Development Policy and
Management
PIA 2501
THE NATURE OF THE
DEBATE
The Nature of the Debate

I. The Situation Today

II. The Impact of Colonialism

III. Twentieth Century
Authoritarianism

IV. The End of Colonialism

V. Keynesianism and the “Western”
Development Model
Major Themes
The Situation Today
The industrialized countries, which
accounted for 40 percent of the
world's population after World War
II, now account for only 20 percent,
though they earn 85 percent of the
world's income.
Development as a Concept: The
Problem
In the coming decades, the
industrialized world is expected to make
up only 12 to 15 percent of the planetary
population, as 90 to 95 percent of all
births take place in the poorest
countries.
“I [see] around the world-poverty, the
collapse of cities, porous borders,
cultural and racial strife, growing
economic disparities, weakening nationstates--We are not in control...” (Robert
Kaplan)
At Issue:
Robert D. Kaplan
Development as a Concept: The
Image
Robert Kaplan’s view:
Economic and social development is
“generally cruel, painful, violent, and
uneven…”
Development as a Concept: The
Controversy
“some nations, including the United
States, may be retreating into a
fortress like nationalism…”
- Robert Kaplan, “Ends of the Earth”
argument
Certain countries are separating and
being separated from the world
economy.
◦ Most of Africa except Egypt and South
Africa
◦ Parts of Indian sub-continent- Burma, Sri
Lanka- Central Asia
◦ Parts of the non-Oil Middle East
◦ Parts of South East Asia-Cambodia and
Laos◦ Parts of Central/South America and the
Balkans follows
The Ends of the Earth Argument
Robert Kaplan, The Ends of the Earth:
A Journey at the Dawn of the 21st
Century (New York: Random House:
1996).
Reference
Robert D. Kaplan (born in 1952)) is an American
journalist. He is currently an editor for the
Atlantic Monthly. His writings have also been
featured in the Washington Post, the New York
Times and the Wall Street Journal, among other
newspapers and publications.
He is known for his controversial essays about
the nature of U.S. power have spurred debate in
academia, the media, and the highest levels of
government.
A frequent theme in his work is the reemergence of cultural and historical tensions
temporarily suspended during the Cold War. He
has traveled to and reported on more than 80
countries.
Author of the Week
Robert D. Kaplan

History is Important

Culture Defines Choices

Start with empirical reality and
normative choices follow

Regional Analysis is Important
Picard’s Perspective
Okot p'Bitek

Paul Theroux
Ugandan Poet
Influence: Transition Authors
Okot p’Bitek—Uganda novelist
“Foreign ‘Experts’ and Peace Corps swarm the
Country Like white Ants.” (Transition Magazine,
1966)
Picard first read in Masaka Uganda, when it was first
published
Quote of the Day

Barack Obama, Dreams from My Father:
A Story of Race and Inheritance (New
York: Three Rivers Press, 2004), pp.
392-430. (Africa)

Barack Obama, The Audacity of Hope:
Thoughts on Reclaiming the American
Dream (New York: Vintage Books,
2006), Chapter Eight, pp. 320-382.
(General and Southeast Asia)
Note: Suggested Reading

Historical Structures
◦ Overseas colonial structures, land-based
colonialism, post-colonial society

