■Essential Question:
–To what extent did Republican
dominance in the 1920s
represent a change from Gilded
Age & Progressive politics?
■Warm-Up Question:
–What was the more important
phenomenon of the 1920s:
the consumer good revolution
OR the attack on urban values
(prohibition, fundamentalism)?
Politics of the 1920s
Politics of the 1920s
■The 1920s were dominated by
Republicans in the White House &
in both houses of Congress:
–Limited Progressive reforms
–Developed a close relationship
between the gov’t & business that
promoted private enterprise
–Advocated a foreign policy based
on economic investment of U.S.
business in the world
Republican Presidents of the 1920s
■Warren Harding won the 1920
election promising “a return to
hisin presidency
TR setnormalcy”;
aside oil fields
WY & CA for is
the navy;
Harding’s
Sec of the Interior
Albert
Fall accepted
remembered
for two
things:
$400,000 to “lease” oil reserves to businesses
–Corruption: prohibition bribery,
graft in the Veterans Admin, &
the Teapot Dome scandal
–Treasury Sec Andrew Mellon’s
cutback on gov’t spending,
increase in protective tariffs, &
reduction of income taxes
Republican Presidents of the 1920s
“Four-fifths
our troubles
in &
thisVP
lifeCalvin
would
■Hardingofdied
in 1923
disappear
if
we
would
just
sit
down
&
be
still”
Coolidge became president & won
“Coolidge
aspired
to become
the least president
his own
term
in 1924:
the country ever had; he attained his desire”
–Coolidge’s honesty & integrity
was reassuring, but “Silent Cal”
was not much of a leader
–Coolidge continued Harding’s
policies of less gov’t spending,
lowering income taxes, & limiting
Congressional legislation
But urban voters
had clearlyDemocrats
had turned to the
The Divided
Democratic
Party,
they
just
needed
a
■While
the
Republicans
dominated
charismatic leader to unite the party
the gov’t, Democrats were split:
–Rural Dems in the south & west
favored prohibition, traditional
Protestant
thecandidate
Klan
Neither
urbanvalues,
nor rural &
Dem
could
win
majority
so
compromise
–Urban
Democrats
were
mostly
candidate, John Davis of WV
immigrants
■The Democratic Nat’l Convention
Davis
received
fewer
popular
votes of any
in NYC
for the
1924
presidential
Democratic candidate in 20th century
nomination exposed this polarity
The 1928 election reflected a divided USA:
■Herbert Hoover ■Alfred Smith
–Republican
–Democrat
–Protestant
–Catholic
–For prohibition
–“Wet”
–Native-born
–Of immigrant
parents
–Self-made
millionaire
–Rose through
Smith
appealed
to
new
voters
in
cities
but
committed
to
Tammany
Hall
to
Aalienated
new
urban
voting
bloc
was
revealed
in
1928:
old-line
Democrats;
Catholicism
st
Forbusiness
the
1
time,
Democrats
won
the
majority
of
&
be
a
progressive
hurt
Smith
more
than
anything
else
votes
in
the
12
largest
U.S.
cities
volunteerism
NY governor
Herbert Hoover
Instead of the laissez-faire
of Gilded Age, the
Republican
presidents
of proved
the 1920stopioneered
■Herbert
Hoover
be the
a closeeffective
relationship
business
most
of with
the Republican
presidents of the 1920s:
–He believed in free enterprise &
He
was
experienced
having
served
as
tried
to
strengthen
U.S.
trade
by
head of Wilson’s Food Admin & as
allying business
with &
the
gov’t
Commerce
Sec for Harding
Coolidge
–He doubled the size of the U.S.
bureaucracy by creating
bureaus to oversee housing,
transportation, & mining
Conclusions:
The Old and the New
Warren G. Harding
■ Elected president in
1920 by calling for a
“return to normalcy.”
■ Deregulated
business, lowered
taxes, raised tariffs,
restricted
immigration and
made America
isolationist again.
■ Died in 1923 of a
heart attack.
Calvin Coolidge
■ Became president in
1923 when Harding
died.
■ Won the 1924
election with the
slogan, “Keep Cool
with Coolidge”
■ Like Harding, he
deregulated
business, saying
“The chief business
of the American
people is business.”
Herbert Hoover
■ Won the 1928 election by
promising a “New Day”
for America.
■ Ignored advice from
economists who warned
him that the stock market
would crash without
government regulation.
■ Stock market crashed on
10/29/29.
■ Said private charities, not
government, should
relieve the Great
Depression.
■ Lost to FDR in 1932.
The Old and the New
■Urban culture & industrial
production dominated the 1920s:
–Mass-produced consumer goods,
mass media, advertising spread a
new American culture
–Much to the dismay of a rural
America trying to cling to
traditional values
■Progressive reforms were no match
for technology & prosperity