The Scholarship of EngagementFDTL/HEFCE Conference
‘Civic, Public and Employer
Engagement and the Scholarship of
Engagement’
Professor John Annette, Professor of
Citizenship and Lifelong Learning and
Pro Vice Master,
Birkbeck College, University of London,
J.Annette@bbk.ac.uk
“What needs to happen to empower the
student to feel part and to be an active part
of his or her society?
What need you to learn and must you be
able to do- and feel- to contribute to societal
learning? What are the skills of civic and
political participation, and where do they
appear in the curriculum of higher
education? It will be necessary to keep
asking these questions to sustain a relevant
and effective lifelong curriculum.”
Chris Dukes, “Towards a Lifelong Curriculum,” in
Repositioning Higher Education, ed. P.Coffield
When governments become interested
in lifelong learning it is well to be
cautious; when they add active
citizenship and social inclusion to the
list, it may be time to be positively
sceptical-not to say suspicious.
How do we cope with this sudden
official enthusiasm for causes we have
long espoused?
Ian Martin(2000)
Ernest Boyer and the Scholarship
of Engagement, 1996
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Boyer, Ernest. (1996). The scholarship of
engagement. Journal of Public Outreach
1,1,11-20.
Boyer suggests that American education
has moved away from its traditional
commitment to public service and argues
for a new commitment to service that he
calls the scholarship of engagement.
He describes a new paradigm of
scholarship (as articulated in a Carnegie
Foundation report entitled Scholarship
Reconsidered) that assigns four
"interlocking functions" to the
professoriate.
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The scholarship of discovery, is basic
research, pushing back the frontiers of
human knowledge.
The scholarship of integration involves
placing discoveries within a larger context
and initiating more interdisciplinary
conversations leading to a new paradigm
of knowledge.
The scholarship of sharing knowledge
recognizes the communal nature of
scholarship and also recognizes other
audiences for scholarship than the
scholar's peers.
The report calls for the application of
knowledge as a reflective practice in
which theory and practice inform each
other.
Higher Education and
the Engaged University
1. Engaged Learning and Research
2. Civic Engagement
3. Regional Social, Economic and
Cultural Engagement
4. Global Engagement
5. Engaged Staff
6. Engaged Management
(Institutional Strategy)
Civic Engagement?
1. What is ‘Civic Engagement’ and does it
matter to HE students?
2. Civic Engagement and Social Capital:
Why we need to go beyond volunteering?
3. Civic Engagement and ‘political’
participation: How will HE students people
do it and be active and democratic
citizens?
We aim at no less than a
change in the political culture in
this country both nationally and
locally; for people to think of
themselves as active citizens….
Education for Citizenship and the
Teaching of Democracy in Schools
(‘Crick Report 1’) 1998,p.7
Underlying Concepts of Citizenship
1. Liberal individualism (rights)- consumer
citizen/human capital/volunteering
2. Communitarian (responsibility/volunteering)good-active citizen/social capital
3. Civic Republican/Deliberative Democracy (civic
engagement)- democratic citizen/service learning
as political participation (Barber,Boyte,Crick)
John Annette,”Community, Politics and Citizenship
Education,” in Andrew Lockyer,Bernard Crick and John
Annette, eds., Education for Democratic Citizenship,
Ashgate, 2003
Rethinking Politics and Everyday
Democracy-Readings
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NB. Bernard Crick, In Defence of Politics,
5th edition, Continum, 2005
Tom Bentley, Everyday Democracy,
Demos, 2005
Paul Ginsbourg, The Politics of Everyday
Life, Yale, 2005
Chantal Mouffe, On the Political,
Routledge, 2005
Harry Boyte, Everyday Politics:
Reconnecting Citizens and Public Life,
University of Pennslyvania Press, 2004
Gerry Stoker, Why Politics Matters?:
Making Democracy Work, Palgrave, 2006
Education for Democratic
Citizenship & Lifelong Learning in
the UK Today???
1. ‘Citizenship Education - Schools, post 16,
and Adult and Community Learning
2. Beyond Volunteering: Youth Citizenship,
Civic Engagement and ‘framing’ the
political?
3. Community Empowerment’ Agenda:
‘Active Learning for Active Citizenship’ Adult
Learning and National Empowerment
Network
4. What about Higher Education?
Higher Education Lifelong Learning and
Community/Civic Engagement
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UALL Community/Civic Engagement
Network
HECP - Higher Education and Community
Partnership Network- CBL
Higher Education Academy- CETL’s,
Subject Networks and FDTL’s, eg. the
‘Scholarship of Engagement’
Student Volunteer, England, CSV, WiSCV
-certification
Science Shops- QUB, Liverpool,etc
Global Citizenship and the ‘Development
Education Association’-HE Group
Beacons for Public Engagement – Funding
Councils and Research Councils
ETC
Educating for Democracy: Preparing
Undergraduates for Responsible
Political Engagement
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Anne Colby, Elizabeth Beaumont, Thomas
Ehrlich, Josh Corngold -Jossey Bass, 2007
Educating for Democracy reports the
results of the Political Engagement
Project, a study of educational practices
at the college level that prepare students
for responsible democratic participation.
