Connecting Themes
• The GADOE organizes each subject into a
series of standards that are divided into units
• The 1st unit is called “Concepts Found in
Psychology” and includes 5 Connecting Themes
that are found throughout the study of
Psychology
• Your job is to examine and understand each
connecting theme. My job is to make it as
interesting as I can.
• The idea behind the 1st unit is for you to see
underlying themes that recur in each of the
subsequent units of study (That’s me trying to
sound smart.).
• The connecting themes serve as a foundation
for you to build your house of Psychological
knowledge (lame alert).
Connecting Themes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Beliefs and Ideals
Culture
Human Environment Interaction
Individuals, Groups, Institutions
Technological Innovations
Sounds exciting, right?
As I elaborate on each connecting
theme, I want you to BRIEFLY
respond to the prompts that follow.
You will have a chance to
elaborate later.
4
In Addition…
• After responding to the prompts on each of
the following slides, I want you to create a
unique question for each connecting
theme.
• Questions should focus on how each
connecting theme relates to you
personally.
– Or how each has affected your life
• Questions should be designed to elicit
conversation.
5
I. Beliefs and Ideals: The student will understand that the
beliefs and ideals of a society influence the social,
political, and economic decisions of that society.
1. Identify the most fundamental ideals and beliefs of
American society.
2. Identify your fundamental ideals and beliefs.
Specifically, how do each of these beliefs and ideals
affect your decisions?
3. Why did you decide to study psychology?
4. How do the beliefs and ideals of our society directly
affect the way we view psychology?
*___________________________________
II. Individuals, Groups, Institutions: The
student will understand that the actions of
individuals, groups, and/or institutions affect
society through intended and unintended
consequences.
5. When and how have your actions been affected by
an individual, group, or institution? (i.e. individual =
you, group = family, institution = school)
6. Which actions have you taken that ended up much
different than you intended as a result of interaction
with others?
*___________________________________
III. Innovation: The student will understand that
technological innovations have
consequences, both intended and unintended,
for a society.
7. How has technology influenced your life?
8. What are some examples of how technology in your
life ended up producing a result you had not
expected?
*___________________________________
IV. Human Environmental Interaction:
The student will understand that
humans, their society, and the
environment affect each other.
9. How has the environment (your
surroundings, nurture, etc.) affected your
thoughts and behaviors?
10.How do humans, their society, and the
environment affect each other?
*___________________________________
V. Culture: The student will understand that the
culture of a society is the product of the
religion, beliefs, customs, traditions, and
government of that society.
11.How would you define your culture?
12.What are some of your culture’s traditions
and customs?
*___________________________________
Socratic Seminar
Prologue: The Story of
Psychology
12
Prologue: The Story of Psychology
Psychology’s Roots
 Prescientific Psychology
 Psychological Science is Born
 Psychological Science Develops
13
Prologue: The Story of Psychology
Contemporary Psychology
 Psychology’s Big Debate
 Psychology’s Three Main Levels
of Analysis
 Psychology’s Subfields
14
Psychology
more than a therapist and a couch
15
How is Psychology defined?
Psyche + Logos
16
Today, Psychology is defined:
The Scientific study of behavior
and mental processes.
17
How old is Psychology?
18
– Prescientific
• Thinking about thinking / using deductive reasoning to
understand mental processing
• Logic and reasoning
– Nature of the soul
– Empiricism/inductive reasoning (based on observation)
• Dark ages-Renaissance
– I think therefore I am
– Blank slate
– Modern/Scientific
• 1879
• Psychoanalysis ?
• Behaviorism
• Technology and mental processing
19
Psychsim Activity
Psychology’s Timeline
20
Psychologist
Contribution
Mnemonic
Wundt
Skinner
Freud
Watson
James
Darwin
Rogers
Skynard fans
behave badly.
Aprox.
Date
Country
Psychologist
Calkins
Dix
Hall
Pavlov
Piaget
Washburn
Contribution
Mnemonic
Aprox. Country
Date
Checking for Understanding
• Who is credited with some of the earliest
Psychological insight?
• Put these figures in sequential order.
• Which 2 Psychological questions did they
debate?
