Changes in
Spanish Texas
French and Indian War
1.
2.
In 1754 the British and the French went to war over the
land north of the Ohio Valley in America. This war was
called the French and Indian War
This war spread to Europe resulting in the Seven Years’
War with France and Spain becoming allies (friends).
Video Question:
Who were the main
European Powers in North
America after the ending
of the war and the Treaty
of Paris?
Spain and Britain
Treaty of Paris
• In 1763 after Great Britain won the war, and
the
Treaty of Paris required France and Spain to give
land to the British.
• France gave up all the land around the Mississippi
River and Canada while Spain gave up Florida
• After the treaty, France no longer had ANY
mainland on North America
• The French threat to Spain was gone
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Marques de Rubi …
and the REPORT
• Who: Marques de Rubi was an inspector for Spain
who spent 2 years touring the Texas missions and
presidios.
• Why: Due to the changes in the New World and New
Spain’s empire, Spain needed to inspect the
conditions in “Texas”
• When: Beginning in 1766 and lasting for 2 years
• What: After completing his tour… he made the
following recommendations in a report:
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Marques de Rubi Report
Why?
Marqués de Rubí
Report
1. Spain should abandon all missions
and presidios in Texas except those
at La Bahía and San Antonio.
2. San Antonio should then replace
Los Adaes as the capital of Texas.
3. The Spanish in East Texas should
be moved to San Antonio to
strengthen the defenses of the
missions and settlement there.
4. The Spanish should befriend the
Comanche and use their help in
fighting the Apache.
The government approved Rubi’s
recommendations
These had the best
conditions- others were in
desperate need of repairs
and staffed by soldiers who
lived in poverty.
The French were no longer
a threat to East Texas…
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Effects in East Texas…
• Spanish officials began to withdrawal from East Texas
(and Los Adaes) in 1773. Residents were forced from
their homes and land (many against their will) and
sent to San Antonio. The 3 month journey killed
many.
• San Antonio became the new capital in the early
1770’s and the newcomers were very unhappy.
Farmland was already taken, etc.
• Antonio Gil Ybarbo led a group who moved back to
East Texas and founded present day Nacogdoches
on the site of the old mission. This town prospered
and turned into a major trading post, trading with
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Louisiana and the Tejas Indians.
Changes in the Indian Policies
• Because the mission system failed in keeping
peaceful relations with the Plains Indians, the
Spanish decided to try befriending the tribes by
trading with them and exchanging gifts (If you
can’t beat em…join em )
• In 1785, a peace treaty was signed between the
Comanche Indians and the Spanish.
THE TREATY
The Comanche Indians
agreed to stop attacking
Spanish settlements in
return for annual gifts
The Spanish agreed to
provide them with beads,
clothes, mirrors and shoes.
They even provided guns.7
What about the Apaches?
• After the treaty with the Comanche
Indians, the raids by the Apache Indians
continued.
• In 1790, several Native American tribes
(including the Comanches) joined forces
with the Spanish Army and was victorious
during a war with the Apaches.
• This loss negatively effected the Apache’s
strength in Texas for several years.
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What did you learn….
Answer the following questions about the powerpoint:
1. What led to the Rubi inspection tour?
Spain wanted to inspect the settlements because
of the recent changes to the empire
2. How did Spanish relations with the Indians
change in the late 1700’s?
Used trade and gifts to make allies; signed a
peace treaty with the Comanche; defeated
Apache during war
3. How did the Treaty of Paris effect Texas?
France had to cede all the land that bordered
Texas and was no longer a threat.
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Disputes with the
United States
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The Growing US Threat…
• 1775 the US Revolutionary War begins as
the American Patriots begin fighting for
independence against Britain.
• Spain joined in fighting against Great Britain
• Bernardo de Galvez was the
governor of Spanish Louisiana
at the time, and demanded
resources from Texas
• In 1783, the United States won its independence
and became a republic. The republic began to grow
quickly becoming a threat to Spanish power.
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The Threat Continues…
• U.S. Settlers began moving west towards the
Mississippi River and some even moved into
Spanish Territory in Louisiana.
• Spanish officials in Louisiana allowed U.S.
immigration to help the population (was sparse
at the time) BUT Texas officials went as far as
setting up troops on the borders to keep
“Americans” out.
