SOL REVIEW
VUS.2 – The student will describe how early European
exploration and colonization resulted in cultural interactions
among European, African, and American Indians



European exploration and
colonization resulted in
redistribution of world’s population
Exploration led to commercial
expansion (i.e. Columbian
Exchange)
Settlements

New England


Settled by Puritans
Formed covenant community



Mayflower Compact
Intolerance of religions
Mid-Atlantic


Settled by English, Dutch, and
German
Sought religious freedom, economic
opportunity

Virginia and South

Virginia



Cavaliers: English nobility
Shenandoahs: poor
immigrants
Jamestown



1607
1st permanent English
Settlement
House of Burgesses (1st
assembly)
 Known as General
Assembly of Virginia
VUS.3: The student will describe how the values and institutions of
European economic and political life took root in the colonies and
how slavery reshaped European and African Life in the Americas

Economic Activity of Colonial Settlements

New England




Ship-building, small-scale farming, and trading
New York and Philadelphia grew as trading ports




Foothills (Appalachia) had small-scale farming



Mid-Atlantic



Based on religious standing
Intolerant of dissenters
Multiple religious groups, Quakers
Flexible social structures, developed Middle class
South


Based on family status and ownership of land
Closer ties to Britain
Incorporated number of democratic principles
that reflected the rights of Englishmen
South



Town meetings
Mid-Atlantic

Rice, indigo, and tobacco
New England

New England

Social characteristics of Colonial Settlements

Religious movement, swept Europe and Colonies
Mid-1700s
Growth of evangelical religions (Methodist/
Baptist) and challenged traditional order
Political Life in Colonies

Developed plantations, grew cash crops



South

1st Great Awakening

Shipbuilding, fishing, lumbering, subsistence
farming, manufacturing
Reflected Puritans values of hard work
Mid-Atlantic



Stronger ties with Britain
Planters led representative legislatures
Slavery




Growth of plantations led to growth of slavery
Replaced indentured servants
“middle passage” brought Africans to colonies
Eventually led to conflict (Civil War)
VUS.4 The student will demonstrate
knowledge of the Revolutionary Period

American Revolution inspired by ideas concerning
natural rights and political authority



centuries, Europe
Influences Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of
Independence
“natural” rights of man
All original power resides in the people






Influenced by Locke and Paine
Authored by Thomas Jefferson
Grievances against the King





French/Indian War
Proclamation of 1763
Taxes
Patriots- complete independence
Patrick Henry: “Give me Liberty”
Loyalists- loyal to Britain
Neutrals- uninvolved
Victory

Diplomatic

Events leading to Revolution

Boston Massacre
Minutemen – Lexington/ Concord

Challenged the rule of the American Colonies by the
King of England
1st time colonies worked together
Minus GA
Colonists during Revolution

Declaration of Independence

Boston Tea Party
1st Continental Congress

Common Sense



Thomas Paine


18th
John Locke


17th/
Resistance of British Rule

Enlightenment





Benjamin Franklin negotiated a Treaty of
Alliance with France
No popular support in Britain
Military


George Washington’s abilities
Benefit from presence of French Navy and Army
at Yorktown
VUS.5: Student will demonstrate knowledge of the issues involved
in the creation and ratification of the Constitution



Two attempts made to establish a working government
 American political leaders fearful of a powerful central
government
Articles of Confederation
 Strengths
 Land Ordinance 1785
 Northwest Ordinance 1787
 Got colonies through Revolution
 Weaknesses
 Weak national government
 No power to tax, regulate commerce
 No common currency
 One vote per state, regardless of size
 No executive or judicial branches
Constitutional Convention
 Made federal laws supreme, but gave states leeway to
govern themselves
 Senate balanced power between small and big states
 3/5ths compromise to appease the South (House of
Representatives)
 Avoided too powerful central government with 3
branches
 Limited powers of federal government to only those in
Constitution

Key Leaders

George Washington


James Madison




Virginia Declaration of Rights



Authored by George Mason
Reiterated rights of man
Virginia Statue of Religious Freedoms


