Ch. 38-39 DO NOT WRITE ON EXAM: Pick the best answer.
1.When he became attorney general, Robert Kennedy sought to refocus the attention of the FBI on
a. organized crime and civil rights.
b. communist spies and terrorism.
c. political corruption and campaign law violations.
d. illegal immigration and drug trading.
e. automobile theft and illegal weapons.
2. When he took office in 1961, President Kennedy chose to try to stimulate the sluggish economy through
a. a massive foreign-aid program.
b. large-scale government spending programs.
c. a tax cut.
d. reducing expenditures on the space program.
e. a looser monetary policy.
3. Kennedy was often cautious and frustrated in advancing social reform and civil rights legislation because
a. he was looking forward to winning a much larger mandate in the election of 1964.
b. the civil rights movement's militant demands undercut public support for moderate reform.
c. his own vice president, Lyndon Johnson, lobbied against the legislation behind his back.
d. conservative southern Democrats controlled key Congressional committees.
e. Republican majorities in the Senate blocked his legislative proposals.
4.The essential purpose of President Kennedy's promise to land a man on the moon by the end of the 1960s was
to
a. restore American prestige in the space race damaged by the Soviets' Sputnik.
b. develop the possibility of deploying American weapons in outer space.
c. engage in scientific and astronomical study of the moon and the solar system.
d. provide investments and jobs in the key states of Texas and Florida.
e. use the space program to develop new technologies in electronics and other areas.
5. The 1962 Trade Expansion Act
a. cut taxes to increase American purchasing power.
b. provided incentives to American overseas investments.
c. made the United States a member of the Common Market.
d. raised the minimum-wage and Social Security benefits of most working-class Americans.
e. reduced American tariffs.
6. John F. Kennedy's strategy of flexible response
a. was an updated version of John Foster Dulles's doctrine of massive retaliation.
b. was used in his battle with the leadership of the steel industry.
c. called for a variety of military options that could be matched to the scope and importance
of a crisis.
d. required increased spending on a variety of nuclear weapons systems to be deployed
around the world.
e. cut back nuclear weapons in favor of guerrilla forces.
7.American military forces entered Vietnam in order to
a. try to drive the communists out of North Vietnam.
b. help to stage a coup against Ngo Dinh Diem.
c. prevent Ngo Dinh Diem's regime from falling to the communists.
d. establish defensive perimeters around Saigon and other Vietnamese cities.
e. promote democratic reforms in South Vietnam.
8. The Alliance for Progress, which intended to improve economic growth and democratic reforms in Latin
America, was
a. effectively implemented by American Peace Corps volunteers.
b. effective economically but ineffective in developing pro-American sentiment in the
region.
c. generally disappointing.
d. weakened by the Kennedy administration's harsh policies toward Cuba.
e. an incentive for growing Soviet intervention in the region.
9. The Bay of Pigs invasion failed when
a. the Cuban rebel forces lost the Battle of Havana.
b. the anti-Castro exiles were defeated by the Cuban military.
c. the Soviet Union intervened to protect the Castro government.
d. President Kennedy's use of U.S. air power led to the capture of American pilots.
e. anti-Castro Cubans in Florida refused to support the effort.
10. When the Soviet Union attempted to install nuclear weapons in Cuba, President Kennedy ordered
a. the installation of nuclear weapons in Turkey.
b. surgical air strikes against the missile sites.
c. the invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs.
d. resumption of atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons.
e. a naval quarantine of that island.
11. The Cuban missile crisis resulted in all of the following except
a. U.S. agreement to abandon the American base at Guantanamo.
b. the removal of Nikita Khrushchev from power in the Soviet Union.
c. a U.S. promise not to invade Cuba.
d. an ambitious program of military expansion by the Soviet Union.
e. withdrawal of U.S. missiles in Turkey.
12. In a speech at American University in 1963, President Kennedy recommended the adoption of a policy
toward the Soviet Union based on
a. flexible response.
b. massive retaliation.
c. peaceful coexistence.
d. gradual escalation.
e. containment.
13.At first, John F. Kennedy moved very slowly in the area of racial justice because he
a. did not support civil rights.
b. needed the support of southern legislators to pass his economic and social legislation.
c. had not pledged any action in this area during his campaign.
d. believed that initiatives in this area should come from the Supreme Court and Congress.
e. was suspicious of Martin Luther King.
