Instructor E-Sources
PowerPoint™ Presentation
Chapter 2
Spaniards in a Far Northern Frontera
The History of Texas
Harlan Davidson, Inc.
History of Texas, 4e
© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.
1
Learning Outcomes (2)
• be knowledgeable concerning frontier
institutions & their impact on Texas culture
and society
• think about the implications of Indian
accommodation & resistance in the Far
Northern Frontera
• appreciate the relationship between Bourbon
reforms & the independence movement
• cite the key components of Spain’s legacy in
the colonial era
History of Texas, 4e
© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.
2
Chapter 2
Spaniards in a Far Northern Frontera
• Settling New Spain’s Far North
– Crown motivations for settlement
• Expand imperial control
• Buffer against French & British
– Motives of frontier peoples
• Escape unemployment, natural disasters, excessive
taxation, ethnic prejudice, & other hardships
• Opportunity to acquire land & improve economic
status
History of Texas, 4e
© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.
3
The Far Northern Frontera
• Settler problems
– Fear relocation to unknown hinterland
– Settled parts of New Spain face labor
shortages ― discourage migrations
– Lack of regional infrastructure & isolation
– Resistance of Native peoples
• By 1800 Spanish Texas remains least
inhabited part of New Spain
History of Texas, 4e
© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.
4
Frontier Institutions
• Missions in Spanish Texas
– Responsibility
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•
•
•
Catholicism sole religion – state subsidized
Guard the Frontier
Christianize native peoples
Minister to families, soldiers, & government officials
– Missionization limited
• Started 1738: Church of San Fernando in San
Antonio
• Only mission in Texas at mid-eighteenth century
History of Texas, 4e
© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.
5
Frontier Institutions
• Presidios in Spanish Texas
– Responsibility
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•
•
•
Function as agents of defense
Serve as trade centers
Attract pioneers seeking security
Assist missionization process
– Discipline Indians
– Help maintain mission Indian labor force
– Social & economic development
• Provide work
• Place to exchange goods & services
History of Texas, 4e
© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.
6
History of Texas, 4e
© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.
7
Frontier Institutions
• The ranching frontier & the cattle trade
– Mid-18th century cattle ranching expands
– Livestock markets connect Texas to neighboring
provinces & Louisiana
– Semi-subsistence agriculture develops
• Town living
– Civilian settlements scarce in 18th century
– Urban problems of disease & limited access to services
• Camino Real connects Texas to Mexico
History of Texas, 4e
© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.
8
Frontier Society
• Cultural traditions of New Spain
modified
– Wide range of ethnic identities & wealth
– Slavery limited
– Tejana legal rights under Spanish law
• Women allowed to hold material assets
• More rights than French & British North
American women
History of Texas, 4e
© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.
9
Indian Accommodation & Resistance
• Hispanicized Native Americans
– Resistance to missionization
– Warfare, disease, territorial violations,
decimate Karankawans, Jumanoes, &
Coahuiltecan culture
– Caddos retain homelands until 1850s
• Apaches & Comanches resist white
interlopers
History of Texas, 4e
© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.
10
The Bourbon Reforms
• Streamlining colonial administration
– José de Gálvez fact-finding in Mexico
– Marqués de Rubí inspecting la frontera
• End of Spanish Era
– Imperial intrusion resented
– Secularization of Missions
• Few Native Americans Christianized or Hispanicized
– Three major settlements in place: San Antonio, Goliad,
& Nacogdoches
– Illegal trade & drive for Mexican autonomy increase
– Tejanos develop distinct character
History of Texas, 4e
© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.
11
The Spanish Legacy
• 300 Years of Spanish rule in Texas ends
– Few mourn passing
– Case for relocation never strong
• Spanish influence in Texas
– Cultural
• Language & geographical nomenclature
• Cuisine & architecture
– Community property laws
– Debtor protection
History of Texas, 4e
© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.
12
Key Words & Terms (2)
Mexican Era (1821-1836)
Missions
presidios
ranchos
towns
farms
towns
Tejanas
Dona Maria Hinojosa de Balli
Bourbon Reforms
Miguel Hidalgo de Costilla
Juan Bautista de las Casas
Bernardo Gutierrez de Lara
History of Texas, 4e
© 2007, Harlan Davidson, Inc.
Spanish terms & words
mestizaje
Indios barbaros
rancheros
vaqueros
Islenospresidio
gente de razon
cabildo
municipio
alcalde
acequia
corridos
peninsulares
Diez y Seis de Septiembre
reconquista
conquistadores
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