Science Warm-up 3/5/2012
• Have your take home test out on your
desk and complete the following
prompt. What are some potential uses
for technology that allow a gene for a
protein to be inserted into an organism?
• Work on your 5 sentences individually
and quietly
Chapter 13:
Genetics and Biotechnology
Wood
Chapter Overview
• Big Idea: Genetic technology
improves human health and quality
of life.
• Section 1: Applied Genetics
• Section 2: DNA Technology
• Section 3: The Human Genome
Section 1: Applied Genetics
•
•
•
•
Selective Breeding p.360
Hybridization p. 361
Inbreeding p. 361
Test Crosses p. 362
I. Selective Breeding
• The process by which desired traits
of certain plants and animals are
selected and passed on to their
future generations is called selective
breeding.
II. Hybridization
• Hybrid organisms can be bred to be
more disease-resistant, to produce
more offspring, or to grow faster.
• A disadvantage of hybridization is
that it is time consuming and
expensive.
• Example of hybridization:
• Santa Gertrudis cattle were developed by mating
shorthorn beef cattle, who produce high quality
beef, with heat- and insect-resistant Brahman
cattle from India. The result of this cross are
cattle that are resistant to heat and insects and
also produce high-quality beef.
III. Inbreeding
• The process in which two closely related
organisms are bred to have the desired
traits and to eliminate the undesired
ones in future generations
• Pure breeds are maintained by
inbreeding.
• A disadvantage of inbreeding is that
harmful recessive traits also can be
passed on to future generations.
• Example of inbreeding
• Clydesdale horses were first bred
because of their strong build, agility,
and obedient nature. They were only
bred with other Clydesdales to
continue these characteristics.
IV. Test Cross
• A test cross involves • This is to determine
breeding an
the genotype of the
organism that has
unknown organism.
the unknown
genotype with one
that is homozygous
recessive for the
desired trait.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
Which statement is not true of hybridization?
A. It is relatively inexpensive to perform.
B. It produces offspring with specific
traits.
1.
A
C. It crosses a parent organism with
2.
B
3.
C
different forms of a trait.
4.
D
D. It can take a long time to be
successful.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
Name the process that scientists use to
separate DNA fragments according to size.
A. genetic engineering
B. gel electrophoresis
C. cleaving
D. selective breeding
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
Select the process in which one type of
bacterium takes up the DNA from another
type of bacterium.
A. cloning
B. sequencing
C. transformation
D. manipulation
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1 Formative Questions
Which term explains how humans have been
able to produce a wide variety of domestic
cats?
A. homogenization
B. inbreeding
C. selective breeding
D. test crossing
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1 Formative Questions
A new breed of cattle has been developed by crossing
English Shorthorn cattle, which provide good beef but
cannot withstand hot environments, and Brahman cattle
from India that have a high heat tolerance but produce poor
beef. The new breed, Santa Gertrudis, produces excellent
beef and can live in hot environments. Which term describes
Santa Gertrudis cattle?
1.
A
A.
B.
C.
D.
cross breed
hybrid
outbred
purebred
2.
3.
4.
B
C
D
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1 Formative Questions
Harmful recessive traits can be passed
through generations of purebred animals
as a result of _______.
A. hybridization
B. inbreeding
C. line breeding
D. out crossing
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.1 Formative Questions
Once a tomato grower observes the desired trait in her
tomato plants, she decides to perform a test cross. What
is the purpose for doing the test cross?
A. to determine if the trait is dominant or
recessive
1.
A
B. to determine the phenotype of the plants
2.
B
C. to determine if the plants carry beneficial
3.
C
4.
D
recessive alleles
D. to determine if the plants are homozygous
dominant or heterozygous
13.2 DNA Technology
•
•
•
•
Genetic engineering p. 363
DNA tools p. 364
Recombinant DNA technology p. 366
Biotechnology p. 370
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
Genetic Engineering
 Technology that involves manipulating
the
DNA of one organism in order to insert the
DNA of another organism, called exogenous
DNA.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
 Genetically engineered organisms are used
 to study the expression of a particular gene.
 to investigate cellular
processes.
 to study the
development of a certain
disease.
