3. Type of Cargo to be Carry Onboard Ship
3.1 Types and characteristic of cargo

3.1 Types and characteristic of cargo
Good reference:
In December 2008, the International Chamber of Shipping (ICS) and the
World Shipping Council (WSC), published ‘Safe Transport of Containers
by Sea: Guidelines on Industry Best Practices’.

Types of Cargo
Homogeneous Cargo
• all the cargo is the same size
• Different kinds of packaging methods exist such as cartons, boxes, bags, drums and barrels, rolls, liners for liquid bulk and small wooden crates.
• Bagged cargoes with a high moisture content, such as cocoa beans or coffee beans, may require dressing of the container ceiling and walls with moisture/condensation absorbing paper, and the hanging of so called Moisture Absorbing Materials (MAMS) bags in the container’s corners.

Types of Cargo (con’t)
Uniform Stowage
• When cargo is stowed into a container and free space is unavoidable, the cargo must be stowed in such a way that there is a gap in the middle of the stow.
• The gap, which can be fore and aft or athwart (side to side) the container, must be chocked with wood or lashed with rope and, if the cargo is fragile, nets or dunnage bags must be used.

Types of Cargo (con’t)
Carton and Packages
• It is important to follow any instructions printed on the cartons, e.g. particular side up for bottles of wine which require corks to remain immersed.
• To ensure stability in the stow and spread the weight as evenly as possible a “Bonded Block Stow” should be used.

Types of Cargo (con’t)
Bagged Cargo
• Bagged cargo tends to settle during transit causing pressure on side walls.
• Normal practice is to stow bags in interlocking stows.
• To avoid the risk of bags falling out of the container when the doors are opened, a brace or net should be placed against the final row.
• Bags that are stowed and secured on pallets do not cause this problem and the cargo can be handled much faster

Types of Cargo (con’t)
Drums and Barrels
• Drums and barrels in containers should always be stowed upright if possible.
• Cargo behind the doorway should be properly secured with a fence, net or lashing

Types of Cargo (con’t)
Rolls
• When rolls are stowed upright, they should be packed closely together.
• Any empty spaces between the rolls should be filled in by sacks of sawdust, corrugated cardboard or similar soft dunnage.
• The rolls should be secured by means of timber, nets or wedges.

Types of Cargo (con’t)
Bulk Liquids
• Wine, latex, printing ink and other non-hazardous liquids are often transported in strong synthetic “flexi-bags” in 20’ general dry containers.

Types of Cargo (con’t)
Bulk Solids
• Bulk bags are used for a wide range of granular substances including malt and coffee.
Hanging Garments
• Specialist containers are available for shipping clothing.

Types of Cargo (con’t)
Reefer Cargoes
• Hot stuffing of containers (warm cargoes in cooled containers) should be avoided, and the cargoes should thus be pre-cooled.
• Reefer cargoes must be stowed in such a manner as to allow optimal circulation of cold air.
• For example, stowage of cartons or other packages up to the container ceiling will prevent optimal air circulation and therefore optimal cooling.

Exercise / Discussion
• Which are bulk cargo?
• Which are unit loads cargo?
• Which are break bulk cargo?

Exercise / Discussion
• Which are bulk cargo?
• Bulk Liquids
• Bulk Solids
• Which are unit loads cargo?
• Rolls
• Homogeneous Cargo
• Uniform Stowage
• Which are break bulk cargo?
• Carton and Packages
• Bagged Cargo
• Drums and Barrels
• Individual units with little or no packaging (eg. steel girders)
• Livestock
• Hanging Garments

Perishable Goods
Physically Perishable Goods
• These goods normally require some form of temperature control, whether chilled, frozen or even warmed, to ensure that they do not perish or become unsaleable while in transit.
Economically Perishable Goods
• These are the goods which are perishable by virtue of their limited economic life. These include such time-critical items as newspapers, magazines, the mail, seasonal gifts (Christmas gift, Easter eggs, fireworks, etc.)

High Value Goods
• The conventional trade meaning of high value applies to goods which are easy to dispose of when stolen
• The most common goods in these categories are bank notes, precious stones, precious metals, drugs, and business data.
• Secrecy and unpredictability are two or the many ways of guarding against the planned theft of high-value goods in transit.

High Value Goods must be protected from:
• Loss (small consignments can be mislaid or wrongly directed enroute)
• Deterioration, (e.g. live organs for transport operations), and
• Delay, especially when, as with goods for a fashion show or art auction, a high part of the value of the goods is circumstantial, and related to on-time delivery.