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The Louisiana Purchase
• In 1800 a land deal known as the Louisiana Purchase
took place. This deal forced Spain to sell Louisiana back
to the French… who in turn sold it to the U.S. in 1803. This
doubled the size of the U.S.
Video
Question: How
much did the
U.S. pay for
the land during
this land deal?
$15 Million
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Border Disputes in Texas
• The U.S. now bordered New Spain and alarmed the
Spanish.
• Disputes on the ACTUAL borders began to surface. The
U.S. claimed that Texas was part of Louisiana and of
course Spain disagreed.
• The disputed land was designated as “neutral ground”.
• In 1819, Spain and
the U.S. signed the
Adams-Onis Treaty
that set up a defined
border.
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What did you learn….
Answer the following questions about the powerpoint:
1. What events increased Spain’s fears of the
United States?
- Expansion of U.S. Settlements and the
Louisiana Purchase.
2. How did these events affect Texas?
The U.S. now bordered New Spain and led to
border disputes and who official had land
control of Texas.
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Unrest and
Revolution
Colonists Grow Unhappy with
Spain
As the small colonies grew into
towns, the settlers worked together
to solve their own problems.
•The settlers couldn’t wait for Spain to
direct them.
•The settlers felt that the king lived too far
away to truly understand their needs.
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• In the last decades of the
1700’s Spain became
involved in huge problems
in Europe.
• Conflicts with England and
France took up most of
Spain’s time and money.
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How was Spain going to get
money to fight the conflicts
with England and France?
• Spain placed HEAVY TAXES on
the settlers in Texas.
• Spain forced the settlers in Texas
to donate money to pay for
European wars.
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• How would you like to work
hard all week and have to give
the Spanish King and Queen
take most of your
income/money in taxes?
• What you had left, they tried to
make you “donate” to Spain to
pay for their European Wars.
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• By 1800, the settlers
were feeling dissatisfied.
• Colonists were unhappy
with the Spanish rulers.
• Colonists wanted to
make their own rules.
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• People tried to apply reason and
science to all aspects of society,
including government.
• This movement challenged the idea
that kings had a God-given right to
rule.
• A government should support the
people’s nature rights and interests.
(If a government does not do this, it
should be replaced.)
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Father Hidalgo Calls for
Independence
• Father Hidalgo believed strongly in
the ideals of the Enlightenment.
• Father Hidalgo worked among
Mexican farming families for years
just north of Mexico City. He saw
how these families struggled and how
Spain’s crown neglected to help
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them.
• Father Hidalgo knew that as long
as the king was in charge,
conditions for these Mexican
families would never change.
• Father Hidalgo called for the
liberation of the Mexican people
from Spain.
(liberation – the act of becoming free)26
• When the king and queen of Spain
heard that Father Hidalgo was
conspiring to overthrow the Spanish
government, they decided to
ARREST HIM.
conspiring – to join in a secret
agreement
• Hidalgo heard about this beforehand
and knew he had three choices:
– stay in Dolores (small town north of
Mexico City)
– hide out and hope not to get caught
– begin a revolution
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Grito de Dolores
www.vivasancarlos.com/ call_ind.html
• On September 16, 1810, Father Hidalgo
gave a speech titled “Grito de Dolores”.
(Remember Dolores was the city he was
in, just north of Mexico City.)
• In the speech, Hidalgo called for Mexican
citizens to rise up and fight for
independence.
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Father Hidalgo is killed.
• On his was to meet up with his
supporters, Hidalgo was seized
by Spanish authorities and
executed.
• Although Father Hidalgo did not live
to see Mexican independence
from Spain, he had a
great effect on the future
of Mexico and Texas.
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Hidalgo’s Supporters
Rebel Against Spain
• A group of rebels led by Juan
Bautista de las Casas overthrew the
Spanish government in San Antonio.
• They named Las Casas governor and
then took control of La Bahia and
Nacogdoches.
• On January 22, 1811, Las Casas
declared the Mexican state of Texas
independent of Spain.
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Mexican Unrest Continues
• Even though the rebellions led by
Hidalgo and Las Casas failed, people
began opening their eyes to the
possibility of freedom from Spanish
control.
• They believed that with the right
army, the colonists could “win” their
independence.
