HAZWOPER
HAZARDOUS WASTE OPERATIONS
AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE
29 CFR 1910.120
INDUSTRIAL SAFETY TRAINING
FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE STAFF
29
CFR
Labor
29
PARTS 1900 TO 1910
Revised as of
Jan 1, 1995
National
Archives
Records
and
Administration
1910.120
Hazardous
Waste
Operations
and
Emergency
Response
COURSE OBJECTIVES
 Provide Training to the Emergency Response Staff
 Introduce HAZWOPER & Discuss Its Role in Today’s
Industry.
 Introduce Skills in the Recognition & Control of
Occupational Hazards.
 Introduce Emergency Response Techniques.
 Define HAZWOPER.
APPLICABLE REGULATIONS
29CFR - SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS
1910 - GENERAL INDUSTRY
DANGER
EYE PROTECTION
REQUIRED BEYOND
THIS POINT
120 - HAZARDOUS WASTE
OPERATIONS AND
EMERGENCY RESPONSE
(HAZWOPER)
TRAINING REQUIREMENTS
THE EMPLOYER MUST PROVIDE TRAINING:









THE USE OF EQUIPMENT.
WHAT PPE IS NECESSARY.
WHEN PPE IS NECESSARY.
THE LIMITATIONS OF THE PPE.
DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURES.
PROVIDE RETRAINING AS REQUIRED.
CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF EQUIPMENT.
CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS.
TRAIN ALL EMPLOYEES PRIOR TO JOB ASSIGNMENT.
TRAINING REQUIREMENTS
(Continued)
EMERGENCY RESPONSE STAFF
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 4
Level 5
First Responder
First Responder Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Technician
Hazardous Materials Specialist
On-Scene Incident Commander
TRAINING REQUIREMENTS
(Continued)
EMERGENCY RESPONSE STAFF





First Responder
Operations Level
Hazardous Materials Technician
Hazardous Materials Specialist
On-Scene Incident Commander
Awareness
8 Hours Initial*
24 Hours Initial*
24 Hours Initial*
24 Hours Initial*
*Plus Competency at the previous level and annual
refresher.
TRAINING REQUIREMENTS
(Continued)
EMERGENCY RESPONSE STAFF
Level 1 = Witnesses or discovers a release of hazardous materials and who
are trained to notify the proper authorities.
Level 2 = Responds to releases of hazardous substances in a defensive
manner, without trying to stop the releases.
Level 3 = Responds aggressively to stop the release of hazardous substances.
Level 4 = Responds with and in support to HAZMAT technicians, but who
have specific knowledge of various hazardous substances.
Level 5 = Assumes control of the incident scene beyond the first-responder
awareness level
RETRAINING REQUIREMENTS
REQUIRED WHEN THERE IS A:
 CLOSE-CALL EVENT
 PROGRAM RELATED INJURY
 CHANGE IN JOB ASSIGNMENT
 NEW HAZARD OR EQUIPMENT
 NEW HAZARD CONTROL METHODS
 FAILURE IN THE SAFETY PROCEDURES
 REASON TO DOUBT EMPLOYEE PROFICIENCY
PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
IMPLEMENTATION OF A HAZWOPER PROGRAM
REQUIRES:
 DEDICATION
 PERSONAL INTEREST
 MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT
NOTE:
UNDERSTANDING AND SUPPORT FROM THE WORK FORCE
IS ESSENTIAL, WITHOUT IT THE PROGRAM WILL FAIL!
DEFINITION
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS means a substance or
material which has been determined by the
Secretary of Transportation to be capable of
posing an unreasonable risk to



HEALTH
PROPERTY
ENVIRONMENT
when transported in commerce.
DEFINITION
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES means a material
and its mixtures or solutions, that is regulated by the
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
40
CFR
Protection of
Environment
40
PARTS 260 TO 299
Revised as of
Jan 1, 1995
National
Archives
Records
and
Administration
DEFINITION
HAZARDOUS WASTE means a material that is
subject to the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest
requirements of the EPA.
40
CFR
Protection of
Environment
40
PARTS 260 TO 299
Revised as of
Jan 1, 1995
National
Archives
Records
and
Administration
THE LIFE CYCLE OF A CHEMICAL
AND THE LEGISLATIVE AUTHORITIES
CAA
DEVELOPMENT
OSHA
USCG
FRA
HMTA
OSHA
CWA
MPRSA
PWSA
MANUFACTURER
DISTRIBUTION
SDWA
FHWA
FAA
RCRA
CPSA
FHSA
TSCA
WASTE
FFDCA
SDWA
OSHA
CAA
CONSUMER PRODUCTS
HMTA
CWA
MRAS
FIFRA
WASTE
FIFRA
OSHA
INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS
THE LIFE CYCLE OF A CHEMICAL
AND THE LEGISLATIVE AUTHORITIES
CAA - CLEAN AIR ACT
CPSA - CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ACT
CWA - CLEAN WATER ACT
FAA - FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION
FFDCA - FED, FOOD, DRUG, AND COSMETIC ACT
FHSA - FED, HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES ACT
FHWA - FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION
FRA - FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION
FIFRA - FED, INSECTICIDE, FUNGICIDE, AND RODENTICIDE ACT
HMTA - HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TRANSPORTATION ACT
THE LIFE CYCLE OF A CHEMICAL
AND THE LEGISLATIVE AUTHORITIES
MPRSA - MARINE PROTECTION, RESEARCH AND SANCTUARIES ACT
OSHA - OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT
PPPA - POISON PREVENTION PACKAGING ACT
PWSA - PORTS AND WATERWAYS SAFETY ACT
RCRA - RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY ACT
SDWA - SAFE DRINKING WATER ACT
TSCA - TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT
USCG - UNITED STATES COAST GUARD
A HAZARDOUS WASTE IS ...............
A solid waste is hazardous if it meets
any one of the following conditions:







IGNITABILITY
CORROSIVITY
REACTIVITY
EP TOXICITY
A LISTED WASTE
A MIXTURE (10% RULE)
NOT EXCLUDED
WASTE CHARACTERISTICS
IGNITABILITY - D001
CORROSIVITY - D002
REACTIVITY - D003
EP TOXICITY - D004
5
D
D
D
D
D
F
K
U
P
LISTED WASTE
General
Ignitability
Corrosivity
Reactivity
Toxicity
Non-Specific
Specific
Commercial Chemicals
Acutely
261.20
261.21
261.22
261.23
261.24
261.31 (a)
261.32
261.33 (e)
261.33 (f)
THE FOLLOWING HAZARDS CODES
ARE USED TO INDICATE THE
ADMINISTRATORS BASIS FOR LISTING
THE CLASSES OR TYPES OF WASTE:
Ignitable Waste
Corrosive Waste
Reactive Waste
Reactive Waste
Acute Hazardous Waste
Toxic Waste
(I)
(C)
(R)
(E)
(H)
(T)
O CCUPATIONAL
S AFETY
H EALTH
ACT
 Enacted in 1970
 Amended Continuously
 Workplace Hazardous
Substances
H
AZARDOUS
M ATERIAL
T RANSPORTATION
ACT
 Enacted in 1970
 Amended 1990
 Transportation of
Hazardous Materials
C LEAN
A IR
A CT
 Enacted in 1970
 Amended 1977 & 1990
 Covers Hazardous
air pollutants
F EDERAL
WATER
P OLLUTION
CONTROL
CT
A
 Enacted in 1972
 Amended 1977 & 1990
 Toxic pollutants;
Hazardous Substances.
S AFE
D RINKING
W ATER
ACT
 Enacted in 1974
 Amended 1977 & 1990
 Priority pollutants.
R ESOURCES
C ONSERVATION
R ECOVERY
ACT
 Enacted in 1976
 Amended 1980 & 1984
 Covers Solid and
Hazardous Waste and
Underground Tanks
T OXIC
S UBSTANCES
C CONTROL
ACT  Enacted in 1976
 Amended as needed
 Requires premarket
evaluation of all new
chemical substances
other than food additives,
drugs, pesticides, alcohol,
and tobacco.
C OMPENSATION
E NVIRONMENTAL
R ESPONSE
COMPENSATION
SUPERFUND L IABILITY
ACT
 Enacted in 1980
 Amended 1986
 Cleanup of sites where
Hazardous substances are
improperly disposed.
S UPERFUND
AMENDMENTS
R EAUTHORIZATION
ACT
RIGHT
TO
KNOW
 Enacted in 1986
 Cleanup of sites where
Hazardous substances are
improperly disposed.
 Adds right to know provision
29 CFR 1910.120
1910.120 Hazardous Waste Operations and
Emergency Response covers the following
operations, unless the employer can
demonstrate that the operations does not
involve employee exposure or the reasonable
possibility for employee exposure to safety or
health hazards:





Clean-up operations required by a government body
Corrective Actions covered by RCRA
Voluntary clean-up operations
Operations involving hazardous waste (TSD)
Emergency response operations for releases
1910.120 DEFINITIONS
BUDDY SYSTEM - means a system of organizing employees
into work groups in such a manner that each employee of the work
group is designated to be observed by at least one other employee
in the work group. The purpose of the buddy system is to provide
rapid assistance to employees in the event of an emergency.
CLEAN-UP OPERATIONS - means an operation where hazardous
substances are removed, contained, incinerated, neutralized,
stabilized, cleared-up, or in any other manner processes or
handled with the ultimate goal of making the site safer for people
or the environment.
1910.120 DEFINITIONS
DECONTAMINATION - means the removal of hazardous
substances from employees and their equipment to the extent
necessary to preclude the occurrence of foreseeable adverse
health affects.
EMERGENCY RESPONSE - means a response effort by
employees from outside the immediate release area or by other
designated responder to an occurrence which results, or is likely to
result, in an uncontrolled releases of a hazardous substance.
1910.120 DEFINITIONS
FACILITY - means (a) any building, structure, installation,
equipment, pipe or pipeline, well, pit, pond, lagoon, impoundment,
ditch, storage container, motor vehicle, rolling stock, or aircraft, or
(b) any site or area where a hazardous substance has been deposited,
stored, disposed of, or placed, or otherwise come to be located.
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RESPONSE (HAZMAT) TEAM
- means an organized group of employees, designated by the
employer, who are expected to perform work to handle and control
actual or potential leaks or spills of hazardous substances requiring
possible close approach to the substance.
1910.120 DEFINITIONS
HAZARDOUS WASTE OPERATION - means any operations
conducted within the scope of 29 CFR 1910.120.
HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE - means any facility or location
within the scope of 29 CFR 1910.120 at which hazardous
waste operations take place.
PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMITS - means the exposure,
inhalation or dermal permissible exposure limit specified in 29
CFR part 1910, subparts G and Z.
1910.120 DEFINITIONS
HEALTH HAZARDS - means a chemical, mixture of chemicals
or a pathogen for which there is statistically significant evidence
based on at least one study conducted in accordance with
established scientific principles that acute or chronic health effects
may occur in exposed employees.
IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE OR HEALTH means an atmospheric concentration of any toxic, corrosive or
asphyxiate substance that poses and immediate threat to life or would
cause irreversible or delayed adverse health effects or would
interfere with an individual’s ability to escape from a dangerous
atmosphere.
1910.120 DEFINITIONS
OXYGEN DEFICIENCY - means that concentration of oxygen
by volume below which atmosphere supplying respiratory
protection must be provided. It exists in atmospheres where the
percentage of oxygen by volume is less than 19.5 percent oxygen.
QUALIFIED PERSON - means a person with specific training,
knowledge and experience in the area for which the person has the
responsibility and the authority to control.
SITE SAFETY AND HEALTH SUPERVISOR - means the
individual located on a hazardous waste site who is responsible to the
employer and has the authority and knowledge necessary to
implement the site safety and health plan and verify compliance with
applicable safety and health requirements.
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS
VARIOUS SECTIONS OF THE MSDS (TYPICAL FORMAT)
SECTION
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
CONTENTS
PRODUCT IDENTITY
HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS
PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
FIRE/EXPLOSION/PHYSICAL HAZARD DATA
REACTIVITY DATA
HEALTH HAZARDS DATA
PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFE HANDLING AND USE
CONTROL MEASURES/PROTECTION INFORMATION
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION/SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS
TRADE SECRETS
INFORMATION WITHHELD FROM A MSDS MUST BE
PROVIDED DURING AN EMERGENCY OR AT THE
REQUEST OF A PHYSICIAN. THE USER OF THE
INFORMATION MUST AGREE TO KEEP THE
INFORMATION CONFIDENTIAL.
Material Safety Data Sheet
I. General Information
Chemical Name & Synonyms
Trade Name & Synonyms
Chemical Family
Formula
Proper DOT Shipping Name
DOT Hazard Classification
Manufacturer
Manufacturer's Phone Number
Manufacturer's Address
Chemtrec Phone Number
Material Safety Data
Sheets (MSDS) provide
the user general and specific
information regarding the
product.
II. Ingredients
Principal Hazardous Components
Percent
Threshold Limit Value
III. Physical Data
Boiling Point (F)
Specific Gravity (H20 =1)
Vapor Pressure (mm Hg.)
Percent Volatile By Volume (%)
Vapor Density (Air = 1)
Evaporation Rate (_____=1)
Solubility in Water
Appearance & Odor
pH
IV. Fire & Explosion
Hazard Data
Auto Ignition Temperature
Flash point (Test Method)
Flammable Limits
Extinguishing Media
Special Fire Fighting Procedures
Unusual Fire & Explosion Hazard
LEL
LEL
* Must have a date.
* Must have a Manufacturer.
* Must not have any blanks.
* Must be update within
90 days of any new
changes.
* Must be available to all
employees within their
workday.
Material Safety Data Sheet During any type of
V. Health Hazard Data
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit ACGIH Threshold Limit Value
Carcinogen - NTP Program
Carcinogen - IARC Program
Symptoms of Exposure
Primary Route(s) of Entry
VI. Reactivity Data
Unstable
Stable
Stability
Incompatibility
Conditions to Avoid
Materials to Avoid
Hazardous