Authored by Thomas Jefferson
Outlawed established church
Federalists/ Anti-Federalists

Federalists




Importance of strong government
Promotion of economic development/ public improvements
George Washington, James Madison
Anti-Federalists




Led the debate, kept copious notes
“Father of the Constitution”
Authored the Virginia Plan,much of the Bill of Rights
Virginia


President of Convention
Feared overly powerful central government
Wanted protection of individual rights
Patrick Henry, George Mason
Marshall Court

Strengthened role of Supreme Court
VUS.6 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the
major events from the last decade of the 18th century
through the 1st half of the 19th century

Development of 1st political parties



Controversy over the Federalists’ support
for the Bank of the United States, the Jay
Treaty, issues with France
Democrat-Republicans

Weak national government

Farmers, artisans, and settlers

Thomas Jefferson
Federalists



Strong national government, commercial
economy
John Adams, Alexander Hamilton
Territorial Expansion

Stirred by Manifest Destiny

Louisiana Purchase 1803 (Jefferson)

American victory in War of 1812



Oregon, Florida
Monroe Doctrine 1823

No colonization by European powers
Westward Movement

Moved for economic opportunity

Growth of railroads and canals

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin


Mexican War victory 1840s


Slavery spreads in south
California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Colorado,
New Mexico
American Indians

Manifest destiny supported claims to land

Indians forcibly moved

“Trail of Tears”
VUS.6 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the major
events from the last decade of the 18th century through the 1st
half of the 19th century

War of 1812



British interfered with U.S. shipping and
western expansion
Federalists opposed war, talked of secession
Political Changes

Sectional “Westward” Tensions

Missouri Compromise 1820

Compromise of 1850

Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854
Political Tensions

Jacksonian Era

Emphasis on equality for white males

Rise of interest groups and sectional issues

A changing style of campaigning

Increased voter participation
Federalists disappeared, new parties emerged



“Age of the Common Man”






Sectional Economic Tensions
Industrial north favored high protective tariffs

Agricultural south opposed high tariffs

South Carolina, nullification
Nullification Crisis

Whigs and Know-Nothings

Tariff of 1832
President Jackson threatened to send in
troops to collect tariffs
Slavery

Slave revolts: Nat Turner, Gabriel Prosser

William Llyod Garrison’s The Liberator

Fugitive Slave Law outraged North
Women’s Movement

Seneca Falls Declaration 1848

Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony
VUS.7 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the
Civil War and Reconstruction Era


Causes of Civil War

Sectional disagreements over tariffs, extension of
slavery, nature of the Union

Dred Scott Case

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Ineffective leadership during the 1850s

Failed compromises
Events of the Civil War


Emancipation Proclamation

Freed slaves in rebelling states

Abolition of slavery a war aim

Discouraged interference from Foreign
governments

Enlistment of African-American soldiers
Gettysburg Address

Election of Lincoln 1860

Preserving Union important

Fort Sumter


Emancipation Proclamation (Antietam 1862)

Battle of Gettysburg
War fought to fulfill the promise of the
Declaration of Independence, a second
American Revolution

Appomattox: Lee’s surrender

Survival of nation was at risk

Key Leaders

Abraham Lincoln

Ulysses S. Grant, Robert E. Lee

Frederick Douglass

Reconstruction

Political


Union, Civil War Amendments,Ended 1877
Economic

South embittered

North and mid-West growing industrial economies

Transcontinental Railroad
VUS.7 The student will demonstrate knowledge
of the Civil War and Reconstruction Era

Social Impact of Reconstruction



African-Americans

Emancipation allowed for enlistment

No full equality for 100 years

Post-war Contributions

Common Soldiers
Ulysses S. Grant

Urged Radical Republicans to not be
harsh

Elected President

Hand-to-hand combat

Advocated rights of freedman

Harsh reality of war

Opposed retribution to South
Women

Robert E. Lee

Managed home and families

Urged Southerners to reconcile

Often faced poverty and hunger


Assumed new roles in agriculture, nursing,
and war industries
President of Washington College
(Wash & Lee)

