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28.Advantages include the development of safer, moreeffective vaccines and pharmaceutical products
and products that will improve agricultural yields.
Disadvantages include the development of
superweeds and the possibility that genetically
engineered crops will harm the environment.
29. a. 3; b. 1; c. 4; d. 2
30. (a) Labeled diagrams should resemble the similar
image in the chapter text. (b) Restriction enzymes
are used to cut DNA at specific sites within
nucleotide sequences. The pieces of DNA that are
cut by these enzymes can bind with DNA from
another source that has been cut with the same
restriction enzyme. (c) hydrogen bonds (d) The
restriction enzyme would cut the DNA at a
different nucleotide sequence, and the sticky ends
would not match.
History of Life
Chapter Test A (General)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
d
e
a
c
b
d
d
b
b
d
c
a
b
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
22.
23.
24.
25.
c
c
d
b
c
d
b
b
a
b
c
b
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Theory of Evolution
Chapter Test A (General)
History of Life
Chapter Test B (Advanced)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
20.
21.
decayed by 60,000 years. More accurate
measurements of older samples can be made
using isotopes with longer half-lives.
The control group consisted of open jars
containing meat; in the experimental group, the
jars were covered by netting. The independent
variable was the presence of adult flies; the
dependent variable was the appearance of
maggots.
Critics held that Spallanzani had boiled his flasks
of broth too long, destroying the “vital force” in
the air. Pasteur’s flasks remained open to the air.
Microspheres or coacervates—or structures like
them—can grow and might have contained early
self-replicating RNA molecules.
The shapes of both depend on the sequences of
their nucleotide components and on the hydrogen
bonds between those nucleotides.
Chloroplasts are thought to have originated as
photosynthetic bacteria that were engulfed by a
larger, non-photosynthetic cell. Similarly,
mitochondria are thought to have originated as
aerobic bacteria.
4 billion
spontaneous generation
upper atmosphere
archaebacteria
(a) water (b) water vapor, or steam (c) electrode;
it provides energy to start chemical reactions
(simulates lightning) (d) H2O, or water vapor, H2,
CH4, and NH3 (e) organic compounds
g
11. b
e
12. a
h
13. d
a
14. d
f
15. b
d
16. c
b
17. a
c
18. b
c
19. b
a
The half-life of carbon-14 is relatively brief (5,730
years) so most of it has
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
b
c
c
b
c
b
d
b
c
c
a
a
d
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
b
d
c
d
a
e
b
g
i
j
h
f
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Modern Biology
1
Answer Key
TEACHER RESOURCE PAGE
Theory of Evolution
Chapter Test B (Advanced)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
g
13. b
f
14. c
e
15. b
h
16. b
b
17. c
a
18. d
c
19. b
d
20. a
l
21. d
i
22. d
k
23. b
j
Lamarck wrongly suggested that organisms
acquired traits that helped them survive and
that they passed these traits to offspring. He
was correct in observing that populations
change over time.
Sample answer: Darwin observed species in
many different areas which had similar body
forms and occupied similar habitats; he also
observed many similar species of finches on
the Galápagos Islands with beaks adapted to
different foods.
The breeding of animals by humans—artificial
selection—is similar to natural selection in that
it modifies the genetic material of a species
over generations. It is different in that humans,
rather than the environment, select the traits to
be amplified.
Newer forms of organisms are actually the
modified descendants of older species.
The environment selects traits that increase an
organism’s fitness, that is, its reproductive
success.
same general body shape; backbone; tail; eye;
homologous arm/wing and leg
(a) A is the oldest; C is the youngest. (b) yes
(c) Species A and B and species B and C are
most closely related; species A and C are least
closely related.
Population Genetics and
Speciation
Chapter Test A (General)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
c
10. c
e
11. c
a
12. a
b
13. a
d
14. c
b
15. c
d
16. d
b
17. c
b
Stabilizing selection results in fewer
individuals in a population that have alleles
promoting extreme types. Individuals become
more similar, and genetic diversity decreases.
The three major ways that genotypic variation
occurs are by mutations, by recombination
during meiosis, and by the random pairing of
gametes.
disruptive selection
The extreme traits of body color are being
selected for.
The allele frequency is calculated by dividing
the number of a certain allele by the total
number of alleles of all types in the population.
no net mutations occur, individuals neither
enter or leave the population, large population,
individuals mate randomly, and selection does
not occur
Genetic drift is when allele frequencies in a
population change as a result of chance or
random events.
Allopatric speciation occurs when species form
as a result of geographic isolation. Sympatric
speciation occurs when species form as a result
of reproductive isolation in the same
geographic area.
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Answer Key
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Gene Technology
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
d
e
f
c
a
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Community Ecology
g
b
a
d
a
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
History of Life
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
a
a
c
d
f
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
d
a
b
b
c
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
c
b
c
b
5.
6.
7.
8.
b
c
a
e
d
l.
2.
3.
4.
5.
b
d
b
a
a
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
c
a
e
d
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
b
b
a
d
c
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
d
a
e
b
c
c
a
d
a
d
a
b
e
c
5.
6.
7.
8.
c
b
c
d
f
d
a
e
c
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
b
c
b
d
a
b
e
a
d
c
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
f
a
a
d
b
c
d
f
a
b
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
e
d
b
d
c
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
f
c
c
d
b
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
c
c
d
c
a
Protists
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Populations
1.
2.
3.
4.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Viruses
c
d
b
e
a
Introduction to Ecology
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
c
b
d
d
a
Bacteria
Classification of Organisms
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
c
d
b
e
a
Humans and the
Environment
Population Genetics and
Speciation
1.
2.
3.
4.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Ecosystems
b
d
e
a
c
Theory of Evolution
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
c
d
a
c
b
e
d
b
g
a
Fungi
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
b
a
c
b
a
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Modern Biology
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Answer Key