23
Early History
• The Greeks (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle)
are credited with some of the earliest
insights into Psychology
– They debated the nature of the soul
– They debated whether knowledge was innate
or learned
Prescientific Psychology
Plato
http://www.law.umkc.edu
http://www.law.umkc.edu
Socrates
Socrates (469-399 B.C.) and Plato (428-348 B.C.)
Socrates and his student Plato believed the mind
was separate from the body, the mind continued to
exist after death, and ideas were innate.
25
“The unexamined life is
not worth living.”
-Socrates
26
Aristotle Embraces Empiricism
 Empiricism
 The belief that knowledge comes from
experience via the senses
 Science should rely on observation and
experimentation
Prescientific Psychology
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
http://faculty.washington.edu
Aristotle suggested that the soul is not separable
from the body and that knowledge (ideas) grow
from experience.
28
“The roots of education are bitter,
but the fruit is sweet.”
-Aristotle
29
Differing Perspectives
– Socrates and Plato relied on deductive
reasoning (based on logic) to reach their
conclusions.
– Aristotle arrived at different conclusions, partly
due to the fact the he relied on inductive
reasoning (using observations or examples
to arrive at generalizations).
• A precursor to modern Science
30
Plato’s Cave Allegory
Plato’s theory seeks to explain
human behavior and mental
processes, but he does so in a
decidedly unscientific way.
31
Faulty Logic
• Even so, Aristotle missed the mark on many of
his conclusions:
–
–
–
–
–
mice die if the drink in the summer-time
Eels are generated spontaneously
Humans only have eight ribs
Men have more teeth than women
Mind must be in the heart
• Can survive blow to head
• Heart wounds most often fatal
– Brain’s function= to cool the blood when overly warm
32
Dualism vs. Monism
The debate between dualists (Socrates
and Plato), who believe that the mind can
exist separately from the body, and
monists (Aristotle), who believe the mind
and body are different aspects of the same
thing, continues today.
Are you a monist or dualist?
33
P-3 from IRM
Reverse the following:
3,6,7,8,10,12,15,17,20,22,24,25,
and 27
1=5, 2=4, 3=3, 4=2, 5=1
34
• Medieval period void of Psychological
insight
• Plague and the Church
• Renewed interest
35
Renaissance and
Enlightenment brought
renewed interest
36
Prescientific Psychology
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
http://ocw.mit.edu
http://www.spacerad.com
Descartes, like Plato, believed in soul (mind)-body
separation (a Dualist), but wondered how the
immaterial mind and physical body communicated.37
Reflex Theory
• He proposed a mechanism for automatic
reaction in response to external events
• “external motions affect the peripheral
ends of the nerve fibrils ,which in turn
displace the central ends. As the central
ends are displace, the pattern of
interfibrillar space is rearranged and the
flow of animal spirits is thereby directed
into the approptiate nerves”
38
handout
39
“I think…therefore I am.”
Descartes believed that the only thing that
he could prove was that he existed. All
else was conjecture, based on previous
assumptions.
40
Prescientific Psychology
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
http://www.iep.utm.edu
Bacon is one of the founders of modern science,
particularly the experimental method.
41
Prescientific Psychology
John Locke (1632-1704)
biografieonline.it/img/bio/John_Locke.jpg
Locke held that the mind was a tabula rasa, or
blank sheet, at birth, and experiences wrote on it.
42
• http://www.ted.com/talks/steven_pinker_ch
alks_it_up_to_the_blank_slate.html
• Stop on inborn morality (7:45)
• W2W- Is morality universal or relative?
– Support your opinion with as much detail as
possible
43
Prescientific Psychology
What is the relation of mind to the body?
Mind and body are
connected
Mind and body are
distinct
The Hebrews
Socrates
Aristotle
Plato
Augustine
Descartes
44
Prescientific Psychology
How are ideas formed?
Some ideas are inborn
The mind is a blank
slate
Socrates
Aristotle
Plato
Locke
45
Psychological Science is Born
Structuralism
Titchner (1867-1927)
Wundt (1832-1920)
Wundt and Titchener studied the elements (atoms)
of the mind by conducting experiments at Leipzig,
46
Germany, in 1879.
Let’s have a little learning fun.
47
Famous Faces and
Graphinitions
48
History of Psychology
Graphic Timeline
See handout.
