EOI Review Pictures
Biology
EOI next
week!
1
Pyramid of Energy
• Illustrates that the
amount of
available energy
_______ at each
decreases
succeeding
trophic level.
Heat
Heat
0.1% Consumers
1% Consumers
10%
Heat
Consumers
100%
Producers
Heat
2
Pyramid of Numbers
Fox (1)
Birds (25)
Grasshoppers
(250)
Grasses
(3000)
• Shows that
population
sizes ________
decreases
at each higher
trophic level.
3
Pyramid of Biomass
• The total weight of
living matter at each
trophic level. It
represents the total
weight of living
material available at
each trophic level.
1 kilogram of
human tissue
10 kilograms
of beef
100 kilograms
of grain
4
The nitrogen cycle
Nitrogen in the atmosphere
Some excess nitrogen
evaporates from soil.
Dead plant
Urine from matter
Decomposing
animals
organisms
Assimilated
by plants
Nitrogen-fixing
bacteria in the
nodules on roots of
leguminous plants fix
atmospheric nitrogen.
Nitrogen-fixing
soil bacteria
Released to the
atmosphere
Nitrogen
compounds
released into
soils and acted
upon by soil
bacteria
Decomposers—bacteria and fungi—break
down tissues and wastes and nitrogencontaining compounds are released.
Converted to other
nitrogen compounds
by soil bacteria
Food Web
5
Chihuahuan raven
Honey mesquite
(pods eaten by beetles)
Pronghorn
antelope
Gambel
quail
Jackrabbit
Long-tail
weasel
Desert
tortoise
Prickly
pear cactus
Coyote
(top carnivore)
Roadrunner
Kangaroo rat
(seed eater)
ants
Texas horned
lizard
Red spotted
toad
Mexican
whiptail lizard
Mojave
rattlesnake
6
Water Cycle
Condensation
Precipitation
Runoff
Evaporation
Oceans
Groundwater
Evaporation
Transpiration
7
• Two hydrogen
atoms can combine
with each other
by sharing their
electrons.
• Each atom
becomes stable
by _______
sharing its
electron with
the other atom.
Covalent bond
Hydrogen molecule
8
Solution
•a mixture in which one or more substances
(______)
solutes are distributed evenly in another
solvent
substance (______).
• Sugar molecules
in a powdered
drink mix
dissolve easily in
water.
9
The results of diffusion
• When a cell is in
dynamic equilibrium
_________
___________
with its environment,
materials move into
and out of the cell at
equal rates. As a
result, there is no net
change in concentration
inside or outside the cell.
Material moving
out of cell equals
material moving
into cell
10
Mendel
• Who chose to use the
garden pea in his
_________
experiments for
several reasons?
• Garden pea plants reproduce sexually,
which means that they produce male and
gametes
female sex cells, called ________.
11
The rule of dominance
• An uppercase letter is
used for the dominant
allele and a lowercase
letter for the recessive
allele.
• The dominant allele is
always written
first…rule of ?
Short plant
Tall plant
t
T T
t
t
T
F1
All tall plants
T t
12
Monohybrid crosses
Heterozygous
tall parent
T
T
T
t
t
T
t
T
T
TT
Tt
t
t
Tt
tt
t
Heterozygous
tall parent
• A Punnett square
for this cross is
two boxes tall
and two boxes
wide because
each parent can
produce two
kinds of gametes
for this trait.
13
Dihybrid cross
Gametes from RrYy parent
RY
Ry
rY
ry
RRYY
RRYy
RrYY
RrYy
RRYy
RRYy
RrYy
Rryy
RrYY
RrYy
rrYY
rrYy
RrYy
Rryy
rrYy
rryy
Gametes from RrYy parent
RY
Ry
rY
ry
• four boxes on
each side for a
total of 16
boxes.
14
meiosis
Haploid gametes
(n=23)
Sperm Cell
Egg Cell
Fertilization
Diploid zygote
(2n=46)
Multicellular
diploid adults
(2n=46)
• This pattern of
reproduction,
involving the
production and
subsequent
fusion of haploid
sex cells, is called
sexual
reproduction
________________.
15
Homologous Chromosome
a
A
Terminal
Inflated
Tall
Axial
D
d
T
t
Constricted
Short
The two chromosomes
of each pair in a
diploid cell are called
this. Each has genes
for the same traits.
