Festival del Lavoro, Brescia (Italy)
Workshop 21 June 2012
“Dove si incontra il lavoro:
L’apprendistato in Europa”
Apprenticeship in Germany
L’apprendistato in Germania
Jessica Erbe
Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training
(BIBB, Bonn)
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Contents of the Presentation
 “Locating” the apprenticeship in the German
education system
 Understanding the “dual” apprenticeship
system (training purpose, main principles of
the VET system, formalisation,
organisation or: what's „dual“ about it?)
 Financial aspects of the apprenticeship
 Key Figures on the apprenticeship (entry rates, age &
prior education of pupils, apprentices & companies,
duration, success, employment)
 Role of social partners
Abbreviation: (I)VET stands for (initial) vocational education and training
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“Apprenticeship in Germany” (Jessica Erbe, BIBB; 21 June 2012 Brescia)
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Education System in Germany (simplified)
Continuing education
Continuing vocational training
Universities
ISCED 5B
ISCED 5A+6
Dual system 45%
ISCED 3B
Lower secondary
school
Full-time voc.
school 15%
ISCED 3B
Intermediate
school
Upper secondary
school 40%
ISCED 3A
Secondary level II
16 to 19 years –
with re-entries
between sectors
Grammar
school
Secondary level I
10 (12) to 15/16
years
Primary school
3
Tertiary level
over 19 years
“Apprenticeship in Germany” (Jessica Erbe, BIBB; 21 June 2012 Brescia)
Primary level
6 to 10 (12) years
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What is the Training Purpose of the Apprenticeship?
Learning at the work place
Goals
Features
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• Acquisition of employability
• Acquisition of knowledge of
work processes
• Self-management and
individual responsibility
• Comprehensive learning
• Problem and product
orientation
• Task and experience reference
• Inter-disciplinary character
“Apprenticeship in Germany” (Jessica Erbe, BIBB; 21 June 2012 Brescia)
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What are the main principles of VET system?
1.
Occupation-based approach
(„Berufskonzept“)
2.
Principle of consensus
• Employability through a
comprehensive bundle
of competencies (skills,
knowledge and cross
cutting key
competencies)
• Federal state regulated
occupational profiles
and training regulations
• Individual and social
integration by a
foothold in a skilled
occupation
• A foundation for lifelong
learning
• between employer
organisations, trade
unions, federal
government and federal
states (Länder)
government
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“Apprenticeship in Germany” (Jessica Erbe, BIBB; 21 June 2012 Brescia)
3.
Shared responsibilities
• Two sites of learning:
companies and
vocational schools
• Shared responsibility
between government
and economy
• Shared responsibility
between federal level
and federal state level
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On what basis are people trained?
National Standards
(Vocational Training Regulations)
Designation
of the
training
occupation
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Duration of
traineeship
Profile of the
General
Examination
training
training plan requirements
occupation
2011
350 training regulations
1996 - 2010
82 New training regulations
230 modernised training regulations
example
mechatronic
“Apprenticeship in Germany” (Jessica Erbe, BIBB; 21 June 2012 Brescia)
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What's „Dual“ about the German Dual System? Basic Elements
In-Company Training
Enterprise
Trainer
Training enterprises
Vocational Training Act
Training regulations
Company training schedule
Apprenticeship contract
Chambers and other
competent bodies
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School Training

Learning venues
Training personnel
€
Vocational school
Vocational school teacher
Funding
States, districts and
municipalities
Legal basis for training
School acts of the states
Legal basis for
recognised occupations
Framework curricula
§
 Content of training

Legal basis for
training relationship
Counselling and
monitoring
“Apprenticeship in Germany” (Jessica Erbe, BIBB; 21 June 2012 Brescia)
Curriculum
Compulsory vocational school
District Presidents or
School supervisor
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Who finances the apprenticeship?
Companies 23.8
billion EUR
10%
13%
Federal
Employment
Agency 3.9 billion
EUR
77%
Federal States
(vocational
schools)
3.2 billion EUR
State
Figures for the year 2007/ 30.9 billion EUR (in total)
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“Apprenticeship in Germany” (Jessica Erbe, BIBB; 21 June 2012 Brescia)
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Why? What are the Costs and Benefits for Companies?
Average amounts
per apprentice
per year
Source: Walden et al. 2008 (BIBB)
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“Apprenticeship in Germany” (Jessica Erbe, BIBB; 21 June 2012 Brescia)
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Who Enters the Apprenticeship System?
Entries into IVET 2010
Dual system IVET
560 000
51%
Full-time school IVET
220 000
20%
Transition/Integration
320 000
29%
Level of school leaving certificate of
all new apprentices in 2009 (100%)
19+
years
grammar school (could go to univ.)
20%
intermediate school
43%
secondary general school
33%
no school leaving certificate
Average age of
apprenticeship
beginner
4%
Source: BIBB-Datenreport 2011
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“Apprenticeship in Germany” (Jessica Erbe, BIBB; 21 June 2012 Brescia)
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Key Figures on the Apprenticeship in the Dual System
Number of newly concluded training contracts in 2010
male 57,7 %; female 42,3 %
Number of apprentices in total
out of which publicly funded
Companies offering training (2010)
560.073
1.571.457
10,5%
470.000
= 22,5% of all companies
Average training allowance
678 €
Training contracts' termination rate (2009)
22,6%
Final examinations' success rate
90,2%
Number of training profiles
Regular duration
350
2 – 3,5 years
Source: BIBB-Datenreport 2011, Figures for Germany
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“Apprenticeship in Germany” (Jessica Erbe, BIBB; 21 June 2012 Brescia)
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How is the Labour Market Situation after the Apprenticeship?
Overall unemployment rate by age
(in 2011)
Germany
EU
15-24 year olds
8,1 %
22,7 %
25-74 year olds
5,2 %
8,4 %
Total
5,5 %
9,8 %
Employment in the company where the apprenticeship was made
Companies' in-take rate after graduation
61 %
Unemployment rate by qualification
(in 2009)
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Germany
No vocational qualification
21,9 %
Vocational qualification (IVET/CVET)
6,6 %
Higher education degree (ISCED 5A)
2,5 %
Total
8,4 %
“Apprenticeship in Germany” (Jessica Erbe, BIBB; 21 June 2012 Brescia)
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Governance: Role of the Social Partners
National level
Regional level
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Participation of representatives of the trade unions
and employers in the development of standards;
Official recommendations relating to all fields of
VET
Federal states: Recommendations regarding the
coordination between school and enterprise
Competent bodies: Counselling; monitoring /
quality assurance; examinations; certificates
Sectoral level
Negotiations on the supply of apprenticeships;
wage agreements covering apprenticeship pay
Company level
Planning and carrying out training in the enterprises
“Apprenticeship in Germany” (Jessica Erbe, BIBB; 21 June 2012 Brescia)
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Governance: Responsibilities of Competent Bodies
„Competent
Bodies“
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Enter, amend and
delete training
contracts
Conduct interim and
final examinations
Verify the suitability of
training firms and the
aptitude of training
staff
Advise companies and
trainees
Supervise the provision
of vocational training
preparation, initial
vocational training and
retraining
Support and supervise
periods of training that
trainees complete
abroad
“Apprenticeship in Germany” (Jessica Erbe, BIBB; 21 June 2012 Brescia)
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Thank you for your attention.
Jessica Erbe
Bundesinstitut für Berufsbildung
Tel.: +49 228 107 2403
e-Mail: erbe@bibb.de
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“Apprenticeship in Germany” (Jessica Erbe, BIBB; 21 June 2012 Brescia)
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