•Read Prologue.
•As you do so, gather information into the
following graphic organizer.
•Note: Your textbook does not contain all
necessary information.
49
Psychological Science is Born
Functionalism
Mary Calkins
James (1842-1910)
Influenced by Darwin, William James established
the school of functionalism, which opposed
50
structuralism.
Structuralism vs. Functionalism
• Structuralism has its basis in Wundt’s early
experimentation. Titchener established this
school of thought.
– Sought to identify what he mind and consciousness
were (structure)
– Attempted to classify the elements of the mind using
“introspection”
• Functionalism is based on William James’ idea
that Psychology has practical applications to life
– Sought to identify how the mind and consciousness
worked (function)
– i.e.…we have fear and anger to aid in survival
51
Psychological Science is Born
The Unconscious Mind
Freud (1856-1939)
Sigmund Freud and his followers emphasized the
importance of the unconscious mind and its effects
52
on human behavior.
Freud
• Developed early personality theory
• Based on unconscious conflicts within
• Also influenced greatly by early childhood experiences
(<6)
• Problems arise in adolescence and early adulthood
• Freud’s popularity has declined, but he was a pioneer in
the field (much more later)
Psychological Science Develops
Behaviorism
Skinner (1904-1990)
Watson (1878-1958)
Watson (1913) and later Skinner emphasized the
study of overt behavior as the subject matter of
54
scientific psychology.
Behaviorism is all about
learned responses.
55
J.B. Watson
• Behaviorist
• Focused on learning
• What we feel and do depends on
associations we have made
– Ex. We are afraid of dogs due to a bad
experience
– In other words, our experiences shape who
we are through learning
– Conditioning experiments on humans
Thought that good parenting could prevent
most psych problems
JB Watson
• If given complete control over person’s
environment from infancy, he could make
them become anything he wanted (doctor
or beggar)
• Best known for “Little Albert” Experiment
• Our fears are caused by frightening
associations we’ve made to them in the
past (operant conditioning)
B.F. Skinner
• The quintessential behaviorist, Skinner believed
that we are controlled by our environment and
we become whatever out environment forces us
to be (good or bad)
– Taught pigeons how to do complex tasks by
manipulating their environment
• He did not believe that we truly have free will.
– The choices that we make are a result of
learned responses to reward and punishment
– What do you think about this?
BF Skinner
• Very strict religious upbringing (grandmother’s
love)
• Not really a social butterfly (science books v.
dating)
• Strict behaviorist, though he mellowed with old
age and viewed humans in less robotic terms
• Thought all behaviors were the result of
reinforcement
• Basically, our personality is a accumulation of
learned behaviors
• If studying leads to good grades, you will
continue to study
• Make a list of about 10 behaviors that you
have performed in the last 24 hours
• Check the ones that you performed out of
your own free will
• Be ready to discuss
Psychological Science Develops
Rogers (1902-1987)
http://www.carlrogers.dk
http://facultyweb.cortland.edu
Maslow (1908-1970)
Humanistic Psychology
Maslow and Rogers emphasized current
environmental influences on our growth potential
61
and our need for love and acceptance.
Tonight
Read the remainder of the
Prologue and finish the timeline.
62
The Finch That Stole Christmas
Darwin (1809-1882)
Darwin stated that nature selects those that best
enable the organism to survive and reproduce in a
63
particular environment.
Evolutionary Perspective
• Looks to natural selection to explain
behavior and mental processes such as
memory, perception, and language.
• Argues that social behaviors develop
through genetics and inheritance
• Adaptive functions of emotions promote
survival (love, anger, etc.)
64
Many traits are inherited.
• Draw a horizontal line and touch it with
your ring finger…does your index finger
touch also?
• Interlock your hands…which thumb is on
top? Practice won’t help.
• Tongue roll
65
W2W
“The single best idea that
anyone has ever had”
Strategy D.