May Occur Conditions to Avoid
polymerization Will Not
Hazardous Decomposition Products
VII. Environmental Protection Procedures
Spill Response
Waste Disposal Method
VIII. Special Protection Information
Eye Protection
Skin Protection
Respiratory Protection (Type)
Ventilation Recommended
Other Protection
IX. Special Precautions
Hygienic Practices in Handling & Storage
Precautions For Repair & Maintenance of Contaminated Equipment
Other Precautions
emergency, a copy of the
MSDS should be used in
assisting in what type of
action will be taken. From
Cleanup to using the correct
protective clothing.
The MSDS is not the only
source that you have. Some
other sources are:
 Technical Data Sheet
 The Manufacturer
 Scientific Studies
 Chris Manual
 Emergency Response Guidebook
 Others
Material Safety Data Sheet
Dipping Acid
Matting Acid
Sulfuric Acid
Sulfuric Acid
Acids
Sulfuric Acid
8, UN1830
I. General Information
H2O4S
Chemical Name & Synonyms
Trade Name & Synonyms
Chemical Family
Formula
Proper DOT Shipping Name
DOT Hazard Classification
Manufacturer
Manufacturer's Phone Number
Manufacturer's Address
Chemtrec Phone Number
ABC Corporations
123 Face St
Save, Ohio 33333
Corrosive
1-513-555-1111
1-800-424-9300
Material Safety Data Sheet
Sulfuric Acid
II. Ingredients
Principal Hazardous Components
Percent
MSHA STD
TWA 1 mg/m3
Threshold Limit Value
OSHA PEL
8 H TWA
1 mg/m3
Water
93-99%
7-0.5%
IDLH
80 mg/m3
Material Safety Data Sheet
1 mm @ 145.80
1.834
N/A
III. Physical Data
N/A
2900
Vapor Pressure (mm Hg.)
Vapor Density (Air = 1)
Boiling Point (F)
Solubility in Water
Appearance & Odor
Infinitely soluble
Specific Gravity (H20 =1)
Percent Volatile By Volume (%)
Evaporation Rate (_____=1)
pH
N/A
2
Odorless Liquid
Material Safety Data Sheet
N/A
N/A
IV. Fire & Explosion Hazard Data
Dry Chemical
or CO2
Flash point (Test Method)
Flammable Limits
Extinguishing Media
Special Fire Fighting Procedures
Unusual Fire & Explosion Hazard
Auto Ignition Temperature
LEL
LEL
N/A
N/A
Violent reaction with
water.
Material Safety Data Sheet
TWA 1 mg/m3
NO
V. Health Hazard Data
TWA 1 mg/m3
STEL 3 ppm
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit ACGIH Threshold Limit Value
Carcinogen - NTP Program
Inhalation
Ingestion
Skin
Eyes
Carcinogen - IARC Program
Primary Route(s) of Entry
Symptoms of Exposure
Eye, Nose, Throat irritation
Pulmonary, Bronchitis
Emphysema, Stomatis, dental erosion
Burns
NO
Material Safety Data Sheet
Stable
Organic materials,
VI. Reactivity Data
Unstable
Stability
Conditions to Avoid
chlorates, carbides, Incompatibility Stable
Materials to Avoid
May Occur Neutralization
fulminates, water, Hazardous
polymerization Will Not
powdered metals Hazardous Decomposition Products
Will Not
N/A
Water
ph Adjust
Caustic
Material Safety Data Sheet
Do not touch or walk through spilled material;
stop leak if you can do it without risk.
Fully-encapsulating, vapor protective clothing
should be worn
for spills and VII. Environmental Protection Procedures
leaks with no Spill Response
Waste Disposal Method
fire.
Use water
spray to reduce vapor, do not put water
directly on leak, spill area or inside container.
Disposal must
comply with
Federal, State,
and local Rules
and Regulations.
Reference:
EPA 260-265.
Material Safety Data Sheet
Chemical Safety Goggles
Protective Clothing
VIII. Special Protection Information
Skin Protection
Eye Protection
Respiratory Protection (Type) Ventilation Recommended
Other Protection
Full
Face
IAW 1910.134
Ventilate below airbonre
exposure limits.
Material Safety Data Sheet
Keep all material on
pallets. Do not
store next to
IX.inSpecial
Precautions
incompatible Hygienic Practices
Handling & Storage
Precautions For Repair & Maintenance of Contaminated Equipment
material.
Other Precautions
Wear Safety glasses,
rubber gloves and other
appropriate safety equipment as
needed.
NONE
NONE
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Specific Gravity is an abstract or dimensionless number compared
to the mass of an equal volume of water.
Density of water is 8.33 lbs (Note: 8.33 lbs represents 1 gallon of
water).
1 Gallon of Sulfuric Acid is 15.33 lbs.
mass
Density = -----------------volume
15.33 lb/gal (Sulfuric)
Specific gravity = ------------------------- = 1.84
8.33 lbs/gal (Water)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Many chemicals are soluble in water, but when the liquid does not
appreciably dissolve in water, the term immiscible is used.
IMMISCIBLE IN WATER
Float on top if the
SG less than 1.0
Sink to the bottom
if the SG greater than 1.0
WATER
WATER
SOLUBLE IN WATER
VAPOR DENSITY
Vapor Density is the mass of gases and vapors as it is compared
to the mass of an equal volume of air or other reference gas.
Air’s density is 1.29 g/L or 0.011 lb/gallons.
VD greater than 1.0, the
vapors are heavier than air
and lay in low areas.
VD less than 1.0, the
vapors are lighter than air
and will rise.
pH
- pH. THE pH OF A LIQUID IS THE NUMERICAL MEASURE OF ITS RELATIVE
ACIDITY OR ALKALINITY. THE RANGE IS FROM 0 - 14 WITH A NEUTRAL
LEVEL EXPRESSED AS A pH OF 7.0. ABOVE 7.0 THE LIQUID IS MORE
ALKALINE OR BASIC. BELOW 7.0 THE LIQUID IS MORE ACIDIC.
COMMON ACIDS (pH 0-6)
COMMON BASES (pH 8-14)
- HYDROCHLORIC ACID
- HYDROFLUORIC ACID
- NITRIC ACID
- PHOSPHORIC ACID
- CHROMIC ACID
- SODIUM HYDROXIDE (LYE)
- SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE (BLEACH)
- AQUEOUS AMMONIA
- POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE (POTASH)
- AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE
pH
12
Limewater
Household ammonia
11
Milk of magnesia
10
BASE
9
Blood
Pure Water
Tap Water
Coffee
Wine
Vinegar
Lemon juice
Gastric juice
8
7
NEUTRAL
6
5
4
3
2
ACID
HAZARD RATING SYSTEMS
TWO SYSTEMS
 NFPA - NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION
 HMIS - NATIONAL PAINT AND COATINGS ASSOCIATION
- HAZARDOUS MATERIAL IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM
HAZARD RATING SYSTEMS
FOUR HAZARD PARAMETERS