Genetically engineered bollworm
 to select traits that might
be beneficial to humans.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
DNA Tools
 An organism’s genome is the total DNA in the
nucleus of each cell.
 DNA tools can be used to manipulate DNA and
to isolate genes from the rest of the genome.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
 Restriction enzymes recognize and bind to specific
DNA sequences and cleave the DNA within the
sequence.
 Scientists use restriction enzymes as powerful
tools for isolating specific genes or regions of
the genome.
 Also known as “DNA Scissors”.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
 EcoRI specifically cuts
DNA containing the
sequence GAATTC.
 The ends of the DNA
fragments, called sticky
ends, contain singlestranded DNA that is
complementary.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
 An electric current is used to separate DNA
fragments according to the size of the
fragments in a process called gel
electrophoresis.
 When an electric current is applied, the DNA
fragments move toward the positive end of
the gel.
 The smaller fragments move farther faster
than the larger ones.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
 The unique pattern
created based on the
size of the DNA
fragment can be
compared to known
DNA fragments for
identification.
Gel electrophoresis
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
 The newly generated DNA molecule with DNA from
different sources is called recombinant DNA.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
 To make a large quantity of recombinant plasmid DNA,
bacterial cells are mixed with recombinant plasmid DNA.
 Some of the bacterial cells take up the recombinant plasmid
DNA through a process called transformation.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
 Large numbers of identical bacteria, each
containing the inserted DNA molecules, can be
produced through a process called cloning.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
 To understand how DNA is sequenced, scientists mix an
unknown DNA fragment, DNA polymerase, and the four
nucleotides—A, C, G, T in a tube.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
 Each nucleotide is
tagged with a
different color of
fluorescent dye.
 Every time a
modified fluorescenttagged nucleotide is
incorporated into the newly synthesized strand,
the reaction stops.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
 The sequencing reaction is complete when the tagged
DNA fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
 A technique called the polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) can be used to make millions of
copies of a specific region of a DNA fragment.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
Biotechnology
 Organisms, genetically engineered by inserting a
gene from another organism, are called
transgenic organisms.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
Transgenic Animals
 Scientists produce most transgenic animals in
laboratories for biological research.
 Mice, fruit flies, and the roundworm
Caenorhabditis elegans
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
Transgenic Plants
 Genetically engineered cotton resists insect
infestation of the bolls.
 Sweet-potato plants are resistant to a virus
that could kill most of the African harvest.
 Rice plants with increased iron and vitamins
could decrease malnutrition.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 Formative Questions
What is the name for the technology that
involves inserting the genes of one organism
into the DNA of another organism?
0%
B
A
0%
A
B
C
D
0%
0%
D
1.
2.
3.
4.
C
A. bioengineering
B. cloning
C. genetic engineering
D. transgenics
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 Formative Questions
Which type of protein can recognize specific
DNA sequences and cleave the DNA within
that sequence?
A. DNA ligase
B. polymerase
C. restriction enzyme
D. transcriptase
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
0%
A
B
A
B
C
D
0%
C
0%
D
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 Formative Questions
Which process separates DNA fragments
according to size and has many applications
in genetic engineering and biotechnology?
0%
0%
0%
D
A
B
C
D
C
A
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
B
A. DNA fragmentation
B. gel electrophoresis
C. transgenic cloning
D. polymerase chain reaction
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 Formative Questions
A DNA molecule that has had genes from
another organism inserted into it is called
_______.
0%
0%
0%
D
A
B
C
D
C
A
0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
B
A. complementary DNA
B. exogenous DNA
C. genomic DNA
D. recombinant DNA
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 Formative Questions
Why is polymerase chain reaction (PCR) one of the most
powerful tools used by scientists?
A. It can be used to identify errors
in DNA sequences and predict
the function of genes.
B. It can detect a single DNA
molecule in a sample and
make millions of copies of it.
C. It creates large amounts of
recombinant DNA in genetically
engineered organisms.