Natural Selection- From among chance
variations, nature selects the traits that
best enable the organism to survive
66
Fear? Disgust? It’s All in
Your Genes
Article Review
67
Other Important Figures
• Dorothea Dix - helped reform inhumane treatments for
psych disorders
• William James- Father of American Psychology…”1st
Psychology lecture I ever heard was the 1st I gave”
– Taught at Harvard/wrote 1st Psych textbook
• Mary Whiton Calkins – student of James and became
the 1st woman president of the APA (denied PHD)
• G. Stanley Hall - American student of Wundt who
helped conduct 1st Psych experiment…1st American to
receive Ph.D. in Psychology
• Margaret Floy Washburn -1st woman to receive Ph.D.
in Psychology
Throughout the History of
Psychology, many different
approaches/perspectives have
developed
-such as Functionalism/
Structuralism, Behaviorism,
Humanism, etc.
Today, modern Psychologist view
Psychology through one or more
of 7 lenses.
69
Psychology’s Current Perspectives
Perspective
Focus
Neuroscience/ How the body and brain
enables emotions?
Biological
What is physically going
on in the body?
Evolutionary
How the natural selection
of traits the promotes the
perpetuation of one’s
genes?
Behavior genetics How much our genes and
our environments
influence our individual
differences?
Sample Questions
How are messages
transmitted in the body? How
is blood chemistry linked with
moods and motives?
How does evolution influence
behavior tendencies?
To what extent are
psychological traits such as
intelligence, personality,
sexual orientation, and
vulnerability to depression
attributable to our genes? To
our environment?
70
Psychology’s Current Perspectives
Perspective
Focus
Sample Questions
Psychodynamic
How behavior springs
from unconscious drives
and conflicts?
How can someone’s
personality traits and
disorders be explained in
terms of sexual and
aggressive drives or as
disguised effects of unfulfilled
wishes and childhood
traumas?
How we learn observable
responses?
How do we learn to fear
particular objects or
situations? What is the most
effective way to alter our
behavior, say to lose weight or
quit smoking?
71
Differs from
psychoanalysis
due to its’
decreased focus
on animal
drives
Behavioral
Psychology’s Current Perspectives
Perspective
Focus
Sample Questions
Cognitive
How we encode, process,
store and retrieve
information?
How do we use information
in remembering? Reasoning?
Problem solving?
How we verbalize our
thoughts internally.
Socialcultural
How behavior and
thinking vary across
situations and cultures?
How are we — as Africans,
Asians, Australians or North
Americans – alike as members
of human family? As products
of different environmental
contexts, how do we differ?
72
Neighbor Reading
73
7 Perspectives Activity-Jigsaw
•List scenarios on board
•Pair w/ one student from another
group and share analyses
•discuss
•Repeat process with two other
individuals (3 total)
•Whole group discussion of
selected topic
74
History/Perspectives
Graphinitions
75
Gestalt?
• Gestalt (“organized whole”) – German
school of thought that deals with visual
perception
– people tend to organize visual elements into
groups or whole forms (figures)
– instead of just a collection of simple lines and
curves.
"The whole is greater than the sum of the parts"
76
Instead of a nose, mouth, and
eyes perceived distinctly, we
see a face
77
Our mind perceives whole forms
78
Biopsychosocial Model
• The Biopsychosocial model combines
three levels of analysis, which provides for
a more in-depth understanding.
• Modern psychologists use an integrated or
eclectic approach, rather than focusing on
only one perspective
79
See obesity activity.
Psychology’s Three Main Levels of
Analysis
80
Smiling at someone in the hallway
brainstorm…
• biological reasons why we may do this (brain
mechanisms, genetics predispositions, hormones,
adaptive traits)
• Psychological reasons
(learned fears/expectations, emotional responses,
cognitive processing and perceptual interpretation)
• Socio-cultural reasons
(cultural-societal expectations, peer/group influence,
compelling models…media, presence of others)
81
It’s your turn…
Psycho
Bio
Smiling
Social
82
Psychology’s Approaches Recap
• Earliest :
– Structuralism (Wundt/Titchener)
– Functionalism (James)
– Behaviorism (Watson and Skinner)
• A little later:
– Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic (Freud)
– Gestalt (German school of thought )
– Humanism (Maslow and Rogers)
• Contemporary:
– Evolutionary
– Biological (AKA- Neuroscience)
– cognitive
83
Note: The following bell ringer
will be grades, but it will count
as a daily grade…not as a quiz.