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Jose Bernardo Gutierrez
• Left Nuevo Santander and fled to
Louisiana to raise an army.
• Gutierrez and his army
commander, Augustus Magee,
marched back to Texas and
briefly took control from Spain.
They were defeated shortly
thereafter.
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Meanwhile in Spain
• A group of liberals staged a
successful revolt in 1820.
• This revolt forced the king of Spain to
make changes.
• The conservatives in Spain started to
think twice about all of its choices.
• Many conservatives joined with
Father Hidalgo’s followers to defeat
Spanish forces.
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August 24, 1821
• A treaty was signed, making
Mexico independent from
Spain.
• Texas then became the new
Republic of Mexico.
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Spanish Influence Lives On
• Spaniards explored Texas, built
towns, established missions, and
developed missions for hundreds of
years.
• Spanish culture, language, customs,
beliefs, etc. heavily impacted life in
Texas.
• Even though Spain lost political control of
Texas, Spanish influence has
remained strong throughout history.
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MEXICO AFTER
INDEPENDENCE, 1821
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Spain establishes
missions and presidios.
More colonists come to Texas,
establishing
towns and ranches.
Mexican colonists, including those
in Texas, seek independence
from Spain.
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Spanish Rule
Ends in Mexico
Mexico Wins Independence
• After the death of Father
Hidalgo and Father Pavon
(two leaders of Mexican
Independence), the revolution
seemed at an end.
• In 1820 political changes in
Spain weakened the
government and breathed
new life into the revolt.
• Agustin de Iturbide and
Vicente Guerrero led an army
that defeated Spain and
Mexico won it’s
independence.
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Now What…
This war of independence took a great toll on both Mexico
and Texas. Indian attacks on settlements increased and
little man-power remained for defense. The loss of livestock
and crops due to the war destroyed the economy.
• By 1821 only about ½ of the population of tejanos
remained (near 30,000 Indians still remained however).
• About 1,500 tejanos lived in San Antonio and around 1,000
lived in La Bahia (renamed Goliad in 1829)
• Nacogdoches was deserted.
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Causes and Effects
of Mexican Independence
Causes
• Wide economic and social
divisions between the rich
and poor in New Spain
• Political corruption in Spain
• Examples of other
revolutions, including the
American Revolution and
those occurring in Latin
America
• Father Hidlago’s Grito de
Dolores
Effects
• Creation of Mexico as an
independent republic
• Economic ruin and loss of
life in Mexico, including
Texas.
• Political instability in Mexico
• Attempts to increase the
Texas population with
immigrants from Europe and
the United States
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Tejano Ranchers
• Several ranches began to pop up and thrive
around the Rio Grande Valley and Laredo.
Livestock included cattle, horses and sheep.
Martin de Leon was a famous tejano
rancher to helped to establish the
cattle industry in Texas
• Ranching also became a huge economy
booster around the San Antonio area as well
setting up trade with Louisiana and trading
posts in Mexico
• Many of the wealthiest tejanos lived and
worked on ranches in Texas.
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Mexican Policies in Texas
• Now that Mexico was an independent republic, they
had to decide which Spanish policies to continue in
Texas.
THE MISSION SYSTEM:
• Spain has begun to secularize the remaining
mission beginning in 1793 (moving from religious to
civil control)
• San Antonio de Valero was the first to be
secularized and housed a military unit called San
Jose y Santiago del Alamo de Parras.
• All Texas missions were secularized by 1831 and
most of the Native Americans began to settle among
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the Spanish
More Mexican Policies in Texas
• Mexico was concerned about the low
population in Texas. Too much land and too
few Tejanos… defense??
• Few Mexicans wanted to live in the
unsettled Texas frontier
• Right before the independence of Mexico,
Spain had offered open immigration to the
U.S.
• Would Mexico honor this offer??…
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What did you learn…
Answer the following based on the powerpoint…
1. Under Spain, and then Mexico, what
happened to the Mission System in
Texas?
-
It was secularized beginning in 1793 under Spain and
finishing in 1831 under Mexico
2. How did the Mexican Independence affect
Texas?
-
It made Texas part of the independent nation of Mexico;
ruined the economy and drained the resources; greatly
decreased the Tejano population; worsened Indian
relations in Texas
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To Review…
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