Connecting Themes • The GADOE organizes each subject into a series of standards that are divided into units • The 1st unit is called “Concepts Found in Psychology” and includes 5 Connecting Themes that are found throughout the study of Psychology • Your job is to examine and understand each connecting theme. My job is to make it as interesting as I can. • The idea behind the 1st unit is for you to see underlying themes that recur in each of the subsequent units of study (That’s me trying to sound smart.). • The connecting themes serve as a foundation for you to build your house of Psychological knowledge (lame alert). Connecting Themes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Beliefs and Ideals Culture Human Environment Interaction Individuals, Groups, Institutions Technological Innovations Sounds exciting, right? As I elaborate on each connecting theme, I want you to BRIEFLY respond to the prompts that follow. You will have a chance to elaborate later. 4 In Addition… • After responding to the prompts on each of the following slides, I want you to create a unique question for each connecting theme. • Questions should focus on how each connecting theme relates to you personally. – Or how each has affected your life • Questions should be designed to elicit conversation. 5 I. Beliefs and Ideals: The student will understand that the beliefs and ideals of a society influence the social, political, and economic decisions of that society. 1. Identify the most fundamental ideals and beliefs of American society. 2. Identify your fundamental ideals and beliefs. Specifically, how do each of these beliefs and ideals affect your decisions? 3. Why did you decide to study psychology? 4. How do the beliefs and ideals of our society directly affect the way we view psychology? *___________________________________ II. Individuals, Groups, Institutions: The student will understand that the actions of individuals, groups, and/or institutions affect society through intended and unintended consequences. 5. When and how have your actions been affected by an individual, group, or institution? (i.e. individual = you, group = family, institution = school) 6. Which actions have you taken that ended up much different than you intended as a result of interaction with others? *___________________________________ III. Innovation: The student will understand that technological innovations have consequences, both intended and unintended, for a society. 7. How has technology influenced your life? 8. What are some examples of how technology in your life ended up producing a result you had not expected? *___________________________________ IV. Human Environmental Interaction: The student will understand that humans, their society, and the environment affect each other. 9. How has the environment (your surroundings, nurture, etc.) affected your thoughts and behaviors? 10.How do humans, their society, and the environment affect each other? *___________________________________ V. Culture: The student will understand that the culture of a society is the product of the religion, beliefs, customs, traditions, and government of that society. 11.How would you define your culture? 12.What are some of your culture’s traditions and customs? *___________________________________ Socratic Seminar Prologue: The Story of Psychology 12 Prologue: The Story of Psychology Psychology’s Roots Prescientific Psychology Psychological Science is Born Psychological Science Develops 13 Prologue: The Story of Psychology Contemporary Psychology Psychology’s Big Debate Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis Psychology’s Subfields 14 Psychology more than a therapist and a couch 15 How is Psychology defined? Psyche + Logos 16 Today, Psychology is defined: The Scientific study of behavior and mental processes. 17 How old is Psychology? 18 – Prescientific • Thinking about thinking / using deductive reasoning to understand mental processing • Logic and reasoning – Nature of the soul – Empiricism/inductive reasoning (based on observation) • Dark ages-Renaissance – I think therefore I am – Blank slate – Modern/Scientific • 1879 • Psychoanalysis ? • Behaviorism • Technology and mental processing 19 Psychsim Activity Psychology’s Timeline 20 Psychologist Contribution Mnemonic Wundt Skinner Freud Watson James Darwin Rogers Skynard fans behave badly. Aprox. Date Country Psychologist Calkins Dix Hall Pavlov Piaget Washburn Contribution Mnemonic Aprox. Country Date Checking for Understanding • Who is credited with some of the earliest Psychological insight? • Put these figures in sequential order. • Which 2 Psychological questions did they debate? 23 Early History • The Greeks (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle) are credited with some of the earliest insights into Psychology – They debated the nature of the soul – They debated whether knowledge was innate or learned Prescientific Psychology Plato http://www.law.umkc.edu http://www.law.umkc.edu Socrates Socrates (469-399 B.C.) and Plato (428-348 B.C.) Socrates and his student Plato believed the mind was separate from the body, the mind continued to exist after death, and ideas were innate. 