Problems of Defining Development
and Modernization Theory

Colonial Underdevelopment Argument
How Did We Get to this Point?
The Impact of Colonialism
Periods:
1. Age of Exploration
2. Early Colonialism- Mercantilism
3. De Jure or Formal Colonialism
4. Old vs. New Colonialism
5. Land Based Colonial Empires
6. De Facto (Neo) Colonialism
7. Authoritarianism and the End of
Empire
8. Decolonization after WWII
9. Nationalism, Independence and
Theories of Development
Overseas Colonial Structures, Values,
(1500-1960) and Post-Colonial Society
1.
Age of Expansion: 1500-1700. Extraction
and Exploration. Dominated by Spain,
Portugal and later Holland
2. Overseas colonialism (Mercantilism
Phase-1700-1856- French and British)
The creation of external trade patterns and
government expenditures directed toward the
development of an export economy
3. “De Jure” colonialism: After 1856
Legal and internationally recognized formal control
of government structures when trade, economic
and governmental sectors of a society are formally
or legally controlled by another country
Age of Exploration
Colonial Structures, Values, and PostColonial Society (1500-1950)
4. “Old Colonialism” vs. “New Colonialism” (after
1920)
a. Early colonial development focused on
infrastructure to support export and import
trade
b. Human resource development was neglected
c. ideology of Free trade that masked a reality
which developed markets for mother country
goods and provided raw materials for industrial
production
d. New Colonialism- Modernization and
Westernization (1920-1950)
The Colonial Governor (The
Prefect Model)

Named the district officer, magistrate,
landrost, district commissioner, the
commandant, the collector (Asia, Africa,
Middle East, East Europe)

By contrast, administration was
Functional in Spanish Latin America,
Philippines, and in some Neo-Colonial
systems—no prefect

Government expenditure was limited to
the military and police prior to 1920s
Early Colonial Control: The
Colonial Prefect- World Wide
5. European Empires

Do the terms colonialism and
underdevelopment work for Eastern Europe,
the CIS, Central Asia and the Caucasus?

Administrative structures were similar to
those of overseas colonialism

After 1989, These are often labeled
“Transitional States”
Land Based Colonialism
Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Janine Wedel, in Collision and
Collusion, raises two questions:
◦ Are transitional states “developmental?”
◦ Are they transitional?
What does she mean?
Land Based Colonialism
6. De Facto Colonialism

No formal legal ties but in practice
power relationships between colonial
powers and puppet regimes
◦ Thailand, Ethiopia, Persia, Nepal, the Arabian
Peninsula, and Afghanistan, much of Latin
America after the 1850s
◦ Parallel between formal colonial systems and
informal influence
◦ Neo-colonialism after 1960
De Facto vs. Neo-Colonialism
TEN MINUTE BREAK
Break Time
7. Authoritarianism and
the End of Empires
Nationalism and Development“Five Minute History
1.
Neo-Nationalism- Royalist
Conservatism in Europe and Asia
2.
Corporatism Fascism
3.
Socialism/Communism
4.
Keynesianism
5.
New Orthodoxy

Looked to Model of Japan prior to
World War II (Toland Book)

Nationalism developed in the 1930s
and 1940s throughout much of the
colonial world including much of
central and Eastern Europe. It had
four variations.
Japan: Nationalism and the
End of Empire
Japan and the History of Development
(Toland, The Rising Sun): Two Questions

What was the Pre-War Japanese
Government view of Colonialism in
Asia?

Why is Japan Important in the
development of nationalism in Africa
and Asia?
◦ For Further Reading: Herbert P. Bix,
Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
(New York: Harper Collins, 2000).
1. Dominant Nationalism
2. Absence of Renaissance: Central Europe
3. Multi-ethnicity and land based expansion
4. Revolutionary Transformation and Collapse in the
20th Century
5. Primacy of the Party under “National Socialism”
6. Prefectoral Model of local state: Party Authority
7. Promoted a Mobilizing and social engineering
model of state transformation
Central European Corporatism:
Socialism and Fascism WWII
Neo-Nationalism in Europe and Latin
America (1930s)

António de Oliveira Salazar (1932)Portuguese Overseas Territories

Franco and the Spanish Civil War

Peronism (Juan Peron: Argentina 1944)

Impact of the functions of government
◦ Territorial Governors appointed by the
President (Prefects)
◦ The importance of Military control in regions Spanish Military Governors called Presidencies

Juan and Eva Peron
and Francisco
Franco
“The Leaders”