16
Domain
Eukarya
Kingdom
Animalia
Chordata
Phylum
Class
Mammalia
Carnivora
Order
Family
Genus
Felidae
Lynx
SpeciesLynx Lynx
rufus canadensis
Bobcat Lynx
17
Cladistics
Allosaurus
Velociraptor
Robin
Archaeopteryx
Sinornis
Theropods
Feathers with Flight feathers;
3-toed
foot;
Down
Light bones
arms as long
shaft, veins,
wishbone feathers
as legs
and barbs
18
Life History Patterns
• Biologists study the factor that determines population
growth—an organism’s reproductive pattern, also called its
???
Rapid growth
Slow growth
Unpredictable environment Stable environment
Small body size
Large body size
Mature rapidly
Mature slowly
Reproduce early
Reproduce late
Short life span
Long-lived
Ex: Bacteria
Ex: human, tree
• Limiting factors, such as availability of food, disease,
predators, or lack of space, will cause population
growth to slow.
• Under these pressures, the population may stabilize in
an S-shaped growth curve.
• The number of organisms of one species that an
environment can support indefinitely is its ???
carrying
capacity
19
• The graph of a growing population starts out slowly,
then begins to resemble a J-shaped curve.
exponential
• Illustrates _______________
population growth,
meaning that as a population gets larger, it also grows
at a faster rate.
Population size
Population Growth of Houseflies
One year
20
21
Active transport
• A) Process that requires energy in which
cells transport materials across the cell
membrane against a concentration
gradient
• B)
22
Endocytosis
• A) Active transport process where a cell
engulfs materials with a portion of the
cell’s plasma membrane
• B)
23
Exocytosis
• A) Active transport process by which
materials are expelled from a cell
• B)
24
Facilitated diffusion
• A) Passive transport of materials across a
plasma membrane by transport proteins in
the plasma membrane
• B)
25
Hypertonic solution
• A) In cells, solution which
the concentration of
dissolved substances
outside the cell is higher
than the concentration
inside the cell…more water
inside and less water
outside…water leaves the
cell, causing the cell to
shrink
26
Hypotonic solution
• A) In cells, solution in which
the concentration of
dissolved substances is
lower in the solution outside
the cell than the
concentration inside the
cell…more water outside
and less water
inside…water enters the
cell, causing the cell to swell
27
Isotonic solution
• A) In cells, solution in which
the concentration of
dissolved substances in the
solution is the same as the
concentration of dissolved
substances inside the cell.
28
Osmosis
• A) Diffusion of water across a selectively
permeable membrane
• B)
29
Passive transport
• A) Movement of particles across a cell
membrane by diffusion or osmosis; the cell
uses no energy to move the particles
• B)
30
Anaphase
• A) 3rd phase of mitosis in which the
centromeres split and the chromatid pairs
of each chromosome are pulled apart by
microtubules
• B)
31
Cell cycle
• A) Continuous sequence of growth
(interphase) and division (mitosis) in a cell
• B)
32
Centriole
• A) In animal cells, a pair of small
cylindrical structures composed of
microtubules that duplicate during
interphase and move to opposite ends of
the cell during prophase
• B)
33
Centromere
• A) Cell structure that joins 2 sister
chromatids of a chromosome
• B)
34
Chromatin
• A) Long strands of DNA found in the
eukaryotic cell nucleus; condense to form
chromosomes
• B)
35
Chromosome
• A) Cell structures that carry the genetic
material that is copied and passed from
generation to generation of cells
• B)
36
Cytokinesis
• A) Cell process following mitosis or
meiosis in which the cell’s cytoplasm
divides and separates into new cells.
• B)
37
Metaphase
• A) 2nd phase of mitosis where doubled
chromosomes move to the equator of the
spindle and chromatids are attached by
centromeres to a separate spindle fiber.
• B)
38
Mitosis
• A) Period of nuclear cell division in which 2
daughter cells are formed, each containing
a complete set of chromosomes.
• B)
39
Prophase
• A) 1st and longest phase of mitosis where
chromatin coils into visible chromosomes.
• B)
40
Sister chromatid
• A) Identical halves of a duplicated parent
chromosome formed during the prophase
stage of mitosis; the halves are held
together by a centromere.