84
Bell Ringer (History and Approaches)
1. The goal of Structuralism was to determine the basic
_______ of the mind through the use of __________.
2. Opposing ________ (the founder of Structuralism) and
inspired by the writings of ________, Functionalism
differed in the sense that it focused on the _______
_________ of behavior and mental processes.
– Adaptive functions
3. Behaviorists like __________ and _________ felt that
human behavior and mental processes are the result of
learned __________ that we have made between our
previous actions and there consequences.
85
4. Briefly describe Darwin’s key contributions to the
field of Psychology.
5. __________- helped reform inhumane treatments
for psych disorders
– Dorothea Dix
6. ___________– student of James and became the
1st woman president of the APA
– Mary Whiton Calkins
7. __________-1st woman to receive Ph.D. in
Psychology
– Margaret Floy Washburn
86
If the therapist pictured below subscribes to Freud’s
Psychoanalytic theory, what will be the goal of the session?
Which methods may be used to accomplish this goal?
Describe the conversation that would likely take place
between the therapist and Marge.
87
9. This model combines the three levels of
analysis.
10.
A. Identify two thinkers that believed humans are
born with innate ideas.
B. Identify two thinkers that believed humans are
born with a blank slate.
11. Critical Thinking: Using deductive reasoning,
describe the fundamental difference between
Humanism and Psychoanalysis.
88
Psychological Associations &
Societies
The American Psychological Association is the
largest organization of psychology with 160,000
members world-wide, followed by the British
Psychological Society with 34,000 members.
89
Education Necesario
• If you’re looking into a career as a Psychologist…
• BA/BS
– offer few opportunities
• With an MS
– Marriage and Family Therapist
– Clinical Social Worker
– Teach in a 2-year college
• With a PHD
– May teach at university level
– May enter private practice as psychologist in most
states
90
Clinical Psychology vs. Psychiatry
A clinical psychologist (Ph.D.) studies, assesses,
and treats troubled people with psychotherapy.
Psychiatrists on the other hand are medical
professionals (M.D.) who use treatments like drugs
and psychotherapy to treat psychologically
diseased patients.
91
Psychiatry vs. Psychology
Read Aloud
• Psychiatrists (M.D.) go to medical school
and receive training in the treatment of
psych disorders during a specialized
residency. Typically, psychiatrists treat
psychological disorders with medically
based treatments, often prescribing drugs
in addition to, or instead of,
psychotherapy.
92
Clinical Psychologists earn a Ph.D. in
clinical psychology, which includes a
specialized internship in which they
practice different psychologically based
treatments, or psychotherapies. Typically,
clinical psychologists use psychotherapy
to treat mental illness.
CP Version: couch…not Prozac
93
Two Types of Research
• Basic Research (Research Psychologist) – pure
science that aims to increase the scientific
knowledge base
– More concerned with discovering concepts…less
practical in nature
– Example: Developmental Psychologists
attempt to understand how we change throughout
the lifespan
• Applied Research (applied Psycholgist)- scientific
study that aims to solve practical problems
– More practical in nature
– Example: Industrial-organizational
94
Psychologist
Industrial/Organizational
• Work with management to improve
working conditions in order to
– Increase efficiency
– Increase profit
– Foster positive company image
• Workplace design
• work with employees on personal issues
that may interfere with work
95
Being an Industrial/Org.
Psychologist
• Analyze your classroom
• Are considerations made whose purpose
is to increase student efficiency?
– Desks (design and seating arrangement)
– Lighting
– Paint color
– Location of clock
– Location of teacher’s desk
– Etc.
How about retail /grocery stores?
• Milk is usually at the back of the store
• Popular item, which forces people to walk
through the store
• Children cereal at eye level
• Soothing music
• Comfortable temp.
• Impulse aisle
• Red
97
Research Analogy
Basic Research : Structuralism
Applied Research : __________
Complete the analogy ,and provide a
persuasive rationale for your guess.
98
Basic research is much like structuralism,
whose adherents wanted to discover what the
mind and consciousness were.