HEALTH
FLAMMABILITY
REACTIVITY
SPECIFIC HAZARD (NFPA)
HAZARD RATING SYSTEMS
FIVE HAZARD LEVELS
HMIS
4 SEVERE
3 SERIOUS
2 MODERATE
1 SLIGHT
0 MINIMAL
NFPA
4 EXTREME
3 HIGH
2 MODERATE
1 SLIGHT
0 INSIGNIFICANT
HOMEMADE LABEL
SAMPLE “HOMEMADE” LABEL FOR A SINGLE CHEMICAL (NON-MIXTURE)
CHEMICAL NAME (SEE MSDS)
DOT HAZARD CLASS
USE OF CHEMICAL
PPE REQUIRED
CHECK ALL THAT APPLY
 FLAMMABLE
 TOXIC
 IRRITANT
 CORROSIVE
 WATER REACTIVE
 OXIDIZER
NAME
EMERGENCY PHONE
___________ __________________
ADDRESS: __________________________________________________
HMIS LABEL
FIVE HMIS HAZARD LEVELS
 - 4 SEVERE
 - 3 SERIOUS
 - 2 MODERATE
 - 1 SLIGHT
 - 0 MINIMAL
HEALTH
FLAMMABILITY
REACTIVITY
PERSONAL PROTECTION
NFPA LABEL
FIRE HAZARD
FIVE NFPA HAZARD LEVELS
 - 4 EXTREME
 - 3 HIGH
 - 2 MODERATE
 - 1 SLIGHT
 - 0 INSIGNIFICANT
2
HEALTH HAZARD
REACTIVITY
4
1
W
SPECIFIC HAZARD
(WATER REACTIVE)
HEALTH HAZARDOUS
1
4
3
4
Materials that on very short exposure could
cause death or major residual injury even
though prompt medical treatment was given.
3
Materials that on short exposure could cause
serious temporary or residual injury even
though prompt medical treatment was given.
2
Materials that on intense or continued
exposure could cause temporary
incapacitation or possible residual injury
unless prompt medical treatment was given.
1
Materials that on exposure would cause
irritation but only minor residual injury
even if no treatment was given.
0
Materials that on exposure under fire
conditions would offer no hazard beyond
that of ordinary combustible material.
4
1
FLAMMABLE HAZARDOUS
3
4
Materials that will rapidly or completely
vaporize at atmospheric pressure and normal
ambient temperature, or that are readily
dispersed in air, and will burn readily.
3
Liquids and solids that can be ignited under
almost all ambient temperature conditions.
2
Materials that must be moderately heated or
exposed to relatively high ambient
temperatures before ignition can occur.
1
Materials that must be preheated before
ignition can occur.
0
Materials that will not burn.
3
REACTIVITY HAZARDOUS
4
3
2
1
4
1
0
Materials that in themselves are readily capable of
detonation or of explosive decomposition or reaction
at normal temperatures and pressures.
Materials that in themselves are capable of
detonation or explosive reaction but require a strong
initiating source or that must be heated under
confinement before initiation or that react
explosively with water.
Materials that in themselves are normally unstable
and readily undergo violent chemical change but
do not detonate.
Materials that in themselves are normally stable,
but which can become unstable at elevated
temperatures and pressures or which may react with
water with some release of energy but not violently.
Materials that in themselves are normally stable, even
under fire exposure condition, and which are not
reactive with water.
SPECIAL HANDLING
RADIOACTIVE
1
4
3
CORR
CORROSIVE
OXY
OXYGEN
W
WATER REACTIVE
EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK
1996
NORTH AMERICAN
EMERGENCY RESPONSE
GUIDEBOOK
A GUIDEBOOK
FOR FIRST RESONDERS DURING
THE INTIAL PHASE OF A
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS/DANGEROUS GOODS
INCIDENT
EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK
YELLOW PAGES
ID Guide Name of Material
No. No.
1001 17 Acetylene
ID Guide Name of Material
No. No.
1011 22 Butylene
1001 17 Acetylene, dissolved
1013 21 Carbon Dioxide
1001 12 Air, compressed
1014 14 Carbon Dioxide and
Oxygen Mixtures
1003 23 Air, refrigerated liquid
1015 12 Carbon Dioxide and
(Cryogenic liquid)
Nitrous oxide mixtures
1005 15 Ammonia
1016 18 Carbon Monoxide
1005 15 Amonia, Anhydrous
1017 20 Chlorine
liquefied
1005 15 Ammonia, Solutions
with more than 50%
ammonia
1018 12 Chlorodifluoromethane
1020 12 ChloropentafluoroEthane
1005 15 Anhydrous Ammonia
1021 12 ChlorotetrafluoroEthane
1006 12 Argon, compressed
1022
12
Chlorotrifluoromethane
1008 15 Boron Trifluoride
1009 12 Bromotrifluoromethane 1022 12 Trifluorochloromethane
1010 17 Butadienes, inhibited 1023 18 Coal Gas
1026 18 Cyanogen
1011 22 Butanes or Butane
1026 18 Cyanogen, liquefied
Mixtures
EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK
BLUE PAGES
Name of Material
Guide ID Name of Material
No. No.
Acetic Acid Solution,
more than 80% acid
29 2789 Acridine
Acetic Anhydride
39 1715
Guide ID
No. No.
Acrolein, inhibited
32 2713
30 1092
Acrolein Dimer,
Acetone, and solutions 26 1090 stabilized
26 2607
Acetone Cyanohydrin, 55 1541 Acrylamide
stabilized
Acrylic Acid, Inhibited
Acetone Oils
26 1091
Acrylonitrile, inhibited
Acetonitrile
28 1648
Activated Carbon
Acetyl Acetone
48 2080
Adhesive
Peroxide
55 2074
29 2218
30 1093
32 1362
26 1133
Acety Benzoyl
Peroxide
48 2081 Adhesives, containing
flammable liquid
26 1133
Acetylene
17 1001 Adiponitrile
55 2205
Acetylene, dissolved
17 1001 Aerosols
12 1950
Acetylene Tetrabromide 58 2504 Air, Compressed
12 1002
EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK
ORANGE PAGES
GUIDE 11
POTENTIAL HAZARDS
FIRE OR EXPLOSION
Flammable/combustible material, may be ignited by heat, sparks or flames
May ignite other combustible materials (wood, paper, oil, etc..)
Container May explode in heat of fire.
Reaction with fuels may be violent.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.
HEALTH HAZARDS
May be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin.
Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes.
Fire may produce irritating or poisonous gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.
EMERGENCY ACTION
Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry.
Stay up wind; keep out of low areas.
Positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and structural
firefighter's protective clothing will provide limited protection.
CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper
first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer.
CALL CHEMTREC AT 1-800-424-9300.
FIRE
Small Fires: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.
Large Fires: Water Spray, fog or regular foam.
SPILL OR LEAK
Shut off ignition sources, no flares, smoking or flames in hazard area.
Keep combustible (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.
FIRST AID
Move victim to fresh air and call emergency medical are, if not breathing,
give artificial respiration, if breathing is difficult, give oxygen.
EMERGENCY RESPONSE GUIDEBOOK
GREEN PAGES
TABLE OF INITIAL ISOLATION AND PROTECTIVE ACTION DISTANCES
SMALL SPILLS
ID# NAME OF
1005 Ammonia
LARGE SPILLS
First Then, PROTECT First Then, PROTECT
ISOLATE persons
ISOLATE persons
in all DOWNWIND
in all DOWNWIND
Direction DAY NIGHT Direction DAY NIGHT
MATERIAL (feet) (Miles) (Miles) (feet) (Miles) (Miles)
500 0.1
0.6
500
0.3
2.2
1005 Ammonia, Anhydrous,
liquefied
500 0.1
0.6
500
0.3
2.2
1005 Ammonia Solutions,
with more than 50%
ammonia
500 0.1
0.6
500
0.3
2.2
1005 Anhydrous Ammonia
500 0.1
0.6
500
0.3
2.2
1008 Boron Trifluoride
500
0.3
2.0
500
0.8
2.9
1016 Carbon Monoxide
500
0.3
2.0
500
0.7
2.8
1017 Chlorine
500
0.7
2.8
500
0.7
2.8
1023 Coal Gas
500 0.1
1.2
500
0.7
2.8
1026 Cyanogen
500 0.1
1.1
500
0.7
2.8
1026 Cyanogen, liquefied
500 0.1
1.1
500
0.7
2.8
TOXICOLOGY
the
study
of
poisons
“ALL THINGS ARE
POISONS, FOR THERE
IS NOTHING WITHOUT
POISONOUS
QUALITIES. IT IS
ONLY THE DOSE
WHICH MAKES A
THING POISON.”
PARACELSUS
(1493 - 1541)
TOXICOLOGY
TOXIN -
Any of a group of poisonous, usually unstable
compounds generated by microorganisms,
plants or animals. Certain toxins are produced
by specific pathogenic microorganisms and are
the causative agents in various diseases, as tetanus,
diphtheria, etc.
TOXICITY - The effect a specific quantity or dosage of a
specific toxin (Chemical) has on a living
microorganism. This is not an absolute!
TOXICITY
INGESTION
Swallowing of a substance through the
mouth and into the stomach. Generally
followed by its entrance into the small
intestine.
ABSORPTION
Entering the body through the skin.
Substances that absorb through the skin
sometime further assimilate into the
blood system.
INHALATION
Breathing causes us to inhale substances
which in return travels en route to the
lungs. Our lungs are so rich in blood
vessels that any substance inhaled into
the lungs are readily absorbed into the
bloodstream.
TOXIC EFFECTS
ACUTE
- Is generally regarded as a severe injury caused
by a one time, relatively short exposure to a chemical
substances harmful to the human body.
CHRONIC
- Is an injury or disease that manifests itself after a
relatively long period of time has elapsed since the
initial exposure to the substance causing some type
of ailment.
- Is an injury or disease that remains undeveloped until
an incubation period has elapsed. The period of time
could be hours, days, months or years.
LATENT
IRRITANT
- Is a chemical substance that injures the tissues of the
respiratory system and lungs, thereby causing
inflammation of the respiratory passages.
AFFECTING FACTORS