25 “The unexamined life is not worth living.” -Socrates 26 Aristotle Embraces Empiricism Empiricism The belief that knowledge comes from experience via the senses Science should rely on observation and experimentation Prescientific Psychology Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) http://faculty.washington.edu Aristotle suggested that the soul is not separable from the body and that knowledge (ideas) grow from experience. 28 “The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet.” -Aristotle 29 Differing Perspectives – Socrates and Plato relied on deductive reasoning (based on logic) to reach their conclusions. – Aristotle arrived at different conclusions, partly due to the fact the he relied on inductive reasoning (using observations or examples to arrive at generalizations). • A precursor to modern Science 30 Plato’s Cave Allegory Plato’s theory seeks to explain human behavior and mental processes, but he does so in a decidedly unscientific way. 31 Faulty Logic • Even so, Aristotle missed the mark on many of his conclusions: – – – – – mice die if the drink in the summer-time Eels are generated spontaneously Humans only have eight ribs Men have more teeth than women Mind must be in the heart • Can survive blow to head • Heart wounds most often fatal – Brain’s function= to cool the blood when overly warm 32 Dualism vs. Monism The debate between dualists (Socrates and Plato), who believe that the mind can exist separately from the body, and monists (Aristotle), who believe the mind and body are different aspects of the same thing, continues today. Are you a monist or dualist? 33 P-3 from IRM Reverse the following: 3,6,7,8,10,12,15,17,20,22,24,25, and 27 1=5, 2=4, 3=3, 4=2, 5=1 34 • Medieval period void of Psychological insight • Plague and the Church • Renewed interest 35 Renaissance and Enlightenment brought renewed interest 36 Prescientific Psychology Rene Descartes (1596-1650) http://ocw.mit.edu http://www.spacerad.com Descartes, like Plato, believed in soul (mind)-body separation (a Dualist), but wondered how the immaterial mind and physical body communicated.37 Reflex Theory • He proposed a mechanism for automatic reaction in response to external events • “external motions affect the peripheral ends of the nerve fibrils ,which in turn displace the central ends. As the central ends are displace, the pattern of interfibrillar space is rearranged and the flow of animal spirits is thereby directed into the approptiate nerves” 38 handout 39 “I think…therefore I am.” Descartes believed that the only thing that he could prove was that he existed. All else was conjecture, based on previous assumptions. 40 Prescientific Psychology Francis Bacon (1561-1626) http://www.iep.utm.edu Bacon is one of the founders of modern science, particularly the experimental method. 41 Prescientific Psychology John Locke (1632-1704) biografieonline.it/img/bio/John_Locke.jpg Locke held that the mind was a tabula rasa, or blank sheet, at birth, and experiences wrote on it. 42 • http://www.ted.com/talks/steven_pinker_ch alks_it_up_to_the_blank_slate.html • Stop on inborn morality (7:45) • W2W- Is morality universal or relative? – Support your opinion with as much detail as possible 43 Prescientific Psychology What is the relation of mind to the body? Mind and body are connected Mind and body are distinct The Hebrews Socrates Aristotle Plato Augustine Descartes 44 Prescientific Psychology How are ideas formed? Some ideas are inborn The mind is a blank slate Socrates Aristotle Plato Locke 45 Psychological Science is Born Structuralism Titchner (1867-1927) Wundt (1832-1920) Wundt and Titchener studied the elements (atoms) of the mind by conducting experiments at Leipzig, 46 Germany, in 1879. Let’s have a little learning fun. 47 Famous Faces and Graphinitions 48 History of Psychology Graphic Timeline See handout. •Read Prologue. •As you do so, gather information into the following graphic organizer. •Note: Your textbook does not contain all necessary information. 49 Psychological Science is Born Functionalism Mary Calkins James (1842-1910) Influenced by Darwin, William James established the school of functionalism, which opposed 50 structuralism. Structuralism vs. Functionalism • Structuralism has its basis in Wundt’s early experimentation. Titchener established this school of thought. – Sought to identify what he mind and consciousness were (structure) – Attempted to classify the elements of the mind using “introspection” • Functionalism is based on William James’ idea that Psychology has practical applications to life – Sought to identify how the mind and consciousness worked (function) – i.e.…we have fear and anger to aid in survival 51 Psychological Science is Born The Unconscious Mind Freud (1856-1939) Sigmund Freud and his followers emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind and its effects 52 on human behavior. Freud • Developed early personality theory • Based on unconscious conflicts within • Also influenced greatly by early childhood experiences (<6) • Problems arise in adolescence and early adulthood • Freud’s popularity has declined, but he was a pioneer in the field (much more later) Psychological Science Develops Behaviorism Skinner (1904-1990) Watson (1878-1958) Watson (1913) and later Skinner emphasized the study of overt behavior as the subject matter of 54 scientific psychology. Behaviorism is all about learned responses. 