cell? - Warren County Schools

advertisement
Cells & Cell Organelles
Doing Life’s Work
AP Biology
2009-2010
 Contrast mitochondria and chloroplast
Do plants need mitochondria?
 Function of ribosome
 Trace the path of protein synthesis.
 Contrast rough and smooth ER and
functions.
 What is inside of the nucleus?
 What type of cell would have more
mitochondria?
Complete functions of organelles on
page 27 – Don’t do cilia and flagella.
Add cytoskeleton and vesicles.
AP Biology
Test Review
 Contrast cell wall and cell membrane.
 Is there a such thing as a “typical” cell?
 Compare and contrast plant and animal
cell.
Complete functions of organelles on
page 27 – Don’t do cilia and flagella.
Add cytoskeleton and vesicles.
AP Biology
AP Biology
AP Biology
AP Biology
AP Biology
AP Biology
AP Biology
AP Biology
AP Biology
AP Biology
Types of cells
bacteria
cells
Prokaryote
- no organelles
Eukaryotes
- organelles
animal cells
Regents Biology
plant cells
Cell size comparison
most bacteria
Animal cell
Bacterial cell
 1-10 microns
eukaryotic cells
 10-100 microns
Regents Biology
 micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter
 diameter of human hair = ~20 microns
Why study cells?
 Cells  Tissues  Organs  Bodies
bodies are made up of cells
 cells do all the work of life!

Regents Biology
The Work of Life
 What jobs do cells have to do for an organism to live…

“breathe”
 gas exchange: O2 in vs. CO2 out

eat
 take in & digest food

make energy
 ATP

ATP
build molecules
 proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids


remove wastes
control internal conditions
 homeostasis


respond to external environment
build more cells
Regents Biology
 growth, repair, reproduction & development
The Jobs of Cells
 Cells have 3 main jobs

make energy
 need energy for all activities
ATP
 need to clean up waste produced
while making energy

Our organelles
do all these
jobs!
make proteins
 proteins do all the work in a cell,
so we need lots of them

make more cells
 for growth
 to replace damaged or diseased cells
Regents Biology
Organelles - small organelles
 Organelles - perform cellular functions

each structure has a job to do
They’re like
mini-organs!
Regents Biology
Model Animal Cell
Nucleus
 Function
control center of cell
 protects DNA

 instructions for building proteins
 Structures
nuclear membrane
 nucleolus

 ribosome factory

chromosomes
 DNA
Regents Biology
Nuclear Membrane
 Control the


movement of
material in and out
of nucleus.
Surrounds
chromosomes
Double phosolipid
layer DNA
Regents Biology
Cell membrane
phosphate
“head”
 Function
separates cell from outside
 controls what enters or leaves cell

 O2, CO2, food, H2O, nutrients, waste

recognizes signals from other cells
 allows communication between cells
 Structure

double layer of fat
 phospholipid bilayer

receptor molecules
 proteins that
receive
Regents Biology
signals
lipid “tail”
Chromosomes or chromatin
 DNA and proteins located within the
nucleus.
 Chromatin when cell is growing
 Chromosomes condensed chromatin
when dividing
Regents Biology
Cells need workers = proteins!
Steps of Protein Synthesis
1. Nucleolus – make ribosomes
2. Ribosomes – makes protein
3. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) –
packages proteins to be
shipped to Golgo apparatus
4. Golgi apparatus – finishes
proteins and ships out in
vesciles.
Regents Biology
Nucleolus
 Site of ribosome synthesis
Regents Biology
Ribosomes
 Function


protein factories
read instructions to build proteins from DNA
 Structure


some free in cytoplasm
some attached to ER
Ribosomes on ER
Regents Biology
Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Function

works on proteins
 helps complete the
proteins after ribosome builds
them

makes membranes
 Structure

rough ER
 ribosomes attached
 works on proteins
smooth ER - synthesis
lipids and steroids makes
Regents Biology
membranes, store Ca+