Applied research is much like functionalism,
whose practitioners wanted to discover how the
mind and consciousness worked and how they
helped people adapt to circumstances
99
Major Subfields Within Psychology
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Biological
Clinical
Cognitive
Counseling
Developmental
Educational
Experimental
Human factors
Industrial-organizational
Personality
Psychometric
social
Many others…
100
Subfields G.O./K.I.M. Activity
• Because we don’t have time to cover the subfields of Psychology in
class, I want you to complete a graphic organizer outside of class
• See Appendix A4-A8 and provide brief summaries of each
-OrKIM Activity
• Memory clue can be visual, or utilize some other type of mnemonic
device (acronym, narrative chain, etc.)
• Each memory clue should clearly illustrate the role of each specialty.
-orTrivial Pursuit Activity (16 wedges) – Provide a 3-word summary of
each subfield
• You may see these again (on quiz or test)
101
Psychology’s Subfields: Research
Psychologist
Biological
Developmental
Cognitive
Personality
Social
What she does
Explore the links between brain and
mind.
Study changing abilities from womb to
tomb.
Study how we perceive, think, and solve
problems.
Investigate our persistent traits.
Explore how we view and affect one
another.
102
Psychology’s Subfields: Research
Other 11.5%
Experimental
14.1%
Biological
9.9%
Developmental
24.6%
Psychometrics
5.5%
Cognitive
8.0%
Social 21.6%
Personality
4.8%
Data: APA 1997
103
Psychology’s Subfields: Applied
Psychologist
Clinical
What she does
Studies, assesses, and treats people with
psychological disorders
Counseling
Helps people cope with academic,
vocational, and marital challenges.
Educational
Studies and helps individuals in school
and educational settings
Industrial/
Organizational
Studies and advises on behavior in the
workplace.
104
Psychology’s Subfields: Applied
Industrial
6%
Educational
9%
Other
3%
Counseling
15%
Clinical
67%
Data: APA 1997
105
Effective Study Skills
Graphic Organizer
pp. 15 and 16
106
Close-up
Your Study of Psychology
Survey, Question, Read, Review and Reflect (SQ3R)





Survey: What you are about to read, including chapter
outlines and section heads.
Question: Ask questions. Make notes.
Read: Make sure you read outlines, sections and
chapters in entirety.
Review: Margin definitions. Study learning outcomes.
Reflect: On what you learn. Test yourself with quizzes.
107
Close-up
Additional Study Hints




Distribute your time.
Listen actively in class.
Overlearn.
Be a smart test-taker.
108
Nature/Nurture Persuasive
Essay
Select a topic: virtuosity,
Criminal behavior, religiosity,
alcoholism, sexual orientation, etc.
109
Free-Response Question
Psychology has a variety of complementary
yet incomplete perspectives that help us
understand behavior. How might each of
the following perspectives explain
aggression?
– Biological
– Cognitive
– Evolutionary
– Social-Cultural
110
9-point question
Allow 1 point for an adequate
discussion of each of the
following concepts or terms
from each perspective.
111
Biological (3 points)
• Should mention the physical reaction
that occurs…different areas of the brain
are active when someone is acting
aggressively…heart rate, etc.
• Should mention heredity. Some could
have a genetic predisposition to act
aggressively…may be born with a more
aggressive temperament.
112
Cognitive (2 points)
• Should include patterns of
thoughts…acting aggressively affects
one’s thinking.
• Our interpretation of events could affect
aggressive behavior.
• Include positive internal sentences
113
Evolutionary (2 points)
• Genetic influence - Aggression might have
facilitated survival and the subsequent
passing of genes from one generation to
the next.
• Natural Selection of traits: From among
chance variations, nature selects the traits
that best enable an organism to survive
and reproduce in a particular environment
– Adaptive function of these traits
114
Social-Cultural (2 points)
• Differing cultural influence: What is seen
as aggressive in one culture might not be
seen as normal in another, depending on
the cultural context.
• The setting or situation might affect
aggressive thinking and behavior (maybe
surrounded by group of friends, whom he
or she doesn’t want to look foolish in front
115
of)
Prologue QUIZ tomorrow?
116
Timeline: Grading Rubric
• All 30 terms/names included and
identified (60 points)
• 10 meaningful visuals included (20)
• Followed directions
– Text boxes used (4)
– Timeline straight (4 – straight edge used)
– Timeline is color-coded (4-green,blue,red)
– Handwriting legible or printed (4)
• WOW factor (4 points…awarded to those
117
who exceeded expectations)