14. The Freedom Riders
a. protested segregation by torching buses on segregated routes.
b. sought to end segregation in facilities serving interstate bus passengers.
c. were involved in the sit-ins across the South to end segregation.
d. were African Americans who sought to integrate public school buses.
e. None of these
15. President John Kennedy and Attorney General Robert Kennedy began to join hands with the civil rights
movement when they
a. sent federal marshals to protect the Freedom Riders.
b. ordered the FBI to remove the wiretap from Martin Luther King, Jr.'s phone.
c. secured passage of the Voting Rights Act.
d. journeyed south to support the registration of black voters.
e. ordered the immediate desegregation of schools.
16. President Kennedy ordered hundreds of federal marshals and thousands of federal troops to force the
racial integration of
a. Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas.
b. Louisiana State University.
c. the lunch counters of Greensboro, North Carolina.
d. the bus stations in Birmingham, Alabama.
e. the University of Mississippi.
17. American and world public opinion turned strongly in favor of the civil rights movement when
a. Senator Barry Goldwater came out in favor of the civil rights bill.
b. Martin Luther King led a successful nonviolent march from Selma to Montgomery,
Alabama.
c. J. Edgar Hoover's wiretaps on Martin Luther King were exposed.
d. Martin Luther King's peaceful demonstrators were viciously attacked in Birmingham.
e. Martin Luther King met with President Kennedy at the White House.
18.The 1963 March on Washington led by Martin Luther King, Jr., provided critical support for
a. the War on Poverty.
b. the Democratic party.
c. the Voting Rights bill.
d. the civil rights bill to end segregation.
e. jobs and medicare.
19. During the 1963 March on Washington, Martin Luther King, Jr., delivered his famous "I Have A Dream
Speech," in which he proclaimed
a. that blacks would become more militant if their rights were not secured.
b. that a black man would one day be president
c. that his children would one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color
of their skin.
d. All of these
e. None of these
20. At the time of his death, President John Kennedy's civil rights bill
a. had been passed, much to the satisfaction of African Americans.
b. had been passed, but greatly weakened by amendments.
c. was still bogged down in Congress.
d. was on the desk waiting to be signed into law.
e. was locked in a filibuster in the U.S. Senate.
21. President Kennedy's alleged assassin was
a. Jack Ruby.
b. Lee Harvey Oswald.
c. Medgar Evers.
d. James Earl Ray.
e. an agent of Fidel Castro.
22. President Johnson called his package of domestic reform proposals the
a. Great Crusade.
b. Fair Deal.
c. New Frontier.
d. Johnson Revolution.
e. Great Society.
23. Besides eliminating segregation and racial discrimination in public facilities and employment, Title VII of
the Civil Rights Act of 1964 included a provision that
a. laid the foundation for busing to achieve integration.
b. prohibited sexual as well as racial discrimination.
c. established the principle of affirmative action in college admissions.
d. protected the rights of Latino immigrants to speak Spanish in schools.
e. protected gays against discrimination in employment.
24. Opponents of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act calculated that
a. they had enough votes from senators and congressmen opposed to racial equality to tank
the bill.
b. it would fail because liberals would not be able to support legislation that would end laws
that gave women special protections.
c. it would be derailed by the inclusion of sexual orientation in the new law.
d. discrimination in hiring would not be eliminated by this law.
e. None of these
25. The War on Poverty was inspired by
a. the sickness and dire conditions President Johnson witnessed in the mining regions of
Appalachia.
b. Michael Harrington's book The Other America.
c. increasing public faith that an affluent nation such as America should be able to end
poverty.
d. None of these
e. All of these
26. With the passage of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
a. the United States declared war on Vietnam.
b. Congress handed the president a blank check to use further force in Vietnam.
c. the military was given the authority to use tactical nuclear weapons.
d. Congress maintained its war-declaring power.
e. the goals of American military involvement in Vietnam were clear.
27. After the passage of the Civil Rights Act in 1964, the chief goal of the black civil rights movement in the
South became to
a. secure the right to vote.
b. end discrimination in housing.
c. gain equality in education.
d. prohibit racial discrimination in employment.
e. integrate private social clubs and organizations.