The Amount Entering the Body.
The Length of Time.
The Rate of Absorption Into the Blood.
The Physical Nature of the Chemical.
The Chemical Nature of the Chemical.
The Age of the Individual.
The Health of the Individual.
MEASURING THE TOXICITY







PARTS PER MILLION - ppm
PARTS PER BILLION - ppb
PARTS PER TRILLION - ppt
LETHAL DOSE - LD50
LETHAL CONCENTRATION - LC50
THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE - TLV
IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO
LIFE AND HEALTH - IDLH
APPROXIMATIONS
ppb
ppm
1 INCH
1
1/4
1/2
3/4
1 INCH
1 INCH
=
16 MILES
1
1/4
1/2
3/4
=
1 DROP
=
16,000
MILES
1
1/4
1/2
80 FIFTHS
1 DROP
80,000
FIFTHS
1 PENNY
=
16,000,000
MILES
1 DROP
80,000,000
FIFTHS
=
=
$10,000.00
3/4
=
=
=
1 PENNY
ppt
$10,000,000.00
1 PENNY $10,000,000,000.00
LETHAL DOSE - LD50
The LD50 is the amount of a material that, when administrated
to laboratory animals, kill half of them. The expression is made
in milligrams of the substance administered per body weight of
the animal expressed in kilograms (mg/kg).
When extrapolated to humans, the lethal dose of an average
person who weighs w kilograms is LD50 x w.
LETHAL CONCENTRATION - LC50
The LC50 is the concentration of a material that, normally
express as parts per million (ppm) by volume, that when
administrated to laboratory animals, kill half of them during the
period of exposure.
THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE - TLV
The TLV is the upper limit of a toxin concentration to which an
average healthy person may be repeatedly exposed on an all-day,
everyday basis without suffering adverse health effects.
Gaseous substances in air, the TLV is usually express as parts
per million (ppm).
Fumes or mist in air, it is expressed in milligrams per cubic meter
(mg/m3).
TLV values are set by the American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienist (ACGIH).
EXPOSURE MODEL
LC50
LD50
T
I
M
E
TLV
PEL
SAFE
EXPOSURE
0
DOSE
TOXINS IN OUR BODY
THE BRAIN
TOXIN
RESPIRATORY
SYSTEMS
Toxins inhaled
can quickly travel
to vital organs and
the brain causing
either acute or
chronic effects.
THE HEART
THE STOMACH
THE LIVER
THE INTESTINE
THE SKIN DEFENSES
(S)URFACE
LAYER
(K)ERATIN
LAYER (P)IGMENT
CELLS
EPIDERMAL
CELLS
BASAL
CELLS
DUCT
SWEAT
GLANDS
WATER SOLUBLE CHEMICALS, CHANGES
IN pH, LARGE AMOUNT OF WATER.
ACIDS THAT ARE MILD, WATER LOSS,
PHYSICAL INJURIES, CHEMICALS,
ULTRAVIOLET, MICRO-ORGANISMS.
ULTRAVIOLET
S
SEBACEOUS
(OIL) GLAND
K
P
HAIR
FOLLICLE
SKIN INJURED BY
(S)URFACE
LAYER
(K)ERATIN
LAYER (P)IGMENT
CELLS
EPIDERMAL
CELLS
BASAL
CELLS
DUCT
SWEAT
GLANDS
WARM WATER, SOLVENTS,
ALKALIS AND SOAP
CHEMICALS, TRAUMA, SOLVENTS,
ALKALIS, DETERGENTS, AND
CERTAIN INTERNAL DISEASES
PHYSICAL, MECHANICAL OR CHEMICAL
TRAUMA, AND INTERNAL DISEASES
S
SEBACEOUS
(OIL) GLAND
K
P
HAIR
FOLLICLE
IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO
LIFE AND HEALTH - IDLH
An IDLH level represents a maximum concentration from which
one could escape within 30 minutes without experiencing any
escape-impairing symptoms or any irreversible adverse health
effects.
IDLH levels are published for many substances by OSHA and
NIOSH.
In practice, when the concentration of a toxic substance in a
given area is known, IDLH levels may be used for determining
whether self-contained breathing apparatus is needed when
entering the area. If the concentration exceeds the IDLH level,
positive- demand, self-contained breathing apparatus should be
used.
SUMMARY OF TLV
TLV - Threshold Limit Value: One of three categories of chemical
exposure levels - TLV-TWA, TLV-STEL or TLV-C.
TLV-TWA - Threshold Limit Value Time-Weighted Average: The
time weighted average concentration for a normal 8-hour
workday and a 40 hour work week to which nearly all
workers may be repeatedly exposed without adverse effect.
Should be used as an exposure guide rather than an absolute.
TLV-STEL - Threshold Limit Value - Short Term Exposure Limit: A
15 minute time-weighted average exposure that should not be
exceeded at any time during the work day.
TLV-C - Threshold Limit Value- Ceiling: The concentration that
should not be exceeded even instantaneously.
FOOD CHAIN EXPOSURE
Depending on the chemical,
we could potentially
eat toxic food.
BARLEY
SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS
AIR CONTAMINANTS
 GASES. GENERALLY USED IN A COMPRESSED FORM.
CAN EFFECT ALL ROUTES OF ENTRY.
 VAPORS. FORMED BY EVAPORATION OF LIQUIDS OR
SOLIDS. AMOUNT USUALLY DEPENDS UPON EXPOSED
SURFACE AREA, TEMPERATURE, AND VAPOR PRESSURE
OF SUBSTANCE. CAN BE DEADLY.
SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS
AIR CONTAMINANTS
 FUMES. USUALLY METALLIC AND FORMED BY WELDING,
CUTTING, OR BRAZING OPERATIONS.
EXTREMELY HAZARDOUS TO INHALE.
 PARTICULATES. COMPOSED OF SOLID OR LIQUID
PARTICLES THAT ARE SUSPENDED OR DISPERSED IN AIR.
SUCH AS DUST, MISTS, OR SMOKES. CAN BE EXPLOSIVE
AND HAZARDOUS TO BREATH.
SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS
ACIDS AND BASES
- pH. THE pH OF A LIQUID IS THE NUMERICAL MEASURE
OF ITS RELATIVE ACIDITY OR ALKALINITY. THE RANGE
IS FROM 0 - 14 WITH A NEUTRAL LEVEL EXPRESSED AS
A pH OF 7.0.
 ABOVE 7.0
THE LIQUID IS MORE ALKALINE OR BASIC.
 BELOW 7.0
THE LIQUID IS MORE ACIDIC.
SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS
ACID
ACIDS AND BASES
BASE
COMMON ACIDS (pH 0-6)
COMMON BASES (pH 8-14)










HYDROCHLORIC ACID
HYDROFLUORIC ACID
NITRIC ACID
PHOSPHORIC ACID
CHROMIC ACID
SODIUM HYDROXIDE (LYE)
SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE (BLEACH)
AQUEOUS AMMONIA
POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE (POTASH)
AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE
SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS
CHECK FOR COMPATIBILITY!
LOW pH
ACID
BASE
HIGH pH
SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS
ACID
BASE
SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS
ACIDS and BASES - GENERAL PRECAUTIONS








IF YOU’RE NOT FAMILIAR WITH THE CHEMICAL, FIND OUT!
READ THE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET!
READ THE LABELS ON CONTAINERS.
OBSERVE WRITTEN WARNINGS!
DON’T EAT, DRINK, OR SMOKE AROUND CHEMICALS.
CHANGE YOUR CLOTHS! DON’T TAKE IT HOME!
ENSURE WORK AREA IS VENTILATED.
WEAR APPROPRIATE PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT.
SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS
ACIDS and BASES - GENERAL PRECAUTIONS
 WEAR APPROPRIATE PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT.
 CLEAN UP SMALL SPILLS TO PREVENT BEING MISTAKEN
FOR WATER.
 STORE ACIDS FROM BASES TO PREVENT REACTIONS.
 KNOW THE REACTIONS THAT CAN OCCUR FROM OTHER
MATERIALS.
 ALWAYS ADD ACID TO WATER, NEVER WATER TO ACID!
SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS
CLASSES OF SOLVENTS
- ORGANIC (CARBON BEARING) SOLVENTS:
 ORGANIC SOLVENTS CONTAIN CARBON.
 ORGANIC SOLVENTS INCLUDE: ACETONE, GASOLINE,
STODDARD SOLVENT, AND TRICHLOROETHYLENE.
 EFFECTS ON THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CAN
OCCUR IF PROPER VENTILATION IS NOT USED.
SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS
CLASSES OF SOLVENTS
- AQUEOUS (WATER BEARING) SOLVENTS:
 AQUEOUS SOLVENTS CONTAIN WATER.
 SOLUTIONS OF ACIDS, ALKALIS ARE CLASSED
AS AQUEOUS SOLVENTS.
 ENGINEERING CONTROLS ARE USUALLY REQUIRED.
 RESPIRATORY PROTECTION IS NEEDED WHERE VAPORS
CANNOT BE ADEQUATELY CONTROLLED WITH ENGINEERING
CONTROLS.
SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS
ROUTES OF ENTRY FOR SOLVENTS
- INHALATION:
 MOST COMMON ROUTE OF ENTRY.
 CAUSES HEADACHE, DIZZINESS, CONFUSION, AND
DROWSINESS.
 ODOR INTENSITY USUALLY NOT GOOD DETERMINATION
OF TOXICITY. MORE COULD MEAN LESS, LESS COULD
MEAN MORE.
 DIFFERENT SOLVENTS SEEK DIFFERENT TARGET ORGANS
IN THE BODY.
SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS
ROUTES OF ENTRY FOR SOLVENTS
- INGESTION:
 EATING, DRINKING, OR SMOKING WITHOUT WASHING
HANDS FIRST.
 EATING, DRINKING, OR SMOKING CONTAMINATED
CONSUMABLES.
 CAN CAUSE SEVERE IRRITATION OF GASTRO-INTESTINAL
TRACT.
 EASILY PENETRATES MUCOUS MEMBRANES TO ENTER
THE BLOOD STREAM.
SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS
ROUTES OF ENTRY FOR SOLVENTS
- ABSORPTION:
 PREVENT SKIN CONTACT, WEAR GLOVES, APRONS, ETC.
 CAN OCCUR THROUGH UNBROKEN SKIN OR MUCOUS
MEMBRANES.
 ANY ABSORPTION GENERALLY WILL CAUSE IRRITATION OF
SKIN.
 FLUSH SKIN FOR AT LEAST FIFTEEN MINUTES, SEEK MEDICAL
HELP.
 NEVER WASH EXPOSED SKIN WITH ANY SOLVENT.
SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS
ROUTES OF ENTRY FOR SOLVENTS
- INJECTION:




USUALLY CAUSED BY PUNCTURE WOUNDS.
COMPRESSED AIR CAN ALSO CAUSE INJECTION OF SOLVENTS.
RAPID INTRODUCTION OF SOLVENTS INTO BLOODSTREAM.
MAY BE OTHER DEBRIS IN WOUND OF CONCERN.
SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS
SOLVENTS - GENERAL PRECAUTIONS
 IF YOU’RE NOT FAMILIAR WITH THE SOLVENT, FIND OUT!
 READ THE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET!
 READ THE LABELS ON CONTAINERS.
 OBSERVE WRITTEN WARNINGS!
 DON’T EAT, DRINK, OR SMOKE AROUND SOLVENTS.
 ENSURE WORK AREA IS WELL VENTILATED.
SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS
SOLVENTS - GENERAL PRECAUTIONS (CONTINUED)
 WEAR APPROPRIATE PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT.
 USE A BARRIER CREAM, IF YOU’RE SOLVENT SENSITIVE.
 SPILLS MUST BE CONTAINED, IMMEDIATELY!
 KNOW THE REACTIONS THAT CAN OCCUR.
 NEVER DISCOUNT ANY ROUTE-OF-ENTRY!
SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS
ROUTES OF ENTRY FOR METALS
- INHALATION:
 MOST COMMON ROUTE OF ENTRY.
 SMALLER PARTICULATES ARE TRAPPED IN LUNGS
AND ABSORBED.
SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS
ROUTES OF ENTRY FOR METALS
- INGESTION:
 EATING, DRINKING, OR SMOKING WITHOUT WASHING HANDS
FIRST.
 EATING, DRINKING, OR SMOKING CONTAMINATED
CONSUMABLES.
SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS
ROUTES OF ENTRY FOR METALS
- ABSORPTION.
 CAN OCCUR THROUGH UNBROKEN SKIN OR MUCOUS
MEMBRANES.
 ABSORPTION GENERALLY LEAST HAZARDOUS ROUTE
OF ENTRY.
SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS
ROUTES OF ENTRY FOR METALS
- INJECTION.
 USUALLY CAUSED BY PUNCTURE WOUNDS INVOLVING
METALS.
 COMPRESSED AIR CAN ALSO CAUSE INJECTION OF
METALS.
SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS
SPECIFIC METALS
- METAL PARTICULATES:
 COME FROM SAND BLASTING, DEBURRING, AND LIKE
OPERATIONS.
 METALS CAN TAKE THE FORM OF AIRBORNE DUSTS.
 ENGINEERING CONTROLS ARE USUALLY REQUIRED.
 RESPIRATORY PROTECTION IS NEEDED WHERE DUSTS
CANNOT BE ADEQUATELY CONTROLLED WITH ENGINEERING
CONTROLS.
SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS
SPECIFIC METALS
- FUMES:
 FUMES ARE MADE UP OF VERY TINY SOLID METAL PARTICLES.
 PARTICLES ARE THE CONDENSATES OF VAPORIZED METAL.
 EFFECTS ON THE HUMAN BODY CAN BE DISASTROUS IF PROPER
VENTILATION IS NOT USED.
 THINK OF THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF METALS AND BONDING
MATERIALS USED USED IN A WELDING OPERATION.
SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS
SPECIFIC METALS
- CADMIUM.
 HIGHLY TOXIC, INHALATION MOST COMMON ROUTE OF ENTRY.
 SMALLER PARTICULATES ARE TRAPPED IN LUNGS AND
ABSORBED.
 DANGEROUS DOSES CAN BE ASYMPTOMATIC FOR HOURS.
 KNOWN HUMAN CARCINOGEN.
 TARGET ORGANS INCLUDE, KIDNEYS, RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS
SPECIFIC METALS
- COPPER AND ZINC.
 HIGHLY TOXIC, INHALATION MOST COMMON ROUTE OF ENTRY.
 CAN CAUSE “METAL FUME FEVER” RESULTING IN
(SEVERE FLU-LIKE SYMPTOMS).
 TARGET ORGANS INCLUDE, KIDNEYS, RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS
SPECIFIC METALS
- NICKEL.
 CAN BE ABSORBED THROUGH SKIN, OR LUNGS.
 ABSORPTION GENERALLY LEAST HAZARDOUS ROUTE OF ENTRY.
 TARGET ORGANS INCLUDE; CNS, RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS
METALS - GENERAL PRECAUTIONS
 IF YOU’RE NOT FAMILIAR WITH THE METAL, FIND OUT!
 READ THE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET!
 READ THE LABELS ON CONTAINERS.
 OBSERVE WRITTEN WARNINGS!
 DON’T EAT, DRINK, OR SMOKE AROUND METAL DUSTS.
SPECIFIC TYPES OF HAZARDS
METALS - GENERAL PRECAUTIONS (CONTINUED)
 ENSURE WORK AREA IS VENTILATED.
 WEAR APPROPRIATE PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT.
 SPILLS OF METALS MUST BE CONTAINED, NOT RAISED!
 FOR LARGE SPILLS, CONTACT SAFETY OFFICER.
 STORE ACIDS FROM BASES TO PREVENT REACTIONS.
 MAGNESIUM IS WATER REACTIVE, USE DRY SAND TO
EXTINGUISH MAGNESIUM FIRES.
P
P
E
ersonal
rotective
quipment
“YOUR BEST FRIEND”
PERMEATION
To pass through the protective clothing
through a period of time. This passing
through may not be noticeable without
a microscope.
BREAK THROUGH TIME
The amount of time it takes
to “Break Through” the material.
DEGRADATION
The changing of the physical properties
of the protective equipment due to the
chemicals being introduced.
PENETRATION
The large flow of any chemical
through the protective clothing
and/or material.
KEYS TO SELECTING
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
1. Evaluate the job and then select protective clothing.
2. Know the types of exposures that are likely to occur.
3. Know the effects when contact is made with a chemical.
4. Know the physical resistance.
5. Know the chemical resistance.
6. Consider Human factors
7. Evaluate the cost associated with the equipment.
4 TYPES OF PROTECTION
LEVEL - A
LEVEL - B
LEVEL - C
LEVEL - D
LEVEL - A PROTECTION
Level A is used when the greatest level of skin, respiratory and
eye protection is required.
 Level A protection should be used when:
The hazardous substance has been identified and requires the highest level of
protection for skin, eyes and the respiratory system based on either the
measured (or potential for) high concentration of atmospheric vapors, gases, or
particulate; or the site operations and work functions involve a high potential
for splash, immersion, or exposure to unexpected vapors, gases, or particulate
of materials that are harmful to skin or capable of being absorbed through the
skin.
Substances with a high degree of hazard to the skin are known or suspected to
be present, and skin contact is possible.
Operations are being conducted in confined, poorly ventilated areas, and the
absence of conditions requiring Level A have not yet been determined.
LEVEL - B PROTECTION
Level B is used when the highest level of respiratory protection is necessary
but a lesser level of skin protection is needed.
 Level B protection should be used when:
The type and atmospheric concentration of substances have been identified
and require a high level of respiratory protection but less skin protection.
The atmosphere contains less than 19.5 percent oxygen.
The presence of incompletely identified vapors or gases is indicated by a
direct reading organic vapor detection instrument, but vapors and gases are
not suspected of containing high levels of chemicals harmful to skin or
capable of being absorbed through the skin.
NOTE: This involves atmospheres with IDLH (Immediately Dangerous to
Life and Health) concentrations of specific substances that present severe
inhalation hazards and that do not represent a severe skin hazard.
LEVEL - C PROTECTION
Level C is used when the concentration(s) and type(s) of airborne
substance(s) is known and the criteria for using air purifying respirators
are met.
 Level C protection should be used when:
The atmospheric contaminants, liquid splashes, or other direct contact will
not adversely affect or be absorbed through any exposed skin.
The types of air contaminants have been identified, concentrations
measured, and an air purifying respirator is available that can remove the
contaminants.
All criteria for the use of air purifying respirators are met.
LEVEL - D PROTECTION
Level D is used for nuisance contamination only. A work uniform affording
minimal protection.
 Level D protection should be used when:
The atmosphere contains no known hazards.
Work functions preclude splashes, immersion, or the potential for unexpected
inhalation of or contact with hazardous levels of any chemicals.
The following constitute
LEVEL - A PROTECTION:
1. Positive pressure, full face-piece self-contained
breathing apparatus (SCBA), or positive pressure
supplied air respirator with escape SCBA, approved
by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH).
2. Totally-encapsulating chemical protective suit.
3. Coveralls. (Optional, as applicable)
4. Long underwear. (Optional, as applicable)
5. Gloves, outer, chemical resistant.
6. Gloves, inner, chemical resistant.
7. Boots, chemical resistant, steel toe and shank.
8. Hard hat (under suit). (Optional, as applicable)
9. Disposable protective suit, gloves and boots (depending
on suit construction, may be worn over totally-encapsulating suit.)
The following constitute
LEVEL - B PROTECTION:
1. Positive pressure, full face-piece self-contained
breathing apparatus (SCBA), or positive pressure
supplied air respirator with escape SCBA, approved
by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH).
2. Hooded chemical resistant clothing (overalls and longsleeved jacket; coveralls; one or two piece chemical splash
suit; disposable chemical resistant overalls.
3. Coveralls. (Optional, as applicable)
4. Gloves, outer, chemical resistant.
5. Gloves, inner, chemical resistant.
6. Boots, chemical resistant, steel toe and shank.
7. Boot covers, outer, chemical resistant (disposable)
8. Hard hat. (Optional, as applicable)
9. Face shield. (Optional, as applicable)
The following constitute
LEVEL - C PROTECTION:
1. Full face or half mask, air purifying respirators, approved
by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH).
2. Hooded chemical resistant clothing (overalls, two piece chemical splash
suit; disposable chemical resistant overalls.
3. Coveralls. (Optional, as applicable)
4. Gloves, outer, chemical resistant.
5. Gloves, inner, chemical resistant.
6. Boots (outer), chemical resistant, steel toe and shank.
7. Boot covers, outer, chemical resistant (disposable)
8. Hard hat. (Optional, as applicable)
9. Face shield. (Optional, as applicable)
10. Escape mask. (Optional, as applicable)
The following constitute
LEVEL - D PROTECTION:
1. Coveralls.
2. Gloves. (Optional, as applicable)
3. Boots/Shoes, chemical resistant, steel toe and shank.
4. Boot outer, chemical resistant (disposable)
5. Safety glasses or chemical splash goggles.
6. Hard hat. (Optional, as applicable)
7. Face shield. (Optional, as applicable)
8. Escape mask. (Optional, as applicable)
PERCENTAGE OF USAGE
LEVEL - A
1-2%
LEVEL - B
15 - 20 %
LEVEL - C
70 - 80 %
LEVEL - D
5 - 10%
CONSIDER THESE THREE FACTORS WHEN
ATTEMPTING TO INFLUENCE THE RATE AND
DEGREE OF EXPOSURE:
TIME
DISTANCE
SHIELDING
TIME - - As with any type of exposure,
such as a sunburn, the longer
the exposure the more probable
an injury will occur.
DISTANCE - - The further away from the source
the less the concentration
available for exposure.
SHIELDING - - Generally considered as a wall
or lead shield. With reference to
hazardous materials it also refers
to PPE worn by the worker.
P P E CONSIDERATIONS