D. It creates DNA fragments with
sticky ends that can join with
other DNA fragments.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
The Human Genome Project
 The goal of the Human Genome Project (HGP)
was to determine the sequence of the
approximately three billion nucleotides that
make up human DNA and to identify all of the
approximately 20,000–25,000 human genes.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
Sequencing the Genome
 Each of the 46 human chromosomes was cleaved.
 These fragments were combined with vectors to
create recombinant DNA, cloned to make many
copies, and sequenced using automated
sequencing machines.
 Computers analyzed the overlapping regions to
generate one continuous sequence.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
 Decoding the
sequence of the
human genome
can be compared to
reading a book that
was printed in code.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
 Less than two percent of all of the nucleotides in
the human genome code for all the proteins in
the body.
 The genome is filled with long stretches of
repeated sequences that have no direct function.
 These regions are called noncoding sequences.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
DNA Fingerprinting
 Protein-coding regions of DNA are almost
identical among individuals.
 The long stretches of noncoding regions of DNA
are unique to each individual.
 DNA fingerprinting involves separating these
DNA fragments to observe the distinct banding
patterns that are unique to every individual.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
Identifying Genes
 Researchers have identified genes by scanning
the sequence for Open Reading Frames (ORFs).
 ORFs contain at least 100 codons that begin
with a start codon and end with a stop codon.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
Bioinformatics
 Creating and maintaining databases of biological
information
 Finding genes in DNA sequences of various
organisms and developing methods to predict
the structure and function of newly discovered
proteins
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
DNA Microarrays
 Tiny microscope slides or silicon chips that
are spotted with DNA fragments
 Help researchers determine whether the
expression of certain genes is caused by
genetic factors or environmental factors.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
 Regions of linked
variations in the human
genome are known as
haplotypes.
 Assembling the HapMap
involves identifying
groups of SNPs in a
specific region of DNA.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
 The HapMap will
enable geneticists to
take advantage of how
SNPs and other genetic
variations are
organized on
chromosomes.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
 A technique aimed at correcting mutated genes
that cause human diseases
is called gene therapy.
 Scientists insert a normal
gene into a chromosome
to replace a dysfunctional
gene.
 Genomics is the study of an organism’s genome.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
 Genes are the primary information storage
units, whereas proteins are the machines of a
cell.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
 The large-scale study and cataloging of the
structure and function of proteins in the human
body is called proteomics.
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 Formative Questions
The task of sequencing the
entire DNA in human
cells has been completed.
A. True
B. False
1. A
2. B
0%
B
A
0%
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 Formative Questions
Which sections of human DNA are unique to
every individual?
0%
C
0%
B
0%
A
B
C
D
0%
D
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
A. the noncoding
sequences
B. the regions that code
for proteins
C. the sections that
contain genes
D. the genes that code
for fingerprints
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 Formative Questions
Which field of study involves the careful
storage, organization and indexing of data
on DNA sequences?
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
C
0%
B
A
0%
A
B
C
D
0%
D
A. algorithms
B. bioanalysis
C. bioinformatics
D. microarray analysis
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 Formative Questions
If the genome represents the words in a
dictionary, then the definition and usage of
those words is represented by the _______.
0%
B
A
0%
A
B
C
D
0%
0%
D
1.
2.
3.
4.
C
A. haplotype
B. chromosome
C. DNA
D. proteome
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Chapter Assessment
Questions
Look at the following image. These are
the results of what process?
Answer: a test cross
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Chapter Assessment
Questions
What is the role of
the molecule shown
in DNA cloning?
0%
0%
D
0%
B
0%
A
B
C
D
C
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
A. to carry the foreign
DNA into the host cell
B. to identify the source
of DNA as foreign
C. to identify the host cell that has
taken up the gene of interest
D. to make the foreign DNA
susceptible to digestion with
enzymes
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Chapter Assessment
Questions
What is the genotypic ratio of the
offspring in the cross to the right?
0%
B
0%
A
B
C
D
0%
0%
D
1.
2.
3.
4.
C
1:2:1
1:1
All are homozygous recessive.
All are heterozygous.
A
A.
B.
C.
D.