3. Type of Cargo to be Carry Onboard Ship
3.3 Deck cargoes

Deck Cargoes
• Deck cargo is shipping cargo carried on the deck instead of inside the ship.
• Certain types of cargo (e.g. explosives) must be carried on the deck by law, while others may be carried on deck by convenience or to address space concerns while loading the ship.
• Livestock is often carried as deck cargo when there are concerns about ventilation and safety below decks.
• Aircraft parts, trucks, and other large cargoes may be carried on deck as it may not be possible to stow them below decks.
• Deck cargo can be carried in containers, while others are lashed directly to the decks of the ship and covered with protective materials.

3. Type of Cargo to be Carry Onboard Ship
3.4 Individual abnormal load (AIL)

Individual abnormal load (AIL)
• An ‘abnormal indivisible’ load (AIL) is the cargo which cannot be moved on a public road within the Construction and Use Regulations which govern the width, length, and gross weight of good vehicles. Any load which exceeds one or more of these dimensions is categorized as abnormal.
• In rail mood, it is known as “out of gauge” cargo.
• A cargo (load) is regarded as abnormal as it is too wide for ordinary road haulage. E.g. portable building, bulldozers, excavators, and off-road dumper trucks.
• Many such loads exceed both dimension and weight limits, and must be transported on large goods vehicles (LGL). Really heavy AILs of over 50 tonnes payload weight are normally handled by Special Types vehicles, e.g.
tractor and trailer combinations.
• The movement of AILs is a somewhat specialized operation and requires planning and cooperation if it is to go smoothly.

Individual abnormal load (AIL) (con’t)
• For movement on public roads and highways, the proposed route plan and schedule have to be agreed by the abnormal loads section of the DoT, in consultation with the highway authorities and the police, and they will specify transit arrangements, including matters such as escort vehicles, routes, timings at busy junctions, etc.
• Not all abnormal loads require escort but in those cases where one is needed, the role of the escort is to ensure the safety of all road users.
• The police provided escorts to facilitate road safety, but there was no legal obligation for them to do so.
• Hauliers will be responsible for arranging their own escorts (either providing their own escort vehicle(s) or engaging the services of a private escort contract). This will be done under a code of practice which has been drawn up by the Highways Agency on behalf of the Department for
Transport.

Individual abnormal load (AIL) (con’t)
• Video

3. Type of Cargo to be Carry Onboard Ship
3.2 Dangerous goods
3.5 IMDG Labels

Dangerous Goods Requlations & Recommendations
The International Maritime Organization (IMO)
The IMO is a United Nations specialised agency which has developed international legislation dealing with two key issues for the maritime industry:
• The safety of life at sea
• Prevention of pollution from ships
• The objective of the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG)
Code is to:
• Uniform international code for the transport of dangerous goods
• Enhance the safe transport of dangerous goods such as packing, container traffic, stowage, segregation of incompatible substances
• Protect the marine environment
• Facilitate the free unrestricted movement of dangerous goods

The International Maritime Organization (IMO)
• The IMO has developed two international conventions to address these issues:
• The SOLAS Convention (covering safety of life at sea)
• The MARPOL Convention (covering pollution prevention)
• The IMO developed the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG)
Code to supplement the principles laid down in the SOLAS and MARPOL
Conventions.
• The IMDG code contains detailed technical specifications to enable dangerous goods to be transported safely by sea.
• The IMDG Code became mandatory for adoption by SOLAS signatory states from 1st January 2004.

Dangerous Goods Requlations & Recommendations (con’t)
• The International Air Transport Association (IATA) - Dangerous Goods
Regulations (DGR)
• Annex 6 – Aircraft operations, maintenance and general aviation
• UN Recommendations on Transport of Dangerous Goods (UN Standard)
• European Agreement on Road Transport of Dangerous Goods (ADR
Standard)
• Road Transport Act 1987
• Land Public Transport Act 2010
• Environmental Quality Act 1974
• Motor Vehicle (Construction & Use) Rules 1959 (Factories and Machinery
Act 1967 & Weight Restrictions (Federal Road) (Amendment) Orders 2003)

The IMDG Code Is Based On An Internationally Agreed
System Which:
• Groups dangerous goods together based on the hazards they present in transport
(classification).
• Contains the dangerous goods in packagings/tanks which are of appropriate strength and which will prevent the goods escaping.
• Uses hazard warning labels and other identifying marks to identify dangerous goods in transport.
• Requires standard documentation to be provided when dangerous goods are being transported.
• Lays down principles for ensuring that dangerous goods which will react dangerously together are kept apart.
• Lays down principles for where to place dangerous goods on board ship to ensure safe transport.
• Provides emergency response advice for dangerous goods involved in a fire or spillage on board ship.