This book shows that education for
political development can increase
students’ political understanding, skill,
motivation, and involvement while
contributing to many aspects of general
academic learning
Volunteering but not Community Based
Learning in the UK
1. HEACF/TQEF and Student Volunteering
2. Student Volunteer, England and WiSCV
3. CSV and Student Volunteering
4. Certificated Learning through
Volunteering- Careers Services, etc. and
CRAC Awards
Community Based
Learning/Research and Higher
Education
1. Community Based Learning or Service Learning
or Learning through Volunteering
2. Structured Learning Experience with
Measurable Learning Outcomes
3. Experiential Learning and Reflection
(cf. David Kolb, David Boud,etc.)
4. Learning through Community Partnerships
5. Learning for Key Skills and Active Citizenship
cf. John Annette,”Citizenship, Service Learning and Higher
Education,” in J. Cairns,et.al.,Education for Values, Kogan
Page,1999 and pb 2003
Why Community Based Learning?
1. Higher Education and Community
Partnerships- Knowledge Transfer (HEIF3)
2. Learning for life skills for employabilityfrom HEACF to TQEF
3. Widening Participation, social capital and
student retention
4. Civic Engagement and Higher Education
and learning for active citizenship
cf. John Annette, “Community and Higher
Education” in James Arthur,ed, Citizenship and
Higher Education, Routledge, 2005
Service Learning and HE Community
Partnerships: Key Issues
1. HE need s to learn how to work in partnership
with local communities
2. Communities lack the capacity to work with HE
3. Need to measure equitable outcomes.
(Gelmon, et.al., Campus Compact,2002)
4. Community Partnerships as the unit of analysis;
Nadine Cruz and Dwight Giles, ‘Where’s the
‘Community’ in Service learning’ Michigan Journal
of Community Service Learning, special issue,
CBL and Learning Partnerships
Partnership
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Partnerships with Voluntary and
Community Sector Organisations
Partnerships with Faith Based
Organisations
Partnerships with Refugee
Council/Organisations
Partnerships with LSC’s
Partnership with RDA’s
Partnership with CVS- local and regional
Partnership with Government Office’s
Service Learning and HE in USA
1. Corporation for National Service
(cf. www.learnandserve.org)
2. Campus Compact (www.compact.org)
3. AAHE/Service Learning(www.aahe.org)
4. Barbara Jacoby, Service-Learning in Higher
Education,Jossey-Bass,1996
5. Janet Eyler and Dwight Giles,Where’s the
Learning in Service Learning? Jossey-Bass,1999
6. Kerry Strand,et.al.,eds., Community Based
Research and Higher Education, JosseyBass,2003
7. Michigan Journal of Community Service
Learning (www.mjcsl.umich.edu)
Community Based Learning
Internationally
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Australian Universities Communities
Alliance- www.aucea.net.au
Canadian Association for Community
Service Learningwww.communityservicelearning.ca
South Africa- Community Higher
Education Service Partnershipwww.chesp.org.za
Association of Commonwealth
Universities- www.acu.ac.uk –The Idea of
Engagement :Universities in Society, 2003
ETC… now Campus Engage, Ireland
Where’s the ‘citizenship’ in service
learning? The Research Agenda-USA?
1. Richard Batttistoni, Civic Engagement Across
the Curriculum, Campus Compact,2002
2. Joseph Kahne, et.al., “Service Learning and
citizenship: Directions for Research,”Michigan
Journal of Community Service Learning, special
issue, Fall,2000
3. Joel Westheimer and Joseph Kahne,”What Kind
of Citizen: the Politics of Educating for
Democracy,” American Education Research
Journal 2004
4. Anne Colby, et.al.,Educating Citizens, The
Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of
Teaching, Jossey-Bass, 2003
Education for Democratic
Citizenship and Deliberation
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Crick Report and Deliberative Democracy‘ability to make a reasoned argumentwritten and oral- ability to cooperate with
others, to appreciate their perspectives
and experiences and to tolerate other
points of view’
Linking Political Literacy with Civic Skills
(Kirlin,Circle,2003)
Taking ‘political action’ ?