Emphasized importance of education

Frederick Douglas

Supported full equality

Advocated passage of 14th and 15th
amendments

Ambassador to Haiti
VUS. 8 The student will demonstrate knowledge of how the nation
grew and changed from the end of Reconstruction through the
early 20th century

Westward Movement
Growth of Cities

Intensified after civil war


Era immediately after, Era of the Cowboy
(1860s-1880s)
Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, and
New York grew

Housing shortages

Need for public services

Homestead Act 1862 encouraged settlement

New technologies





Railroads, reaper
Removal of Native Americans


New Immigration

Prior 1871: Immigrants from Northern and
Western Europe

“New” immigrants from Southern and Eastern
Europe and Asia

Made valuable contributions to society

U.S. became “melting pot”

Fear and resentment from “natives”

Limitations like Chinese exclusion Act 1882
New States

Great Plains, Rocky Mountains
U.S. underwent economic transformation
that involved the development of an
industrial economy, the expansion of big
business, the growth of large-scale
agriculture, rise of national labor and
industrial conflict
New Technology

Corporations, Bessemer process, Light bulb,
Telephone, Airplane, Assembly-line
VUS. 8 The student will demonstrate knowledge of how the nation
grew and changed from the end of Reconstruction through the
early 20th century

Industrial leaders



Progressive Movement

Rose because of social problems in rural and
urban settings

Causes
Economic transformation

Laissez-faire capitalism

Increasing labor supply

Natural resources
African Americans

Discrimination intensified

“Jim crow” laws, lynching

Plessy v. Ferguson, separate but equal


Andrew Carnegie (Steel), J.P. Morgan
(finance), John D. Rockefeller (oil), and
Cornelius Vanderbilt (railroads)

Excess of Gilded Age



Income disparity, Robber Barons
Working Conditions

Child labor, dangerous conditions, long hours, low
wages,
Accomplishments


Government reforms

Referendum, initiative, recall

Direct election of Senators, secret ballots
Labor unions

“Great Migration” of African- Americans
Responses to discrimination



Ida B. Wells, Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. du
Bois

Knight of Labor, American Federation of Labor
(Samuel Gompers), American Railway Union (Eugene
V. Debs)
Antitrust laws

Sherman Anti-Trust : restrains monopolies

Clayton Anti-Trust : strengthened Sherman Act
Women’s suffrage- 19th Amendment
VUS.9 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the
emerging role of the United States in world affairs


Creation of International Markets
Open Door Policy (China)

Plan to eliminate causes of war

Dollar Diplomacy (Taft)

Key points:

Growth of international trade
Expanded influence in Latin America


Wilson’s 14 points




Spanish American War

Puerto Rico annexed

Right to intervene in Cuba

Panama Canal

Encouraged Panama’s independence from Columbia

Built canal (T. Roosevelt)
Expanded influence in Asia and Pacific

Hawaii: deposed monarchy, annexed

Philippines: annexed after S.A. war
WWI

Began in 1914, assassination of Arch Duke Ferdinand

U.S. neutral for three years

U.S. entry a result of german sub warfare, U.S. ties to
Britain


Self-determination

Freedom of the seas

League of Nations

Mandate system
Treaty of Versailles

French and English insisted on punishment of
Germany

League of Nations created

National boundaries redrawn, new nations
League of Nations

U.S. objected to foreign policy decisions being made
by international organization not U.S. leaders

Senate failed to approve Treaty of Versailles
VUS.10 The student will demonstrate knowledge
of key domestic events of the 1920s and 1930s

Mass Media created popular culture

Radio: jazz and fireside chats

Movies: escape from Depression era
realities



Consequences of Crash


Newspapers and magazines: shaped
cultural norms and sparked fads
Traditional values challenged
Bankers panicked, withdrew deposits
Causes of Great Depression

