GRAMMAR:
TRANSITIONAL WORDS
TENSES
Components to cover:
• TRANSITIONAL WORDS
• TENSES
TRANSITIONAL WORDS
Transition words and phrases help make clear
connections between ideas and see that sentences
and paragraphs flow together smoothly, making them
easier to read.
Transitional words are words that are used to add,
compare, contrast, exemplify, summarize, and put the
words in sequence.
FEATURES OF TRANSITIONAL WORDS
Transition signals are connecting words or phrases that act like
bridges between parts of your writing.
Transition signals act like signposts to indicate to the reader the
order and flow of your writing and ideas.
They strengthen the internal cohesion of your writing. Using
transitions makes it easier for the reader to follow your ideas.
They help carry over a thought from one sentence to another,
from one paragraph to another, or from one idea to another.
FUNCTIONS OF
TRANSITIONAL
WORDS?
Transitions function to
connect words,
phrases, and clauses.
Example
1. Apples and oranges are types
of fruit.
2. Not only fast cars but also
slow trucks make up highway
traffic.
3. Henri stopped writing so that
he could listen to his friend.
TRANSITION, ADD,
COMPARE AND
CONTRAST
Example
1.
There are some transitional
words that are used to
compare and contrast a
sentence.
Some words are used
additionally in sentences.
Addition
We also visited Miami Beach.
2. Comparison
We like them have to study.
3. Contrast
Instead of riding, they walked.
TRANSITION FOR
SUMMARY AND
SEQUENCE?
Example
Example:
There are some different set of To illustrate, I will tell a story.
words that are used to explain
the transition for a summary, Summary:
an example and time sequence. In sum, you must try hard.
Time Sequence:
At last, she said yes.
TRANSITION FOR ADDITION
Common Words
1. And
2. Also
3. Besides
4. Too
5. First
6. Next
7. Last
Power Terms
1.
2.
3.
Moreover
Furthermore
In Addition
TRANSITION FOR COMPARISON
Simple Ones
1. Also
2. Too
Complex Ones
1. In the same way
2. Likewise
3. Similarly
TRANSITION FOR CONTRAST
Simple Contrast
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Although
At the same time
Despite that
In contrast
In spite of
Nevertheless
Notwithstanding
On the other hand
Complex Contrast
1. But
2. Yet
3. Still
4. Even so
5. Instead
6. Otherwise
7. Regardless
TRANSITION FOR EXAMPLE
Simple Example
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
For example
For instance
Indeed
In fact
Of course
Complex Example
1. As an illustration
2. In other words
3. In short
4. That is
5. To illustrate
TRANSITION FOR SUMMARY
Simple Ones
1. Altogether
2. Finally
Complex Ones
1. In brief
2. In conclusion
3. In other words
4. In particular
5. In short
6. In summary
7. On the whole
8. That is
ACTIVITY 1
Answer the following questions and write the transition
words that helped you make your
decision
1.If you can’t get rid of a cold, the flu, or a nagging sore throat, the reason
may be your toothbrush. 2. Studies at the University of Oklahoma Dental
School have shown that your old toothbrush may carry the germs that are
causing your illness. 3. The studies have found that people who change their
toothbrushes about every two weeks recover from common winter ills
faster that people who use their toothbrushes for a month or more. 4. Old
toothbrushes can culture the germs that can cause colds, influenza,
pneumonia, strep throat,
diarrhea, and sinus disease. 5. Another study found that disease germs can
live in an unused toothbrush for as long as a week. 6. They can start to
thrive again every time you brush your teeth.
ACTIVITY 1
Answer the following questions and write the transition
words that helped you make your
decision
1.The relationship between the two parts of sentence 1 is one of
a. time.
b. addition.
c. cause and effect.
d. contrast.
2. The relationship of sentence 5 to the previous sentence is one of
a. addition.
c. time.
b. comparison.
d. contrast.
ANSWER TO ACTIVITY 1
Answer the following questions and write the transition
words that helped you make your
Decision
Transition words are: If , another.
The relationship between the two parts of sentence is one of
a. time.
b. cause and effect.
c. addition.
d. contrast.
The relationship of sentence 5 to the previous sentence is one
of
a. addition.
c. time.
b. comparison.
d. contrast.
WHAT ARE TENSES?
Verb tense expresses
the time of an event
or action. Time and
how it is expressed in
writing is very
important to English
readers. The English
language has twelve
different tenses.
Example:
The Present Tense
The Past Tense
The Future Tense
THE SIX ENGLISH TENSES
Three Simple Tenses
Present – You walk.
I run.
Simple continuous
You are walking
I am running.
Past – You Walked
I ran.
You were walking.
I was running.
Future – You will walk.
I will run.
You will be walking.
I will be running.
THE SIX ENGLISH TENSES
Three Perfect Tenses
Present perfect
you have walked.