Rough E.R.
Rough ER - ribosomes attached
Functions:
1. Phosolipids are made
to be put in membrane
2. Changes or modifies proteins made in
ribosomes.
Regents Biology
Golgi Apparatus
 Function

finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins
 like UPS headquarters
 shipping & receiving department

ships proteins in vesicles
 “UPS trucks”
 Structure

vesicles
carrying proteins
membrane sacs
Regents Biology
transport vesicles
 Function
Lysosomes



digest food Lipids, carbs, and
proteins
clean up & recycle
 digest broken
organelles
lysosomes
small food
particle
vacuole
digesting food
Regents Biology
 Structure

membrane sac of
digestive enzymes
digesting broken
organelles
Vesicles
 Function
moving material
around cell
 storage

small food
particle
 Structure

membrane sac
vacuole filled w/
digestive enzymes
vesicle
vesicle filled w/
Regents Biology
digested nutrients
Vacoules
Plants• Central, large storage area to help plant
remain rigid.
• Storage of chemicals and wastes.
• Flowers - contain pigments attract
insects.
• Poisons to protect plant
Regents Biology
Vacoules – animals and protists
 Paramecium - lives fresh water and
constantly pumps out water.
 Varies from cell to cell - stores waste,
poison, and water.
Regents Biology
Food & water storage
food vacuole
plant cells
central vacuole
animal cells
Regents Biology
contractile
vacuole
Peroxiosomes
 Organelle breaks down fatty acids and
detoxification of alcohol produced by
the body.
Regents Biology
Mitochondria
 Function make energy

make ATP energy from cellular respiration
 sugar + O2  ATP
 fuels the work of life
 Structure

double membrane
in both animal &
plant cells
Regents Biology
ATP
Plants make energy two ways!
 Mitochondria

ATP
make energy from sugar + O2
 cellular respiration
 sugar + O2  ATP
 Chloroplasts

make energy + sugar from sunlight
 photosynthesis
 sunlight + CO2  ATP & sugar
 ATP = active energy
 sugar = stored energy

Regents Biology
build leaves & roots & fruit
out of the sugars
sugar
ATP
Cytoplasm
 Everything inside the cell between the
cell membrane and the nucleus;
consists of semi - fluid and organelles.
Regents Biology
Mitochondria are in both cells!!
animal cells
plant cells
mitochondria
Regents Biology
chloroplast
cytoplasm
jelly-like material
around organelles
central vacuole
storage: food,
water or waste
cell wall
support
mitochondria
make ATP in
cellular respiration
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
signals
Regents Biology
chloroplast
make ATP & sugars in
photosynthesis
lysosome
digestion & clean up
cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
transport inside cells
storage
lysosome
food digestion
garbage disposal &
recycling
ribosomes
builds proteins
mitochondria
make ATP energy
from sugar + O2
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
signals
Regents Biology
nucleus
protects DNA
controls cell
ER
helps finish proteins
makes membranes
Golgi apparatus
finishes, packages
& ships proteins
nucleus
control cell
protects DNA
nucleolus
make ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum
processes proteins
makes membranes
ribosomes
make proteins
cytoplasm
jelly-like material
around organelles
central vacuole
storage: food,
water or waste
Golgi apparatus
finish & ship
proteins
cell wall
support
mitochondria
make ATP in
cellular respiration
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
signals
Regents Biology
chloroplast
make ATP & sugars in
photosynthesis
lysosome
digestion & clean up
Cytoskeleton
 Acts as skeleton



and muscle
Provides shape and
structure
Helps move
organelles around
the cell
Made of three types
of filaments
Regents Biology
Microtubules
 Straight hollow


tubes
Support and give
shape to the cell.
Grow from
centriole in animal
cells during
mitosis
Regents Biology
Intermediate fibers
 Reinforce the

shape of the cell
Anchor organelles
Regents Biology
Microfilaments
 Cell movements
 Support cell shape
inside cell
membrane
Regents Biology
Centrioles
 Function

help coordinate cell division
 only in animal cells
 Structure

one pair in each cell
Regents Biology
Cell Summary
 Cells have 3 main jobs

make energy
 need food + O2
 cellular respiration & photosynthesis
 need to remove wastes

make proteins
Our organelles
do all those
jobs!
 need instructions from DNA
 need to chain together amino acids & “finish”
& “ship” the protein

make more cells
 need to copy DNA & divide it up to daughter cells
Regents Biology
That’s my
cellular story…
Any Questions?
AP Biology
2009-2010
Download