Cells & Cell Organelles
Doing Life’s Work
AP Biology
2009-2010
 Contrast mitochondria and chloroplast
Do plants need mitochondria?
 Function of ribosome
 Trace the path of protein synthesis.
 Contrast rough and smooth ER and
functions.
 What is inside of the nucleus?
 What type of cell would have more
mitochondria?
Complete functions of organelles on
page 27 – Don’t do cilia and flagella.
Add cytoskeleton and vesicles.
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Test Review
 Contrast cell wall and cell membrane.
 Is there a such thing as a “typical” cell?
 Compare and contrast plant and animal
cell.
Complete functions of organelles on
page 27 – Don’t do cilia and flagella.
Add cytoskeleton and vesicles.
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Types of cells
bacteria
cells
Prokaryote
- no organelles
Eukaryotes
- organelles
animal cells
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plant cells
Cell size comparison
most bacteria
Animal cell
Bacterial cell
 1-10 microns
eukaryotic cells
 10-100 microns
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 micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter
 diameter of human hair = ~20 microns
Why study cells?
 Cells  Tissues  Organs  Bodies
bodies are made up of cells
 cells do all the work of life!

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The Work of Life
 What jobs do cells have to do for an organism to live…

“breathe”
 gas exchange: O2 in vs. CO2 out

eat
 take in & digest food

make energy
 ATP

ATP
build molecules
 proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids


remove wastes
control internal conditions
 homeostasis


respond to external environment
build more cells
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 growth, repair, reproduction & development
The Jobs of Cells
 Cells have 3 main jobs

make energy
 need energy for all activities
ATP
 need to clean up waste produced
while making energy

Our organelles
do all these
jobs!
make proteins
 proteins do all the work in a cell,
so we need lots of them

make more cells
 for growth
 to replace damaged or diseased cells
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Organelles - small organelles
 Organelles - perform cellular functions

each structure has a job to do
They’re like
mini-organs!
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Model Animal Cell
Nucleus
 Function
control center of cell
 protects DNA

 instructions for building proteins
 Structures
nuclear membrane
 nucleolus

 ribosome factory

chromosomes
 DNA
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Nuclear Membrane
 Control the


movement of
material in and out
of nucleus.
Surrounds
chromosomes
Double phosolipid
layer DNA
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Cell membrane
phosphate
“head”
 Function
separates cell from outside
 controls what enters or leaves cell

 O2, CO2, food, H2O, nutrients, waste

recognizes signals from other cells
 allows communication between cells
 Structure

double layer of fat
 phospholipid bilayer

receptor molecules
 proteins that
receive
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signals
lipid “tail”
Chromosomes or chromatin
 DNA and proteins located within the
nucleus.
 Chromatin when cell is growing
 Chromosomes condensed chromatin
when dividing
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Cells need workers = proteins!
Steps of Protein Synthesis
1. Nucleolus – make ribosomes
2. Ribosomes – makes protein
3. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) –
packages proteins to be
shipped to Golgo apparatus
4. Golgi apparatus – finishes
proteins and ships out in
vesciles.
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Nucleolus
 Site of ribosome synthesis
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Ribosomes
 Function


protein factories
read instructions to build proteins from DNA
 Structure


some free in cytoplasm
some attached to ER
Ribosomes on ER
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Function

works on proteins
 helps complete the
proteins after ribosome builds
them

makes membranes
 Structure

rough ER
 ribosomes attached
 works on proteins
smooth ER - synthesis
lipids and steroids makes
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membranes, store Ca+

Rough E.R.
Rough ER - ribosomes attached
Functions:
1. Phosolipids are made
to be put in membrane
2. Changes or modifies proteins made in
ribosomes.
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Golgi Apparatus
 Function

finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins
 like UPS headquarters
 shipping & receiving department

ships proteins in vesicles
 “UPS trucks”
 Structure

vesicles
carrying proteins
membrane sacs
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transport vesicles
 Function
Lysosomes



digest food Lipids, carbs, and
proteins
clean up & recycle
 digest broken
organelles
lysosomes
small food
particle
vacuole
digesting food
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 Structure

membrane sac of
digestive enzymes
digesting broken
organelles
Vesicles
 Function
moving material
around cell
 storage

small food
particle
 Structure

membrane sac
vacuole filled w/
digestive enzymes
vesicle
vesicle filled w/
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digested nutrients
Vacoules
Plants• Central, large storage area to help plant
remain rigid.
• Storage of chemicals and wastes.
• Flowers - contain pigments attract
insects.
• Poisons to protect plant
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Vacoules – animals and protists
 Paramecium - lives fresh water and
constantly pumps out water.
 Varies from cell to cell - stores waste,
poison, and water.
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Food & water storage
food vacuole
plant cells
central vacuole
animal cells
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contractile
vacuole
Peroxiosomes
 Organelle breaks down fatty acids and
detoxification of alcohol produced by
the body.
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Mitochondria
 Function make energy

make ATP energy from cellular respiration
 sugar + O2  ATP
 fuels the work of life
 Structure

double membrane
in both animal &
plant cells
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ATP
Plants make energy two ways!
 Mitochondria

ATP
make energy from sugar + O2
 cellular respiration
 sugar + O2  ATP
 Chloroplasts

make energy + sugar from sunlight
 photosynthesis
 sunlight + CO2  ATP & sugar
 ATP = active energy
 sugar = stored energy

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build leaves & roots & fruit
out of the sugars
sugar
ATP
Cytoplasm
 Everything inside the cell between the
cell membrane and the nucleus;
consists of semi - fluid and organelles.
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Mitochondria are in both cells!!
animal cells
plant cells
mitochondria
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chloroplast
cytoplasm
jelly-like material
around organelles
central vacuole
storage: food,
water or waste
cell wall
support
mitochondria
make ATP in
cellular respiration
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
signals
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chloroplast
make ATP & sugars in
photosynthesis
lysosome
digestion & clean up
cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
transport inside cells
storage
lysosome
food digestion
garbage disposal &
recycling
ribosomes
builds proteins
mitochondria
make ATP energy
from sugar + O2
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
signals
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nucleus
protects DNA
controls cell
ER
helps finish proteins
makes membranes
Golgi apparatus
finishes, packages
& ships proteins
nucleus
control cell
protects DNA
nucleolus
make ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum
processes proteins
makes membranes
ribosomes
make proteins
cytoplasm
jelly-like material
around organelles
central vacuole
storage: food,
water or waste
Golgi apparatus
finish & ship
proteins
cell wall
support
mitochondria
make ATP in
cellular respiration
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
signals
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chloroplast
make ATP & sugars in
photosynthesis
lysosome
digestion & clean up
Cytoskeleton
 Acts as skeleton



and muscle
Provides shape and
structure
Helps move
organelles around
the cell
Made of three types
of filaments
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Microtubules
 Straight hollow


tubes
Support and give
shape to the cell.
Grow from
centriole in animal
cells during
mitosis
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Intermediate fibers
 Reinforce the

shape of the cell
Anchor organelles
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Microfilaments
 Cell movements
 Support cell shape
inside cell
membrane
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Centrioles
 Function

help coordinate cell division
 only in animal cells
 Structure

one pair in each cell
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Cell Summary
 Cells have 3 main jobs

make energy
 need food + O2
 cellular respiration & photosynthesis
 need to remove wastes

make proteins
Our organelles
do all those
jobs!
 need instructions from DNA
 need to chain together amino acids & “finish”
& “ship” the protein

make more cells
 need to copy DNA & divide it up to daughter cells
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That’s my
cellular story…
Any Questions?
AP Biology
2009-2010