28. As a result of the Voting Rights Act of 1965
a. whites left the South in record numbers.
b. centuries of discrimination and oppression ended.
c. whites refused to do business with blacks.
d. white southerners began to court black votes.
e. the South became strongly Democratic.
29. The Watts riot in 1965 symbolized
a. the still-troubled racial situation in the South.
b. the rise of the Black Muslim movement in Los Angeles.
c. a more militant and confrontational phase of the civil rights movement.
d. the power of Martin Luther King in the black community.
e. the ineffectiveness of the Voting Rights Act.
30. The militant African American leader who most directly challenged Martin Luther King, Jr.'s goal of
peaceful integration was
a. Medgar Evers.
b. Malcolm X.
c. Fannie Lou Hamer.
d. Marcus Garvey.
e. Ralph Abernathy.
31.By 1972, public schools in the South were
a. integrated at higher rates than schools in the North.
b. integrated at lower rates than schools in the North.
c. taught primarily by teachers trained in northern colleges.
d. continuing to close their doors rather than admit blacks to all-white schools.
e. the final hold-outs against efforts at racial equality.
32. Aerial bombardment in Vietnam
a. worked very well.
b. strengthened the communists' will to resist.
c. strengthened the will of America's South Vietnamese allies to fight.
d. had no effect on the war.
e. destroyed North Vietnamese industry.
33. The focal point of congressional opposition to Lyndon Johnson's Vietnam War policy was
a. the Republican party in both the Senate and the House.
b. the Senate office of Vice President Hubert Humphrey.
c. Senator Richard Russell's Armed Services Committee.
d. the House Ways and Means Committee.
e. Senator William Fulbright's Foreign Relations Committee.
34.During the Vietnam War, President Lyndon Johnson ordered the CIA, in clear violation of its charter, to
a. lead an invasion of Cambodia.
b. spy on domestic antiwar protestors.
c. infiltrate FBI headquarters.
d. help destabilize the government of Thailand.
e. protect prowar presidential candidates.
35. The political challenge to President Johnson's Vietnam policies gained great momentum when
a. the Senate voted to cut off funds for any further escalation of the war.
b. the favorite for the Republican nomination, Richard Nixon, began opposing the war.
c. third-party challenger George Wallace began criticizing Johnson.
d. Vice President Hubert Humphrey turned against Johnson's policies.
e. Senator Eugene McCarthy nearly defeated Johnson in the New Hampshire Democratic
primary.
36. The attempt to nominate an antiwar Democratic candidate for president in 1968 suffered a crippling blow
when
a. Senator Eugene McCarthy withdrew from the race before the Democratic convention.
b. Senator Robert Kennedy was assassinated after winning the California primary.
c. pro-war vice president Hubert Humphrey won the Oregon and California primaries.
d. militant leftist demonstrators at the Chicago convention caused a backlash in favor of
Humphrey.
e. public opinion turned back in favor of the war after the Tet offensive.
37. The 1968 Democratic party convention witnessed
a. a long deadlock over the nomination of its presidential candidate.
b. a violent conflict between police and antiwar demonstrators outside the convention hall.
c. a walkout by hundreds of southern delegates, who then founded the Independent party.
d. the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy soon after he delivered a speech at the convention.
e. the enthusiastic nomination of Vice President Humphrey.
38. In the worldwide youthful protests of 1968, the movement in ____ succeeded in toppling the government,
while the movement in ____ ended in harsh repression and failure.
a. the United States; France
b. Poland; France
c. Germany; Britain
d. France; Czechoslovakia
e. Japan; the United States
39. The skepticism about authority that emerged in the United States during the 1960s
a. was a new phenomenon for America.
b. did not occur anywhere else in the world at that time.
c. touched all institutions except religion.
d. had deep historical roots in American culture.
e. arose from the music and drugs of the time.
40. The three P's that largely explain the cultural upheavals of the 1960s are
a. poverty, political radicalism, and protest against authority.
b. public schools, parietal rules, and parental restrictions.
c. population bulge, protest against Vietnam, and prosperity.
d. patriotism, prowar enthusiasm, and perfectionism.
e. the pill, pot, and popular rock music.
