
A probe is a strand of RNA or single-stranded DNA
that is labeled with a radioactive element or
fluorescent dye.
How do biologists use a probe to find cloned DNA?
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Chapter 13
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response, continued
A probe is a strand of RNA or single-stranded DNA
that is labeled with a radioactive element or
fluorescent dye.
How do biologists use a probe to find cloned DNA?
Answer:
A radioactive probe can bind to a donor gene in
recombinant DNA. The clone of cells bearing the
donor DNA and its attached probe emits a radioactive
signal that can be detected.
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Chapter 13
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response
One concern about genetic engineering involves
confidentiality and insurance.
Part A How could the human genome be misused,
relative to confidentiality issues?
Part B What might people’s concern be about health
insurance, and why?
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Chapter 13
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response, continued
Answer:
Part A Information about a person’s genome could lead to
discrimination. For example, if a 35-year-old is known by
his employers to have the genetic defect for Huntington’s
disease, which has an onset often in the 40s, they might
presume that he would be impermanent and might fail to
give him deserved promotions.
Part B If a genetic condition is known about an employee,
insurance might be denied, or that specific condition might
be excepted from normal coverage. Another person about
whom nothing is known genetically might be allowed
coverage for that condition.
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