• B)
Sister
chromatids
41
Spindle
• A) Cell structures composed of
microtubules; forms between the
centrioles during prophase and shorten
during anaphase, pulling apart sister
chromatids.
• B)
42
Telophase
• A) Final phase of mitosis during which new
cells prepare for their own independent
existence.
• B)
43
Gene
• A) Segment of DNA that controls the
protein production and the cell cycle.
• B)
44
• Incomplete Dominance
• appearance of a 3rd
phenotype.
• Example: A homozygous
red-flowered plant (RR)
is crossed with a
homozygous whiteflowered plant (R’R’), all
of the F1 generation
offspring will have PINK
flowers (RR’).
R’
R’
R
R
RR’
RR’
RR’
RR’
45
• Codominance
• Expression of both
alleles
• Example: Black (BB)
rooster crossed with a
white (WW) hen =
checkered (BW) black
and white. (Incomplete
dominance would have
been gray!)
46
• Traits controlled by more
than 2 alleles have this…
• multiple alleles
• Example: Pigeons have 3
alleles that control feather
color.
• BA = ash red
• B = blue
• b = chocolate
47
• The 23rd pair of chromosomes in humans
sex ____________and
chromosomes
are ___
determine the
sex of the offspring.
XX = female
XY = male
48
• Traits controlled by genes located on sex
chromosomes
• sex-linked traits
49
• Polygenic
inheritance
• pattern of a trait that is
controlled by 2 or
more genes.
• Example: eye color,
skin color, height
(AaBbCc…)
50
• Pedigree
• graphic of genetic inheritance
= Male
= Parents
= Female
= Siblings
= affected Male
= affected Female
= known heterozygous “carriers”
= Mating
= Death
51
Darwin on HMS Beagle
________
52
camouflage
• ____________,
an
adaptation that enables
species to blend with their
surroundings.
• Because of this, organisms are not easily
found by predators and they survive to
reproduce.
53
• Structural features with a common evolutionary
homologous structures
origin are called ____________________.
• can be similar in
arrangement, in
function, or in both.
Crocodile
forelimb
Whale
forelimb
Bird
wing
54
• The body parts of organisms that DO NOT have
a common evolutionary origin but are similar in
analogous structures
function are called ___________________.
55
Vestigial structures
• such as pelvic bones
in the baleen whale,
are evidence of
evolution because
they show structural
________
change over time.
56
• _________________
Stabilizing selection is a natural selection that
favors average individuals in a population.
Selection for
average size
spiders
Normal
variation
57
selection occurs when natural
• Directional
_________________
selection favors one of the extreme
variations of a trait.
Normal
variation
Selection
for longer
beaks
58
disruptive selection individuals with either
• In ________________,
extreme of a trait’s variation are selected for.
Selection for
light limpets
Normal
variation
Selection for
dark limpets
59
Light-Dependent
Reactions
• At each step along the
transport chain, the
electrons lose
energy…this energy
may be used to make
ATP or to hum
hydrogen ions into the
thylakoid disc. (2)
• Electrons are reenergized in a 2nd
photosystem and
passed down a 2nd
electron transport
chain.
Sun
Light energy transfers to
chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll passes energy down
through the electron transport
chain.
Energized electrons provide
energy that
splits
bonds P to ADP
H2 O
forming
oxygen
H+
ATP
NADP+ released
NADPH
for the use in
light-independent reactions
Glycolysis
60
• A series of chemical reactions in the cytoplasm of a cell
that break down glucose, a six-carbon compound, into
two molecules of pyruvic acid, a three-carbon compound.
• The source of energy for the first step comes from the
conversion of 2 molecules of ATP to 2 molecules of ADP.
(1)
4ATP
2ATP
Glucose
2ADP
4ADP + 4P
2PGAL
2 Pyruvic
acid
2NAD+
2NADH + 2H+
61
Forming and Breaking Down ATP
• The energy of ATP becomes available to a cell
bonds are broken down
when the ________________________.
Adenosine
P
P
P
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
P
P
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
Adenosine
P
P
This is the
SCIENTIFIC
METHOD…6
steps…you should
really learn it
62
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Make Observations
Identify a Problem
Hypothesis
Experiment
Results/Data
Conclusions/Findings
63
Quantitative
_____________
Data
information expressed in numbers