55 J.B. Watson • Behaviorist • Focused on learning • What we feel and do depends on associations we have made – Ex. We are afraid of dogs due to a bad experience – In other words, our experiences shape who we are through learning – Conditioning experiments on humans Thought that good parenting could prevent most psych problems JB Watson • If given complete control over person’s environment from infancy, he could make them become anything he wanted (doctor or beggar) • Best known for “Little Albert” Experiment • Our fears are caused by frightening associations we’ve made to them in the past (operant conditioning) B.F. Skinner • The quintessential behaviorist, Skinner believed that we are controlled by our environment and we become whatever out environment forces us to be (good or bad) – Taught pigeons how to do complex tasks by manipulating their environment • He did not believe that we truly have free will. – The choices that we make are a result of learned responses to reward and punishment – What do you think about this? BF Skinner • Very strict religious upbringing (grandmother’s love) • Not really a social butterfly (science books v. dating) • Strict behaviorist, though he mellowed with old age and viewed humans in less robotic terms • Thought all behaviors were the result of reinforcement • Basically, our personality is a accumulation of learned behaviors • If studying leads to good grades, you will continue to study • Make a list of about 10 behaviors that you have performed in the last 24 hours • Check the ones that you performed out of your own free will • Be ready to discuss Psychological Science Develops Rogers (1902-1987) http://www.carlrogers.dk http://facultyweb.cortland.edu Maslow (1908-1970) Humanistic Psychology Maslow and Rogers emphasized current environmental influences on our growth potential 61 and our need for love and acceptance. Tonight Read the remainder of the Prologue and finish the timeline. 62 The Finch That Stole Christmas Darwin (1809-1882) Darwin stated that nature selects those that best enable the organism to survive and reproduce in a 63 particular environment. Evolutionary Perspective • Looks to natural selection to explain behavior and mental processes such as memory, perception, and language. • Argues that social behaviors develop through genetics and inheritance • Adaptive functions of emotions promote survival (love, anger, etc.) 64 Many traits are inherited. • Draw a horizontal line and touch it with your ring finger…does your index finger touch also? • Interlock your hands…which thumb is on top? Practice won’t help. • Tongue roll 65 W2W “The single best idea that anyone has ever had” Strategy D. Natural Selection- From among chance variations, nature selects the traits that best enable the organism to survive 66 Fear? Disgust? It’s All in Your Genes Article Review 67 Other Important Figures • Dorothea Dix - helped reform inhumane treatments for psych disorders • William James- Father of American Psychology…”1st Psychology lecture I ever heard was the 1st I gave” – Taught at Harvard/wrote 1st Psych textbook • Mary Whiton Calkins – student of James and became the 1st woman president of the APA (denied PHD) • G. Stanley Hall - American student of Wundt who helped conduct 1st Psych experiment…1st American to receive Ph.D. in Psychology • Margaret Floy Washburn -1st woman to receive Ph.D. in Psychology Throughout the History of Psychology, many different approaches/perspectives have developed -such as Functionalism/ Structuralism, Behaviorism, Humanism, etc. Today, modern Psychologist view Psychology through one or more of 7 lenses. 69 Psychology’s Current Perspectives Perspective Focus Neuroscience/ How the body and brain enables emotions? Biological What is physically going on in the body? Evolutionary How the natural selection of traits the promotes the perpetuation of one’s genes? Behavior genetics How much our genes and our environments influence our individual differences? Sample Questions How are messages transmitted in the body? How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives? How does evolution influence behavior tendencies? To what extent are psychological traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression attributable to our genes? To our environment? 70 Psychology’s Current Perspectives Perspective Focus Sample Questions Psychodynamic How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts? How can someone’s personality traits and disorders be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives or as disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas? How we learn observable responses? How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter our behavior, say to lose weight or quit smoking? 71 Differs from psychoanalysis due to its’ decreased focus on animal drives Behavioral Psychology’s Current Perspectives Perspective Focus Sample Questions Cognitive How we encode, process, store and retrieve information? How do we use information in remembering? Reasoning? Problem solving? How we verbalize our thoughts internally. Socialcultural How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures? How are we — as Africans, Asians, Australians or North Americans – alike as members of human family? As products of different environmental contexts, how do we differ? 