Human Endocrine Glands
CHAPTER 39 - SECTION 2
BIOLOGY PGS. 1002-1008
OBJECTIVES

Identify
__________________
the function of the major
endocrine glands
scattered
The endocrine glands are ______________
throughout the body.
regulates
The human endocrine system _____________a
variety of
activities.
Any ____________
improper
functioning of an endocrine gland may result
in a disease or a disorder.
The major glands of the endocrine system include:
 the pituitary gland
 the hypothalamus
 the thyroid gland
 the parathyroid glands
 the adrenal glands
 the pancreas
 the reproductive glands
The Pituitary Gland
What does the pituitary gland do?
nine
The pituitary gland secretes ________
hormones that directly regulate many body
functions and controls the actions of several
other endocrine glands.
What does the hypothalamus do?
The hypothalamus controls the secretions of the pituitary gland.
influenced
The hypothalamus is
the blood and by sensory information.
by hormone levels in
nervous system
Interactions between the
endocrine system take place at the hypothalamus.
and the
close connection
The
between the hypothalamus
and the pituitary gland means that the nervous and endocrine
systems act together to coordinate body activities.
What does the thyroid gland do?
Larynx
Thyroid gland
Esophagus
Trachea
The thyroid produces thyroxine.
metabolic rate
Thyroxine regulates the ____________of
cells.
What do the parathyroid
glands do?
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
parathyroid
Parathyroid glands secrete _______________
hormone (PTH).
PTH regulates calcium levels in the blood by
increasing reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys and
by increasing uptake of calcium from the digestive
system.
PTH affects other organ systems, promoting proper
nerve and muscle function and bone structure.
What does the
adrenal gland do?
Adrenal gland
Kidney

An adrenal gland
has an outer part
called the adrenal
cortex and an
inner part called
the adrenal
medulla.
Adrenal
cortex
Adrenal
medulla
The adrenal cortex produces over
24 steriod
______________________
hormones.
The hormone aldosterone regulates
reabsorption of sodium ions and the
excretion of potassium ions by the
kidneys.
The hormone cortisol controls the rate of metabolism of
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
The release of hormones from the adrenal medulla prepares the
body for
energy intense
activities.
The two hormones released by the adrenal medulla are epinephrine
and norepinephrine.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine:
increase
heart rate
and blood flow to the muscles.
, blood pressure,
cause air passageways to open wider, allowing for an
increased intake of oxygen.
stimulate the release of extra glucose into the blood to help
produce a sudden burst of energy.
What does the pancreas do?
The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine
functions.
It is a digestive gland whose secretions
break down
____________________
food.
It produces insulin and glucagon.
Insulin stimulates cells in the liver and
muscles to remove sugar from the blood and
store it as glycogen or fat.
Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down
glycogen and release glucose back into the
blood.
What are the functions of
the reproductive glands?
The gonads are the body’s
reproductive
_____________
glands.
The gonads serve two important functions:
the production of gametes, and the secretion of sex
hormones
____________________.
The ovaries produce the female sex hormones estrogen and
progesterone.
uterus
Progesterone prepares the ________________
for the arrival of
a developing embryo.
Estrogen is needed for the development of eggs and for the
formation of physical characteristics of the female body.
The testes produce testosterone, which is needed for normal
sperm
development
____________production
and ______________________
of male physical characteristics.