Age of the Equipment
Chemical Resistance
Cleanability
Comfort
Communication
Design
Durable
Flexibility
Temperature Resistance
Visibility
The actual properties of the hazard must be known to make
a decision on the specific type of equipment to be used!
PROTECTIVE GLOVES






Butyl
Latex - Vinyl
Neoprene
PVA
PVC
PVC/Nitrile
The actual properties of the hazard must be known to make
a decision on the specific type of equipment to be used!
PROTECTIVE GLOVES
Natural Rubber -
Alcohol's, diluted acids and bases
Neoprene -
Bases, peroxides, fuels, oils
Aliphatic hydrocarbons, glycol,
phenols, alcohol
Nitrile Rubber -
Phenols, PCB, oil and fuels, amines,
bases, peroxides
Polyvinyl Alcohol - Most organic
The actual properties of the hazard must be known to make
a decision on the specific type of equipment to be used!
PROTECTIVE BOOTS






Butyl
Natural Rubber
Neoprene
Nitrile
PVC
PVC/Nitrile
The actual properties of the hazard must be known to make
a decision on the specific type of equipment to be used!
COVERALL SIZING CHART
6’8”
4x-large
6’6”
3x-large
6’4”
2x-large
6’2”
6’
x-large
5’10”
large
5’8”
5’6”
5’4”
5’2”
medium
small
5’
110 130 150 170 190 210 230 250 270 290
EQUIPMENT INSPECTION











Inspect for tears
Inspect for seams
Inspect for cracks
Inspect for signs of swelling
Inspect for signs of stiffness
Inspect for signs of deterioration
Inspect for signs of discoloration
Inspect for non-uniform coatings
Inspect for pinholes (hold to light)
Inspect for malfunctioning closures
Check clothing for compatibility with material.
HEAT STRESS -
is caused by a number of
interacting factors, including environmental conditions,
clothing, workload and the individual characteristics of the
worker.
SIGNS and SYMPTOMS for heat exhaustion and heat stroke.
Description
Heat Exhaustion
Heat Stroke
Face
Skin
Sweating
Temperature
Pulse
Behavior
Unconscious
Pale
Moist
Profuse
Normal
Weak and rapid
Subdued
Not usually
Red and Flushed
Hot and Dry
None
Extremely High
Strong and rapid
May be erratic at onset
Usually
Heat Index 90 - 100 Sunstroke, heat cramps &
heat exhaustion are possible
with prolonged exposure
and physical activity.
Heat Index 105 - 129 Sunstroke, heat cramps &
heat exhaustion likely.
Heatstroke possible with
prolonged exposure and
physical activity.
Heat Index 130 or higher Heatstroke or sunstroke
imminent.
HOW TO USE HEAT INDEX:
1. Across top (Air Temperature)
locate today’s predicted high
temperature.
2. Down left side (Relative Humidity) locate today’s
predicted humidity.
3. Follow across and down to find APPARENT
TEMPERATURE” or “WHAT IT FEELS LIKE”
Air Temperature
70 75 80 85 90
Relative
Humidity
Apparent
Temperature
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
70
71
71
72
69
70
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
73 78 83
75 80 85
77 82 87
78 84 90
79 86 93
81 88 96
82 90 100
85 93 106
86 97 113
88 102 122
91 108 133
95 100 105 110
87
90
93
96
101
107
114
124
136
150
166
91
95
99
104
110
120
132
144
157
170
95
100
105
113
122
135
149
99
105
112
123
137
150
FIRST AID
FIRST AID /HEAT STROKE
FIRST AID /HEAT EXHAUSTION
* call EMS
* remove victim from heat
* cool victim fast
* immerse victim in cool bath or
wet sheets
* care for shock
* offer cool water..four ounces
every 15 minutes
* remove victim from heat
* place on back with feet up
* loosen or remove clothing
* cool victim by fanning or with cold
packs
* care for shock
* offer cool water..four ounces every
15 minutes
Heat exhaustion can become heat
stroke if not treated promptly.
DO I NEED A RESPIRATOR?
If you work with hazardous chemicals, there could be a danger
in the air. You can not always see or smell the hazards, but
dust, smoke, fog, mist, fumes, gases, vapors and sprays can be
very hazardous to your health and safety. So, you need to ask
yourself the following questions?
1. What are the exposure limits allowed for the particular
contaminants?
2. Have the hazard levels in your work area been measured?
3. Do you have the correct amount of oxygen in your work
area?
4. Are you trained to use and wear a Respirator?
Remember - Respirators play a big part in your Safety.
The actual properties of the hazard must be known to make
a decision on the specific type of equipment to be used!
Types of Respirators Air-purifying or Filtering - The APR is used
where there is enough oxygen present ( approx.
20%), but the air in the area is contaminated with
gases, vapors, and dust. These respirators filter
out dangerous materials or diverts air through a
chemical filter.
WARNING - Some substances can not be safely
filtered out requiring you to wear a Air - Supplied
Respirator.
Types of Respirators Supplied-Air Respirators - The SAR is used
whenever there is not enough oxygen in a confined
space or area and the concentration of the airborne
substances present is immediately dangerous to life
and health (IDLH).
All respirators must be approved for the contaminant
for which the employee is exposed too. Approval
is done jointly by the Mine Safety and Health
Administration of the Department of Labor and the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH) of the Department of Health and
Human Services.
Types of Respirators Self - Contain Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) SCBA uses a source of breathable air carried by the
wearer. Although this greatly enhances the mobility
of the wearer it limits the duration of protection.
At a moderate work rate, using approximately 40
liter minute volume, most SCBA used in hazardous
situations have a rated duration of 30 to 60
minutes.
SCBA consist of the following: Face piece, Breathing
tube, Air supply tube, Regulator, Exhalation valve and
Air Cylinder and valve.
THE PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS
Respirators places a strain on the wearer’s cardiovascular
system. All workers must exert a greater degree of effort to
inhale and exhale when wearing a respirator.
Some people are claustrophobic and cannot wear respirators.
OSHA requires that anyone assigned a task requiring the use
of respirators be examined and certified as being able to safely
wear the respirator. Furthermore, the worker and supervisor
must have a basic understanding of respirator selections,
operations, fitting, limitations and maintenance.
PROPER FITTING
The proper fitting of a respirator is determined by a fit
tests and seal checks. Fit tests can be “Qualitative” or
“Quantitative”. Some OSHA Standards have specific
requirements for fit testing.
QUALITATIVE
QUANTITATIVE
 Upon issue and
semi-annually
 Irritant smoke or
banana oil
 Recite “Rainbow”
passage
 Subjective response
 Measure concentration
inside mask
 Port drilled into mask
 Takes approximately 1 hour
 Requires expensive equipment
and trained personnel
 Ensures correct fit for model
R
E
S
P
I
R
A
T
O
R
Y
C
H
E
C
K
L
I
S
T