Updating the IMDG Code
The IMDG Code is evolving and is updated every two years to take account of:
• New dangerous goods which have to be included.
• New technology and methods of working with or handling dangerous goods.
• Safety concerns which arise as a result of experience.
Amendments to the provisions of the United Nations
Recommendations are made on a two-yearly cycle and approximately two years after their adoption, they are adopted by the authorities responsible for regulating the various transport modes

The Code comprises 7 Parts
• It is presented in two books; Volume 1 and Volume 2.
• It is necessary to use both books to obtain the required information when shipping dangerous goods by sea.
• The Code also contains a Supplement.

Volume 1 (Parts 1-2 & 4-7 of the Code) comprises:
• Part 1 General provisions, definitions and training
• Part 2 Classification
• Part 4 Packing and tank provisions
• Part 5 Consignment procedures
• Part 6 Provisions for the construction and testing of pressure receptacles, aerosol dispensers, small receptacles containing gas (gas cartridges) and fuel cell cartridges containing liquefied flammable gas
• Part 7 Requirements concerning transport operations

Volume 2 (Part 3 and the Appendices of the Code) comprises:
• Part 3 Dangerous Goods List (DGL), Special Provisions
Limited and Excepted Quantities Exceptions
• Appendix A List of Generic and N.O.S. (Not Otherwise Specified)
Proper Shipping Names
• Appendix B Glossary of terms
• Alphabetical Index

Purpose of IMDG Code Classification System
• To distinguish between goods which are considered to be dangerous for transport and those which are not.
• To identify the dangers which are presented by dangerous goods in transport.
• To ensure that the correct measure are taken to enable these goods to be transported safely without risk to persons or property.

Responsibilities
The classification shall be made by the shipper/consignor or by the appropriate competent authority where specified in this Code.

IMDG Code Classification System
Dangerous goods are classified into 9 classes according to properties.
The way in which different classes of dangerous goods are handled in transport will depend upon these properties and hazards, for example:
• The type of packaging that can be used.
• What classes of dangerous goods can be transported together in freight containers.
• Where the goods can be stored within the port and on the ship.

9 Classes of IMDG Code Classification System
• Class 1 Explosives
• Class 2
• Class 3
• Class 4
• Class 5
• Class 6
• Class 7
• Class 8
• Class 9
Gases
Flammable liquids
Flammable solids
Oxidizing substances and organic peroxides
Toxic and infectious substances
Radioactive material
Corrosive substances
Miscellaneous dangerous substances and articles
Note: These 9 hazard classes have been established internationally by a United Nations (UN) committee to ensure that all modes of transport (road, rail, air and sea) classify dangerous goods in the same way.

Class 1: Explosives

Class 1: Explosives (con’t)

Class 2: Gases

Class 3: Flammable liquids

Class 4: Flammable solids; substances liable to spontaneous combustion; substances which, in contact with water, emit flammable gases

Class 5: Oxidizing substances and organic peroxides

Class 6: Toxic and infectious substances

Class 7: Radioactive material

Class 7: Radioactive material (con’t)

Class 8: Corrosive substances

Class 9: Miscellaneous dangerous substances and articles

Class 9: Miscellaneous dangerous substances and articles
• Note: The numerical order of the classes and divisions is not that of the degree of danger.

Labels of 9 Classes of IMDG Code

9 Classes of IMDG Code Classification System

PSN and UN Number

PSN and UN Number
Within each of the 9 hazard classes dangerous goods are uniquely identified by two pieces of information:
• A four-digit number known as the UN Number which is preceded by the letters
UN.
• The corresponding Proper Shipping Name (PSN).
• For example, kerosene is identified in the IMDG Code by its UN Number UN 1223 and the PSN Kerosene.
Together the UN Number and PSN uniquely identify dangerous goods to:
• enable rapid and precise identification during transport to ensure the correct handling, stowage, segregation etc, and
• in the event of an emergency, ensure that the correct procedures are followed.

Understanding the Dangerous Goods List (DGL)
• Column 1 – UN Number
Contains the United Nations Number assigned by the United Nations Committee of
Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods (UN List).
• Column 2 – Proper Shipping Name (PSN)
Contains the Proper Shipping Names in upper case characters which may be followed by additional descriptive text in lower-case characters.
• Column 3 – Class or Division
Contains the class and, in the case of class 1, the division and compatibility group.
• Column 4 – Subsidiary Risk(s)
Contains the class number(s) of any subsidiary risk(s). This column also identifies if dangerous goods are marine pollutants by showing the letter ‘P’

Understanding the Dangerous Goods List (DGL) (con’t)
• Column 5 – Packing Group
Contains the packing group number (i.e. I, II or III) where assigned to the substance or article.
• Column 6 – Special Provisions
Contains a number referring to any special provision(s) indicated in chapter 3.3.
• Column 7a – Limited Quantities
Provides the maximum quantity per inner packaging.
• Column 7b – Excepted Quantities
Provides a code which can be referenced to determine the maximum quantity per inner and outer packaging.
• Column 8 – Packing Instructions
Contains packing instructions for the transport of substances and articles.