42.One reason for the end of the postwar economic boom in the 1970s was
a. the entry of large numbers of women in the workforce.
b. the Arab oil embargo.
c. a decline in technological innovation.
d. a lack of government safety and health regulations.
e. a drastic decline in worker productivity.
43. Although the median income of American families stagnated from 1970s to 1990, the reason it didn't
decline was
a. people logged more hours.
b. people were paid at a higher rate.
c. wives' wages maintained the family income.
d. people had fewer children.
e. All of these
44. Lyndon Johnson's insistence on fighting the Vietnam War and funding the Great Society without a tax
increase to pay for them led to
a. a drastic inflation of prices in the 1970s.
b. a decline in the competitive advantage of American business.
c. severe cutbacks in the size of the federal government.
d. a taxpayer revolt.
e. a growing reliance on overseas trade to sustain the American economy.
45. The Nixon Doctrine proclaimed that
a. America's Asian allies would have to fight their wars without large numbers of American
troops.
b. the United States would supply only economic aid to its allies.
c. the United would make détente with the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China
its highest diplomatic priority.
d. all American allies must commit troops to fight communism if necessary.
e. the United States would maintain naval and air bases in East Asia but not send ground
troops to fight on the Asian mainland.
46. Despite his political skills and foreign policy knowledge, Richard Nixon harbored deep and bitter
resentments against
a. the conservative, Goldwater wing of the Republican party.
b. women whom he blamed for undermining traditional conservative values.
c. the Communist great powers, China and the Soviet Union, which threatened America.
d. the Catholic Church that be believed looked down on his own Quaker religion.
e. the liberal establishment that had fought him throughout his career.
47. The American armed forces in Vietnam were composed largely of
a. marines.
b. African Americans.
c. soldiers in their middle and late twenties.
d. the least privileged young Americans.
e. professional career soldiers.
48. In 1971, a group of Vietnam War veterans in the U.S.
a. tossed their medals in front of the Capital building to protest against the war.
b. fought the antiwar movement with a demonstration on behalf of U.S. soldiers.
c. protested the lack of medical care and benefits for returning soldiers.
d. encouraged young men in Times Square, NY, to enlist in the U.S. military.
e. supported expanded roles for women in the military.
49. President Nixon's 1970 invasion of Cambodia led to
a. a successful suppression of Viet Cong gains in South Vietnam.
b. congressional approval for an expanded war effort.
c. a growing threat from China to enter the war on the side of North Vietnam.
d. dramatic new waves of bitter domestic protest against the war.
e. an end to the secret American bombing campaign against Cambodia.
50. The ____ Amendment ____ the voting age to ____.
a. Twenty-Sixth; raised; twenty-one
b. Twenty-Fourth; lowered; eighteen
c. Twenty-Fifth; raised; nineteen
d. Twenty-Sixth; lowered; eighteen
e. Twenty-Sixth; lowered; sixteen
51. The top-secret Pentagon Papers, leaked and published in 1971
a. revealed President Nixon's role in the Watergate scandal.
b. documented the North Vietnamese attack in the Gulf of Tonkin.
c. exposed President Nixon's secret bombing war of Cambodia.
d. was the first the American public knew of the Nixon Doctrine.
e. exposed the deception that had led the United States into the Vietnam War.
52. President Nixon's chief foreign policy adviser, throughout his administration, was
a. Henry Kissinger.
b. John Dean III.
c. Spiro Agnew.
d. Gerald Ford.
e. Donald Rumsfeld.
53.Richard Nixon's policy of détente
a. was designed to improve relations between the Soviet Union and China.
b. was aimed at ending the division of Germany and Korea.
c. was a failure.
d. found support in the Democratic party but not the Republican party.
e. ushered in an era of relaxed tensions between the United States and the two leading
communist powers, China and the Soviet Union.
54. In Griswold v. Connecticut, the Supreme Court upheld a married couple's right to use contraceptives
based on
a. the necessary and proper clause of the Constitution.
b. the First Amendment.
c. a right to privacy.
d. Roe v. Wade.
e. the Fifth Amendment.
55. The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Earl Warren, outraged religious conservatives in 1962-1963
when it
a. declared a woman's right to an abortion.
b. ruled that prayer and Bible reading in public schools violated the First Amendment.
c. prohibited the display of religious symbols in government buildings.
d. ruled that parochial students could not ride on public school buses.
e. declared that the practice of having congressional chaplains was unconstitutional.