Do a fit test.
Receive training.
Provide proper care.
Measure hazard levels.
Receive a Medical test.
Review exposure limits.
Select correct Respirator.
Receive Annual Physical.
Receive Annual Training.
Check the Oxygen levels.
Provide proper maintenance.
Look for signs of deterioration.
Follow policies and procedures.
Wear only approved respirators that you have
received instruction.
SPILL
CONTROL
Spill Control
The control of any inadvertent release of hazardous
materials can be as simple as turning off a valve,
turning a drum on its side, to performing a complete
day of clean-up in a totally encapsulating suit.
CONTAINMENT
Any procedures taken to keep the material in its original
container, Contaminate activities are generally undertaken
by a Hazardous Material Technician or Specialist and
require many hours of training and practice.
Your
imagination is a good place to begin to develop containment
methods.
Super glue, underwater patching materials for boats and fast
setting materials for casts are just some of the simple
examples.
CONFINEMENT
Any procedures taken to keep all the material in a defined area.
These activities will vary from plant to plant and will be
determined by the company emergency response plan. Spills
or releases can be confined by our A, B, C, D materials.
Absorption
Blocking
Collection
Diking
A
B
S
O
R
P
T
I
O
N
Materials like dirt, sand, soda ash,
saw dust, vermiculite, or even kitty litter
can absorb the spill. The absorption
material should be placed in front of the
material with consideration of any slope
or grade. A key note to remember, the
absorption materials MUST be
COMPATIBLE with the spilled material.
B
L
O
C
K
I
N
G
Means the protection of drains, ditches,
or storm sewers from run-off of any
spilled material. These items should be
blocked by dams, rubber covers, pillows,
booms.
C
O
L
L
E
C
T
I
O
N
The collection of these materials can
be placed in approved DOT containers,
or other types of containment for proper
disposal.
D
I
K
I
N
G
Diking materials like sand, earth, or
other similar materials can be used to
contain the perimeter of the leak.
The material used for diking MUST
also be COMPATIBLE with the spilled
material.
D
E
C
O
N
T
A
M
IN
A T I ON
DECONTAMINATION
DECONTAMINATION is a very important part of
Training. Emergency response workers at the First
Responder, Operations Level, Hazardous Materials
Technician, Hazardous Materials Specialist, and
On-Scene Incident Commander levels are all
required to know and understand decontamination
procedures.
DECONTAMINATION
Contamination is derived from the Latin verb meaning
“To Touch”, while the prefix De means “Do the
opposite of.”
So we can not stress this importantly enough, “Do Not
Touch” these materials.
TOUCH
DECONTAMINATION
Contamination at hazardous waste sites can occur to people,
vehicles, equipment, buildings and to the environment, both
plants and animals. By avoiding contamination through proper
positioning of people, apparatus and equipment, you eliminate
the need to decontaminate.
Decontamination is performed whenever any the following
conditions are present:





When there is obvious contamination by a know substance.
When there is suspected contamination by a know substance.
When there is likelihood of exposure to a deadly substance.
When you don’t want to spread the contamination.
When you want to protect the environment.
GOAL OF
DECONTAMINATION
Is to minimize the potential harm to people and the
environment by eliminating or reducing the hazards
of the chemical contaminant.
METHODS OF
DECONTAMINATION
 DILUTION
 ABSORPTION
 DEGRADATION
 ISOLATION
 NEUTRALIZATION
 DISPOSAL
DILUTION
THE THINNING OUT OR WEAKENING OF A
SUBSTANCE
BY
ADDING
ANOTHER
MATERIAL, CALLED A DILUTENT. DILUTION
IS A VALID STEP IN DECONTAMINATION, BUT
THE END MATERIAL WILL STILL HAVE TO BE
DISPOSED OF.
ABSORPTION
THE PROCESS WHERE ONE SUBSTANCE
COMBINES
WITH
ANOTHER
BY
MOVING INTO IT OR ENTERING THE
INTERIOR OF THE OTHER SUBSTANCE.
WHEN ABSORBENT ARE USED IN THE
DECONTAMINATION PROCESS, THE
COMBINED
MATERIAL
MUST
BE
CONSIDERED
AND
HANDLED
AS
CONTAMINATED.
DEGRADATION
THE
MOLECULAR
BREAKDOWN
OF
A
MATERIAL. IN THE CASE OF A CONTAMINANT
IT CAN RENDER THE MATERIAL LESS
HAZARDOUS. THE PROCESS CAN BE USED IN
DECONTAMINATION, BUT THE EXTENT OF
DEGRADATION MUST BE MONITORED AND
VERIFIED.
ISOLATION
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A BOUNDARY OR
PERIMETER WHERE A MATERIAL IS
LOCATED OR PLACED, AND WHERE ENTRY
IS
RESTRICTED TO UNAUTHORIZED
PERSONNEL. ISOLATION IS NOT ALWAYS
ACHIEVABLE OVER THE LONG TERM, BUT
IT DOES PROVIDE A TEMPORARY METHOD
OF DEALING WITH A CONTAMINATED
SUBSTANCE.
NEUTRALIZATION
THE PROCESS THAT OCCURS WHEN ACID
AND BASES NEUTRALIZE EACH OTHER;
I.E. THE CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES
OF BOTH ACID AND AND BASES
DISAPPEAR OR HAVE A NEUTRAL VALUE.
WHERE
IT
CAN
BE
ACHIEVED
NEUTRALIZATION IS AN EFFECTIVE
TECHNIQUE IN DECONTAMINATION.
DISPOSAL
THE FINAL STEP IN A PROCESS WHEREBY A
SUBSTANCE IS TRANSFERRED TO AN
AUTHORIZED PARTY, OR TO A FINAL
RESTING PLACE.
LEVEL 1
DECONTAMINATION
3 LEVELS OF DECON
Used when the nature of the incident indicates
that there is at least a possibility that an
exposure has occurred but no one is certain
that it has.
An example would be if a
reconnaissance team entered a waste site, in
appropriate clothing and SCBA, to identify the
markings on a leaking 55 gallon drum.
LEVEL 2
DECONTAMINATION
3 LEVELS OF DECON
Used when you can physically see that
contamination of clothing has occurred, but the
skin has not been exposed. An example would be
a drum is rolled over and you step in the spilled
liquid. No one on the team experiences skin
contact.
LEVEL 3
DECONTAMINATION
3 LEVELS OF DECON
Used whenever the chemical has come into
contact with the skin. An example would be a
member of the team is splashed by the liquid and
the liquid has eaten a small hole in the clothing
and is burning the skin.
DECONTAMINATION
CORRIDOR CRITERIA
 Topography - The decon corridor should be located on a
level surface, upwind and upgrade from the site.
 Distance from spills - A minimum of 100 feet shall be
maintained between the decon area and the spill for minor
incidents. 500 feet for major incidents.
 Perimeters - An inner and outer security perimeter will be
established. The entrance into the hot zone must be a
controlled access point.
 Markings - Use stakes or cones and brightly colored
perimeter tape to clearly identify the decon corridor.