Patronage (The Universal Problem)
◦ Legalistic basis of governance in principle
◦
◦ Clientalist, class or mass based appeal,
charisma
◦ Community level political culture:
“localismo” inward looking villages and
communities
Neo-Nationalism in Latin America
(1940s)
Patronage in Mongolia
Kenneth J. Andrien, The Kingdom of Quito: The State
and Regional Development (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1995).
Peter S. Cleaves, Bureaucratic Politics and
Administration in Chile (Berkeley: University of
California Press, 1974).
Keith Griffin, Underdevelopment in Spanish America:
An Interpretation (London: Geoge Allen, 1969)
Jack Hopkins, (ed.) Latin America: Perspectives on a
Region (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1987).
Howard J. Wiarda, Politics and social change in Latin
America : still a distinct tradition? (Boulder :
Westview Press, 1992).
Further Reading on Latin America

Some have used the term
“Totalitarianism”

Provided models for Corporatist
“Development”

Legacy of Imperial and Socialist Land
Based Empires (Germany, Russia,
Austria and Turkey)

Corporatist and Commandist
Variations
Socialism and Fascism: WWII
8. Decolonization
after World War Two
The Development Era
Egypt- 1922
Dutch East Indies- 1944 (Indonesia)
Philippines (1946)
India- 1947
Israel-1948
Sudan-1965
Ghana-1957 (The Deluge-1960)
End of Sea Based Colonialism

President Omar alBashir
Sudan

“Sleepless in
Sudan”
From Middle Class Nationalism to
Mass Movements

World War II led to the collapse of over
seas empires

Begins Japanese imperialism and Asian
nationalism

The Atlantic Treaty and self-determinism

Two patterns:
◦ Gandhi and non-violence and
◦ Sukarno, Ho Chi Minh and violent resistance or
revolution
“Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity
Sphere”
◦ Between 1945 and 1965 more than one
hundred new states came into existence
◦ Kwame Nkrumah “Seek ye first the
Political Kingdom”
◦ Implication was that economic
development would follow
Independence

In the 1940s and 1950s there was a
rhetoric of Nationalism through out the
World

Political Change (Nationalism in the
Middle East, and Latin America) and
Independence (Caribbean, Africa, and
Asia (1960s-1970s)

Transformation in Eastern Europe and
the CIS (1980s)
The “Development Era” 19481989
9. Nationalism, Independence and
Theories of Development
Socialism as a “Model?”
Part of European Social
Democracy
Mixed vs. Command
Economies
1.
State Control
2.
Social Engineering
3.
Command Economy
4.
Industrialization vs. Rural
Transformation
5.
State Managed Development
Communist Theory and
Development
The Great Helmsman
Keynesianism
The Western Development Model
John Maynard
Keynes
Historical Character

British Economist who worked
several years in the British India
Office

John Rapley: “Keynes had no
problem with the market economy.
He liked the machine but judged it to
be in need of improvement if it was to
operate well.”
John Maynard Keynes, 1883-1946
◦ His goal was to influence the market and
not replace it
◦ Influenced the U.S. New Deal and the
thinking of the Labour Party in England
◦ He had an important influence on the
social democratic parties in Western
Europe
◦ His ideas suggested that European mixed
economies could be replicated in LDCs
John Maynard Keynes

Government had a role in the
management of the economy

KEY: Faith in the State
Keynesianism as Economic
Principle
◦ Physical development (roads and dams) and
Economic Growth
◦ Physical and Mental Change or Social
Development
◦ Human Resource Development vs. Social and
Economic Change
◦ Proposed a Mixed Economy—public and
private
Keynesianism
sECOND AUTHOR OF THE DAY
Kathleen Staudt
◦ Peace Corps Volunteer in the Philippines
(1966-1968) Researcher in Kenya- 1970s
◦ Raised Question- Is there a grass-roots
perspective? Role of Gender?
◦ Why or Why not?

John Rapley- Keynesian

Jennifer Brinkerhoff- Public-Private
Partnerships- The use of Grants

Pressman and WildavskyImplementation: Why plans do not
become reality (Oakland, California)
AUTHORS’ Themes
The Nature of the Debate:
Theories
NEXT WEEK

Paul Theroux

Robert Chambers

George Orwell
Discussion- Next Week
Issues and Questions
The Nature of the Debate