56. When it came to welfare programs, Richard Nixon
a. sought to exclude African Americans.
b. tried to repeal only food stamps and Medicaid.
c. did little to reduce the poverty rate.
d. did his best to do away with Lyndon Johnson's Great Society programs.
e. supported significant expansion in many areas.
57. Richard Nixon's legislation guaranteeing that Social Security raises would be indexed to guarantee against
inflation
a. enabled the Republican party to gain ownership of the Social Security issue over the
Democrats.
b. was economically supported by an increase in Social Security taxes.
c. actually contributed to increased inflation in the 1970s.
d. was an exception to Nixon's general hostility to Social Security.
e. further demonstrated Nixon's support for the elderly and hostility to younger people.
58. Richard Nixon's Philadelphia Plan
a. was a direct attack on affirmative action.
b. aimed at giving direct economic assistance to business.
c. attempted to counter the Supreme Court's opposition to affirmative action.
d. required construction trade unions to establish timetables and goals for hiring black
apprentices.
e. aimed to renovate inner cities like those in Philadelphia.
59.All of the following were created during Richard Nixon's presidency except
a. the Environmental Protection Agency.
b. Supplemental Security Income for the blind, disabled, and indigent aged.
c. the Endangered Species Act.
d. the Occupational Health and Safety Administration.
e. the Medicare program.
60. To control creeping inflation in the early 1970s, President Richard Nixon
a. imposed a ninety-day wage and price freeze.
b. put the United States back on the gold standard.
c. sought a system of international currency stabilization.
d. lowered Social Security payments.
e. pressured the Federal Reserve Board to raise interest rates.
61. Richard Nixon's southern strategy included the policy of
a. completely overhauling the welfare system.
b. ending the Vietnam War.
c. moving nearly all military bases to the southern states.
d. appointing only southerners to the Supreme Court.
e. soft-pedaling civil rights and opposing school busing to achieve racial balance.
62. George McGovern, the Democratic nominee for the presidency in 1972, alienated the traditional working
class backbone of the Democratic party
a. by advocating a cut in Social Security.
b. when he advocated an end to the Vietnam War.
c. when it was discovered that he had undergone psychiatric care.
d. by appealing to racial minorities, feminists, and youth.
e. by opposing the power of labor unions.
63. The shaky agreement that brought an end to American fighting in Vietnam in January 1973 represented
a. a thinly disguised American retreat.
b. an end to warfare in Vietnam.
c. the establishment of a unified, neutral Vietnam.
d. the achievement of the essential American goals in the war.
e. a vote of confidence in the South Vietnamese government's ability to defeat the
communists.
64. As part of the cease-fire agreement in Vietnam in 1973
a. the United States ended the bombing of Cambodia.
b. the United States stopped all economic and military aid to South Vietnam.
c. North Vietnam withdrew all its troops from South Vietnam.
d. the Viet Cong joined a coalition government in South Vietnam.
e. the United States withdrew all its troops from Vietnam.
65.As a result of U.S. support for Israel in 1973, when it was attacked by Egypt and Syria
a. Israel took control of Syria.
b. America had to reduce its aid to other nations.
c. Arab nations placed an embargo on oil to America.
d. the Soviet Union started sending arms to Syria.
e. Israel was able to seize the Suez Canal.
66. America's strong support for Israel in the 1973 Arab-Israeli War led to
a. a vigorous effort to end America's reliance on imported oil.
b. considerably lower energy prices for European countries that had remained neutral in the
war.
c. an increasing alliance between Arab nations and the Soviet Union.
d. America's growing reliance on Iran as its major source of Middle Eastern oil.
e. an OPEC oil boycott of the United States and a subsequent energy crisis and recession.
67. The list of Nixon illegal administration activities uncovered in the Watergate scandal included all of the
following except
a. breaking into the Democratic party headquarters in order to bug them.
b. paying Supreme Court justices to write favorable opinions.
c. using the Internal Revenue Service to harass its enemies.
d. forging documents to discredit Democrats.
e. using the FBI and CIA to cover up previous crimes.