Cf. Penny Eslin, Shirley Pendlebury and Mary
Tjiattas, ‘Deliberative Democracy, Diversity and
the Challenges of Citizenship Education,” Journal
of the Philosophy of Educationvol.35,1,2001
What is ‘Deliberative
Democracy’?
1. A democratic process as a
transformative process
2. Citizens participate in authentic
deliberation as opposed to simply
expressing their own preferences-the
role of trust or ‘mutual reciprocity’
3. Equality and Inclusiveness
4. Deliberative Democracy and the
framing of the ‘political decisionmaking’- the question of power.
5. Deliberative democratic practice
as a learning experience- civic skills
or competencies
The Practice of Public Deliberation
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Institutional Design- citizens juries,
citizens panels, visioning,
deliberative polling, study circles,
etc-IPPR
Kettering Foundation and National
Issues Forums
Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin
and ‘Deliberation Day’, Yale, 2005
John Gastil and Peter Levine, eds.,
The Deliberative Democracy
Handbook, Jossey Bass, 2006
Rethinking the Political and
Participation in the UK
Power Inquirywww.powerinquiry.org.uk
Beyond the Ballot - 57 democratic innovations
from around the world. (2005)
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Involve- www.involving.org
People and Participation: How to Put Citizens at
the Heart of Decision Making (2005)
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Deliberative Democracy and
Education for Democratic
citizenship
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Structured learning activities
(Institutional Design) linked to
political decision making
Civic Literacy (‘useful knowledge’)
Civic Discourse
Civic Listening
Civic Thinking
Civic Understanding (Intercultural)
Civic Action
Deliberative Democratic
Engagement and Lifelong Learning
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Linking Informal with Non-formal
Learning for democratic citizenship
Diversity of voices and dialogue (Iris
Marion Young)
From ‘conversation’- to‘deliberation’- to- taking action
Institutional Design and the
‘political’- cf. Jane Mansbridge
Beacons of Public Engagement
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Funding from Research Councils and
Funding Councils
cf. www.publicengagement.ac.uk
Bristol University and University of the
West of England- National Coordinating
Centre
from Dissemination to Co-production in
Research
the Scholarship of Engagement and
Institutionalising Public Engagement
Community Based Research
Leitch Report- ‘higher skills’
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The Government commissioned Sandy
Leitch in 2004 to undertake an
independent review of the UK's long term
skills needs. The Review published its
interim report "Skills in the UK: the long
term challenge" in December 2005. The
final report of the Leitch Review ,
Prosperity for all in the global
economy - world class skills, was
published on 5th December 2006.
40% of the workforce to have ‘higher
skills’ at least level 4 by 2020
http://www.hmtreasury.gov.uk./independent_reviews/leit
ch_review/review_leitch_index.cfm
HEFCE and Employer Engagement
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HEFCE has welcomed the Government's
announcement of at least £105 million
over the next three years to support new
employer-focused higher education
provision.
The new funding will support innovative
links between higher education and
employers to help better meet employer
skills needs and enable universities and
colleges to boost their capacity to
contribute to the development of a worldclass workforce. The announcement
reflects the Government's commitment to
address the skills needs of employers set
out in the Leitch Review of Skills.
Community Based Learning and
Employability
1. Dearing Commission Report, 1997
Leitch Report, 2007
2. HEFCE- TQEF and University TLA
Strategies
3. HEFCE and PDP’s
4. Generic and Subject LTSN’s
5. CETL’s
6. HE Academy (www.heacademy.ac.uk) cf.
ESSECT and the work of Lee Harvey and
Brenda Little
But What About Learning and
Democratic Citizenship
the fundamental problem facing civil
society is the challenge of providing
citizens with “the literacy required to
live in a civil society, the competence
to participate in democratic
communities, the ability to think
critically and act deliberately in a
pluralist world, the empathy that
permits us to hear and thus
accommodate others, all involve
skills that must be acquired.”
(Barber, Benjamin, An Aristocracy of Everyone,
Oxford University Press,1992 )
Texts (UK/Europe)
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David Watson, Managing Civic and
Community Engagement, Open University
Press, 2007
Lorraine McIlraith and Iain Mac Labhrainn,
Higher Education and Civic Engagement:
International Perspectives, Ashgate, 2007
A. Hart, E.Maddison and D.Wolff,eds.,
Community-University Partnerships in
Practice, NIACE, 2007
John Annette, Higher Education and Public
Engagement- Special Issue BJES, 2008
John Annette, Civic and Community
Engagement and Higher Education,
Routledge, 2009
Are we experiencing or even
participating in the decline of
the public (David Marquand)
and
the ‘public service
university’?
J.Annette@bbk.ac.uk