Understanding the Dangerous Goods List (DGL) (con’t)
• Column 9 – Special Packing Provisions
Contains special packing provisions.
• Column 10 – IBC Packing Instructions
Contains IBC instructions which indicate the type of IBC that can be used for the transport.
• Column 11 – IBC Special Provisions
Refers to special packing provisions applicable to the use of packing instructions bearing the code ‘IBC’ in 4.1.4.2.
• Column 12 – IMO Tank Instructions
This column is no longer used but used to apply to IMO portable tanks and road tank vehicles.
• Column 13 – UN Tank and Bulk Container Instructions
Contains T codes (see 4.2.5.2.6) applicable to the transport of dangerous goods in portable tanks and road tank vehicles.

Understanding the Dangerous Goods List (DGL) (con’t)
• Column 14 – Tank Special Provisions
Contains TP notes (see 4.2.5.3) applicable to the transport of dangerous goods in portable tanks and road road tank vehicles.
• Column 15 – EmS
Refers to the relevant emergency schedules for FIRE and SPILLAGE in ‘The EmS Guide –
Emergency Response Procedures for Ships Carrying Dangerous Goods’.
• Column 16 – Stowage and Segregation
Contains the stowage and segregation provisions as prescribed in part 7.
• Column 17 – Properties and Observations
Contains properties and observations on the dangerous goods listed.
• Column 18 – UN Number
Contains the United Nations Number for ease of reference across both pages of the printed book.

Training Requirements
• In the 2002 edition of the IMDG Code, training was introduced for the first time.
• The IMO Member Governments recognised that the safe transport of dangerous goods by sea is dependent upon the appreciation, by all persons involved, of the risks involved and on a detailed understanding of the IMDG Code requirements.
• The training requirements became mandatory with Amendment 34-
08.

Training Requirements

Label/Decal/Marking Placement of A Container For
Maritime Transport
• a container, one on each side and, in the case of carriage by ocean-going vessel, also one on each of the ends of the unit;
• a railway wagon [railroad car], at least one on each side;
• any other CTU, at least one on both sides and on the back of the CTU and, in the case of a semitrailer, also one on the front of the CTU.

Dangerous Cargo Container Carrying Dangerous Goods of
Various Classes

Need For Advance Cargo Information
• For checking cargo on arrival
• For planning storage
• For confirming stowage
• For special treatment
• For preparing emergencies

IMO DANGEROUS GOODS MANIFEST
Manifest
• http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Facilitation/FormsCertificates/Docum ents/FALForm7.doc
Explanation
• http://www.mardep.gov.hk/en/forms/pdf/dgmen.pdf

Results of IMO survey on inspections of containers/vehicles carrying packaged dangerous goods
• http://www.sjofartsverket.se/upload/5812/10-6-5.pdf

Stowage Categories
• Positioning of dangerous goods containers on board vessels are categorised by ‘stowage categories’ to ensure safety.
• On ships there are two different types of stowage (1) On deck and (2)
Under Deck.
• When we look at a container vessel all those containers we see outside are stowed on deck. The containers stowed below the hatch covers are under-deck stowed units.
• For every dangerous goods listed in IMDG Code Dangerous Goods List column 16 specifies stowage requirement. This is indicated by Category A,
B , C, D or E.
• On Deck only stowage is always prescribed for cases where:
.1 constant supervision is required; or
.2 accessibility is particularly required; or
.3 there is a substantial risk of formation of explosive gas mixtures, development of highly toxic vapours, or unobserved corrosion of the ship

Stowage Categories for Goods other than Class 1
(Explosives)
Cargo ships or passenger ships carrying a number of Passengers limited to not more than 25 or to 1 passenger per 3 m of overall length, whichever is the greater number
Other passenger ships in which the limiting number of passengers transported is exceeded
Stowage category A
ON DECK OR
UNDER
DECK
Stowage category B
Stowage Stowage category C category D
ON DECK
OR UNDER
DECK
ON DECK OR ON DECK
UNDER
DECK
ONLY
ON DECK
ONLY
ON DECK
ONLY
ON DECK
ONLY
PROHIBITE
D
Stowage category
E
ON DECK
OR
UNDER
DECK
PROHIBIT
ED