72 Neighbor Reading 73 7 Perspectives Activity-Jigsaw •List scenarios on board •Pair w/ one student from another group and share analyses •discuss •Repeat process with two other individuals (3 total) •Whole group discussion of selected topic 74 History/Perspectives Graphinitions 75 Gestalt? • Gestalt (“organized whole”) – German school of thought that deals with visual perception – people tend to organize visual elements into groups or whole forms (figures) – instead of just a collection of simple lines and curves. "The whole is greater than the sum of the parts" 76 Instead of a nose, mouth, and eyes perceived distinctly, we see a face 77 Our mind perceives whole forms 78 Biopsychosocial Model • The Biopsychosocial model combines three levels of analysis, which provides for a more in-depth understanding. • Modern psychologists use an integrated or eclectic approach, rather than focusing on only one perspective 79 See obesity activity. Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis 80 Smiling at someone in the hallway brainstorm… • biological reasons why we may do this (brain mechanisms, genetics predispositions, hormones, adaptive traits) • Psychological reasons (learned fears/expectations, emotional responses, cognitive processing and perceptual interpretation) • Socio-cultural reasons (cultural-societal expectations, peer/group influence, compelling models…media, presence of others) 81 It’s your turn… Psycho Bio Smiling Social 82 Psychology’s Approaches Recap • Earliest : – Structuralism (Wundt/Titchener) – Functionalism (James) – Behaviorism (Watson and Skinner) • A little later: – Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic (Freud) – Gestalt (German school of thought ) – Humanism (Maslow and Rogers) • Contemporary: – Evolutionary – Biological (AKA- Neuroscience) – cognitive 83 Note: The following bell ringer will be grades, but it will count as a daily grade…not as a quiz. 84 Bell Ringer (History and Approaches) 1. The goal of Structuralism was to determine the basic _______ of the mind through the use of __________. 2. Opposing ________ (the founder of Structuralism) and inspired by the writings of ________, Functionalism differed in the sense that it focused on the _______ _________ of behavior and mental processes. – Adaptive functions 3. Behaviorists like __________ and _________ felt that human behavior and mental processes are the result of learned __________ that we have made between our previous actions and there consequences. 85 4. Briefly describe Darwin’s key contributions to the field of Psychology. 5. __________- helped reform inhumane treatments for psych disorders – Dorothea Dix 6. ___________– student of James and became the 1st woman president of the APA – Mary Whiton Calkins 7. __________-1st woman to receive Ph.D. in Psychology – Margaret Floy Washburn 86 If the therapist pictured below subscribes to Freud’s Psychoanalytic theory, what will be the goal of the session? Which methods may be used to accomplish this goal? Describe the conversation that would likely take place between the therapist and Marge. 87 9. This model combines the three levels of analysis. 10. A. Identify two thinkers that believed humans are born with innate ideas. B. Identify two thinkers that believed humans are born with a blank slate. 11. Critical Thinking: Using deductive reasoning, describe the fundamental difference between Humanism and Psychoanalysis. 88 Psychological Associations & Societies The American Psychological Association is the largest organization of psychology with 160,000 members world-wide, followed by the British Psychological Society with 34,000 members. 89 Education Necesario • If you’re looking into a career as a Psychologist… • BA/BS – offer few opportunities • With an MS – Marriage and Family Therapist – Clinical Social Worker – Teach in a 2-year college • With a PHD – May teach at university level – May enter private practice as psychologist in most states 90 Clinical Psychology vs. Psychiatry A clinical psychologist (Ph.D.) studies, assesses, and treats troubled people with psychotherapy. Psychiatrists on the other hand are medical professionals (M.D.) who use treatments like drugs and psychotherapy to treat psychologically diseased patients. 91 Psychiatry vs. Psychology Read Aloud • Psychiatrists (M.D.) go to medical school and receive training in the treatment of psych disorders during a specialized residency. Typically, psychiatrists treat psychological disorders with medically based treatments, often prescribing drugs in addition to, or instead of, psychotherapy. 92 Clinical Psychologists earn a Ph.D. in clinical psychology, which includes a specialized internship in which they practice different psychologically based treatments, or psychotherapies. Typically, clinical psychologists use psychotherapy to treat mental illness. CP Version: couch…not Prozac 93 Two Types of Research • Basic Research (Research Psychologist) – pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base – More concerned with discovering concepts…less practical in nature – Example: Developmental Psychologists attempt to understand how we change throughout the lifespan • Applied Research (applied Psycholgist)- scientific study that aims to solve practical problems – More practical in nature – Example: Industrial-organizational 94 Psychologist Industrial/Organizational • Work with management to improve working conditions in order to – Increase efficiency – Increase profit – Foster positive company image • Workplace design • work with employees on personal issues that may interfere with work 95 Being an Industrial/Org. Psychologist • Analyze your classroom • Are considerations made whose purpose is to increase student efficiency? – Desks (design and seating arrangement) – Lighting – Paint color – Location of clock – Location of teacher’s desk – Etc. How about retail /grocery stores? • Milk is usually at the back of the store • Popular item, which forces people to walk through the store • Children cereal at eye level • Soothing music • Comfortable temp. • Impulse aisle • Red 97 Research Analogy Basic Research : Structuralism Applied Research : __________ Complete the analogy ,and provide a persuasive rationale for your guess. 