68. Richard Nixon tried to resist giving his taped conversations to the special prosecutor and the Congress by
claiming that
a. portions of the tape were erased.
b. they were his private property.
c. he had executive privilege (confidentiality).
d. they were inaudible.
e. it would violate his right to privacy.
69.The most controversial action of Gerald Ford's presidency was
a. signing the Helsinki accords with the Soviet Union.
b. frantically evacuating the last Americans and Vietnamese by helicopter during the fall of
South Vietnam to the communists.
c. arranging the deal whereby Nixon resigned the president.
d. pardoning Nixon for any known or unknown crimes he had committed while president.
e. pardoning Vietnam War draft resisters and evaders.
70. The Helsinki accords, signed by Gerald Ford and leaders of thirty-four other nations,
a. legitimated Soviet-dictated boundaries in Eastern Europe, while spawning human rights
efforts there.
b. rejected the Soviet-directed boundary of Poland.
c. proved to many Americans that détente was still a two-way street.
d. was condemned by West Germany as meaningless.
e. were strongly opposed by the new Polish pope, John Paul II.
71. When the North Vietnamese launched a full-scale invasion of South Vietnam in 1975,
a. the United States provided even more military aid to South Vietnam.
b. the Chinese intervened to seek a neutral settlement.
c. the United States renewed bombing against North Vietnam.
d. all the South Vietnamese who supported the United States were trapped inside the country.
e. the South Vietnamese government quickly collapsed.
72. The "boat people" were
a. Vietnamese immigrants who fled to the U.S. immediately after the fall of Saigon.
b. Cuban refugees who fled communism and landed in Florida.
c. a second wave of Vietnamese people who sought to escape oppressive communist regimes
for freedom.
d. Cambodians who came to the U.S. seeking a better life after the Vietnam War.
e. None of these
73. The Supreme Court case of Roe v. Wade declared state laws prohibiting abortion were unconstitutional
because they
a. violated the First Amendment by using a religious definition of person.
b. violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment by placing a particular
burden on women not placed on men.
c. wrote into law a particular philosophical and scientific view of human life that imposed
unfair treatment on those who disagreed.
d. violated the Fifth Amendment by interfering with doctors' professional medical practices.
e. violated a woman's constitutional right to privacy in her own person.
74. The oil shocks of the 1970s brought home to Americans the stunning fact that
a. the private automobile was not sustainable as the major mode of transportation.
b. they would have to invest in new forms of energy.
c. the United States had run completely out of oil.
d. the United States would have to become militarily engaged in the Middle East conflicts.
e. their economy was increasingly dependent on foreign trade and the global economy.
75. The SALT II Treaty between the Soviet Union and the United States died in the Senate when the Soviets
a. refused to sign the Helsinki accords.
b. cracked down on Soviet dissidents.
c. halted the immigration of Soviet Jews to Israel.
d. helped Muslim fundamentalists to overthrow the shah of Iran.
e. invaded Afghanistan.
76. President Carter's malaise speech was notable for
a. demonstrating his close ties to the American people and the mood of the country.
b. predicting the economic downturn of the 1970s.
c. forecasting the future problems the nation would face if it did not address its dependency
on foreign oil.
d. chiding Americans for falling into a moral and spiritual crisis in their quest to acquire
material goods.
e. inspiring Americans to become more involved in their communities and local government.
77. The most humiliating failure during the Iran hostage crisis came when
a. the militant Muslim Ayatollah Khomeini overthrew the Shah of Iran.
b. America's allies refused to condemn the hostage takeover.
c. President Carter's attempted mission to rescue the hostages ended in disaster.
d. some of the U.S. hostages took the side of their Iranian captors.
e. the Iranians demonstrated their ability to drive up American oil prices.
78.The guiding principle of President Carter's foreign policy was
a. isolationism.
b. containment.
c. détente.
d. unilateralism.
e. human rights.
79.The first wave of feminism grew out of the ____ movement, and the second wave of feminism grew out of
the ____ movement.
a. abolitionist; civil rights
b. prohibition; black power
c. peace; environmental
d. progressive; antiwar
e. evangelical revival; gay
80. On which of the following issues did most second wave feminists agree?
a. Marriage
b. How much to expect from the government, capitalism, and men
c. Pornography
d. Abortion rights
e. Maternity leaves and special protections for women in the workplace