I have run.
Past Perfect
You had walked.
I had run.
Future Perfect
You will have walked
I will have run.
Perfect continuous
you have been walking.
I have been running.
You had been walking.
I had been running.
You will have been walking.
I will have been running.
SIMPLE PRESENT
TENSE?
Example
1. She goes to work everyday.
Expresses a habit or often
repeated action. Adverbs of
2. They always eat lunch together.
frequency such as, often,
seldom, sometimes, never, etc.
are used with this tense.
This tense also expresses
general truths or facts that are
timeless.
3. Snow falls in the December in
Minnesota.
4. Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
PRESENT
CONTINUOUS
TENSE
Example
adjectives
This tense is used to describe
an action that is occurring She is typing a paper for her class.
right now (at this moment,
today, this year, etc.). The He can’t talk. He is fixing the sink right
action has begun and is still in now.
progress. It can be occurring
now, but is temporary
THE SIMPLE PAST
TENSE
The passive voice
requires a "double verb"
and will always consist of
a form of the verb "to
be" and the past
participle (usually the
"en/ed/t" form) of
another verb.
Example
I visited my sister yesterday.
We went out to dinner last night.
THE PAST
CONTINUOUS
TENSE
The past continuous is
often used with the
simple past to show that
one action was in progress
when another action
occurred.
Example
I was taking a bath when the doorbell
rang.
They were eating dinner when the
neighbors stopped by for a visit.
THE PAST
CONTINUOUS
TENSE
The past continuous is
used to talk about an
activity that was in
progress at a specific
point of time in the past.
The emphasis is on the
duration of the activity in
the past.
Example
I was studying for an exam while my
mother was cooking dinner.
We were walking in the park around 7
p.m. last night.
THE PRESENT
PERFECT TENSE
Example
The present perfect is
used to talk about an
event that began in the
past and continues up to
the present.
He has lived in Modesto for two
years.
(He began living in Modesto two
years ago and he still lives
there.)
THE PAST
PERFECT TENSE
Example
This tense describes
completed events that
took place in the past
before another past
event.
The Titanic had received many
warnings before it hit the
iceberg.
I had already eaten when my
friend stopped by to visit.
THE PAST
PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
TENSE
This tense is used to
emphasize the duration of an
action that was completed
before another action or
event in the past.
Example
She had been driving around
the city for three hours before
she finally found the right office.
THE FUTURE
TENSE
Example
The simple present and
present continuous are also
used to express future time.
These are often used used in
connection with schedules.
She is meeting a new client at
eleven o’clock.
The train leaves at 6:00 a.m.
tomorrow.
THE FUTURE
PERFECT TENSE
Example
This tense is used to describe
an event or action that will be
completed before another
event or time in the future.
.
We will have finished the exam
by the time class ends
tomorrow.
THE FUTURE
PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
TENSE
This tense describes an action
that has been in progress for
a duration of time before
another event or time in the
future.
Example
By the time he finishes law
school, we will have been living
in the U.S. for eight years.
ACTIVITY 1
Fill in with the right tenses:
1. Hi, I ________(be) Matt Rotell, a friend of Alice's.
2. Oh, yes. Alice _______(mention) you the other day. Gee,
you _________(not look) like a detective.
3. Well, that's good, I ___________(guess).
4. I'm curious. Tell me, how you _______(decide) to become an undercover
cop?
5. Well, when I ____(be) a kid, I _____(love) to read detective novels. By
the time I _________(be) ten, I ____(read) every book in the Hardy
Boys series. I ____(know) that I ___(want) to go into law enforcement.
ANSWERS TO ACTIVITY 1
1. am
2. mentioned, don’t like
3. guess
4. did , decide
5. was, loved, was, had read, knew, wanted.
ACTIVITY 1
Fill in with the right tenses:
6. But according to Alice, you ____(attend) law school nowadays.
7. Right. I ___(get) married last month. I ___(not mind) being on the police
force when I ____(be) single, but ever since I ___(meet) Nicole, my wife,
I ___(want) to do something less dangerous.
8. I ____(understand). By the way, you ____(have) any luck yet with those
counterfeiters?
9. Well, I _____(follow) them for more than a month now, but so far
I ___(not be able to) catch them in the act. Sometimes I _____(worry) that
by the time they're caught, I'll have my law degree and I'll be defending
them!
ANSWERS TO ACTIVITY 1
6.
are attending, have been attending
7. got, didn’t mind, was, met, have wanted
8. understand, have, had
9. have been following , haven’t been able to,
worry
ACTIVITY 1
Change the sentences below to the active voice:
6. The building was damaged by the fire.
7. By whom were you taught French?
8. You will be given a ticket by the manager.
9. The streets were thronged with spectators.
10. We will be blamed by everyone.
The end