98 Basic research is much like structuralism, whose adherents wanted to discover what the mind and consciousness were. Applied research is much like functionalism, whose practitioners wanted to discover how the mind and consciousness worked and how they helped people adapt to circumstances 99 Major Subfields Within Psychology • • • • • • • • • • • • Biological Clinical Cognitive Counseling Developmental Educational Experimental Human factors Industrial-organizational Personality Psychometric social Many others… 100 Subfields G.O./K.I.M. Activity • Because we don’t have time to cover the subfields of Psychology in class, I want you to complete a graphic organizer outside of class • See Appendix A4-A8 and provide brief summaries of each -OrKIM Activity • Memory clue can be visual, or utilize some other type of mnemonic device (acronym, narrative chain, etc.) • Each memory clue should clearly illustrate the role of each specialty. -orTrivial Pursuit Activity (16 wedges) – Provide a 3-word summary of each subfield • You may see these again (on quiz or test) 101 Psychology’s Subfields: Research Psychologist Biological Developmental Cognitive Personality Social What she does Explore the links between brain and mind. Study changing abilities from womb to tomb. Study how we perceive, think, and solve problems. Investigate our persistent traits. Explore how we view and affect one another. 102 Psychology’s Subfields: Research Other 11.5% Experimental 14.1% Biological 9.9% Developmental 24.6% Psychometrics 5.5% Cognitive 8.0% Social 21.6% Personality 4.8% Data: APA 1997 103 Psychology’s Subfields: Applied Psychologist Clinical What she does Studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders Counseling Helps people cope with academic, vocational, and marital challenges. Educational Studies and helps individuals in school and educational settings Industrial/ Organizational Studies and advises on behavior in the workplace. 104 Psychology’s Subfields: Applied Industrial 6% Educational 9% Other 3% Counseling 15% Clinical 67% Data: APA 1997 105 Effective Study Skills Graphic Organizer pp. 15 and 16 106 Close-up Your Study of Psychology Survey, Question, Read, Review and Reflect (SQ3R) Survey: What you are about to read, including chapter outlines and section heads. Question: Ask questions. Make notes. Read: Make sure you read outlines, sections and chapters in entirety. Review: Margin definitions. Study learning outcomes. Reflect: On what you learn. Test yourself with quizzes. 107 Close-up Additional Study Hints Distribute your time. Listen actively in class. Overlearn. Be a smart test-taker. 108 Nature/Nurture Persuasive Essay Select a topic: virtuosity, Criminal behavior, religiosity, alcoholism, sexual orientation, etc. 109 Free-Response Question Psychology has a variety of complementary yet incomplete perspectives that help us understand behavior. How might each of the following perspectives explain aggression? – Biological – Cognitive – Evolutionary – Social-Cultural 110 9-point question Allow 1 point for an adequate discussion of each of the following concepts or terms from each perspective. 111 Biological (3 points) • Should mention the physical reaction that occurs…different areas of the brain are active when someone is acting aggressively…heart rate, etc. • Should mention heredity. Some could have a genetic predisposition to act aggressively…may be born with a more aggressive temperament. 112 Cognitive (2 points) • Should include patterns of thoughts…acting aggressively affects one’s thinking. • Our interpretation of events could affect aggressive behavior. • Include positive internal sentences 113 Evolutionary (2 points) • Genetic influence - Aggression might have facilitated survival and the subsequent passing of genes from one generation to the next. • Natural Selection of traits: From among chance variations, nature selects the traits that best enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment – Adaptive function of these traits 114 Social-Cultural (2 points) • Differing cultural influence: What is seen as aggressive in one culture might not be seen as normal in another, depending on the cultural context. • The setting or situation might affect aggressive thinking and behavior (maybe surrounded by group of friends, whom he or she doesn’t want to look foolish in front 115 of) Prologue QUIZ tomorrow? 116 Timeline: Grading Rubric • All 30 terms/names included and identified (60 points) • 10 meaningful visuals included (20) • Followed directions – Text boxes used (4) – Timeline straight (4 – straight edge used) – Timeline is color-coded (4-green,blue,red) – Handwriting legible or printed (4) • WOW factor (4 points…awarded to those 117 who exceeded expectations)