Stock market crash

Failure of Federal Reserve, then constricted $
supply

High protective tariffs

Religion: Darwin and the Scopes Trial

Women: Flappers, 19th amendment

Unemployment, homeless

Immigration: rise of new KKK

Collapse of financial system (banks)

Prohibition: smuggling alcohol and speakeasies

Decline in demand for goods

Political unrest, farm foreclosures, migration

Global Power



U.S. emerged from WWI a global power
Causes of Stock Market Crash

Impact of Great Depression
New Deal

Change role of government, more activist

Overspeculation, credit, business failures

Relief, Recovery, Reform

When market collapsed, banks out of money

Social Security Act
VUS.11 The student will demonstrate knowledge of WWII

WWII in Europe

Major battles

Began with Hitler’s invasion of Poland 1939

U.S. neutral 1st two years

El Alamein= Egypt (oil)

1941 Hitler invaded Soviet Union

Stalingrad= prevented loss of Soviet Union

U.S. helped Britain

Normandy= D-day 6/6/1944





Lend-lease act
WWII in Asia

Japan’s aggressiveness in Pacific

Pearl Harbor 12/7/1941

Strategies


Allied
1st”

“defeat Hitler

pacific= island hopping
Axis

Defeat Soviet Union, oil

Japanese- invade Hawaii and Australia

Europe/North Africa
Pacific

Midway= defeat of Jap. Navy

Iwo Jima/ Okinawa= closer to Japan, hari-kari

Atomic bomb= Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Contributions

Tuskegee Airmen (African-American)

Nisei Regiments (Asian-American)

Navajo Code talkers

Mexican-Americans
Geneva Convention

Attempted to ensure fair treatment for POWs

Bataan Death March- Philippines
VUS.12 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the effects of
World War II on the home front


Holocaust
African Americans

Genocide, final solution

Migrated to cities for jobs

Jews, Poles, Slavs, Gypsies, undesirables
(mentally ill, homosexuals, political dissidents)

Campaigned for equality

Nuremberg trials

Demand for Jewish homeland
Home front effort


Economic resources

Gov’t and industry worked together

Rationing

War bonds, income tax
Human resources


Women/ minorities
Military resources



The draft
Women

Rosie the Riveter


Japanese Americans

Relocated to internment camps

Kormatesu case
Media/Communications

Strict censorship over reporting of war

Public morale and ad campaigns to
support war

Movies, plays, shows to boost morale
VUS. 13 Student will demonstrate and knowledge of
United States foreign policy since WWII

Political, economic, and social
consequences of WWII

U.S involvement reflected containment policy
Germany partitioned

U.S. led U.N forces to drive back North Korea

Japan occupied by U.S.

Ended in stalemate

Europe in ruins


Korean War





Marshall plan
United Nations formed
Cold War set framework for Global
politics for next 45 years
Origins of Cold War
Vietnam War

Reflected containment policy

U.S. helped South Vietnam resist North

Build-up began under Kennedy’s term

Scale of war grew during 1960s

America divided over War

Nixon- Vietnamization

War ended in 1976, North took over South

Different fundamental values

Truman Doctrine

NATO

Castro led communist revolution 1950s

Communist takeover of China

Failure of “Bay of Pigs”

Massive retaliation

1962- Cuban Missile Crisis, Soviets “blinked”

Cuba Confrontation
VUS. 13 Student will demonstrate and knowledge of
United States foreign policy since WWII

Impact of Cold War at home


Fear of communism
Internal pressures on Soviet Union

Rising military expenses

Raid drills, bomb shelters

Rising nationalism in republics

Alger Hiss/ Rosenbergs

Economic reforms, economic inefficiency

McCarthyism

Gorbachev’s glasnost and perestroika

Senator Joseph McCarthy

Heavy military expenditures

Foreign policy an issue in every election

Key to victory= U.S. military

Military Forces

“Ask not what your country can do for
you, ask what you can do for your
country”

Kennedy’s assassination led to internal
strife and divisiveness

Vietnam vets faced hostility

External pressures on Soviet Union

President Reagan’s Role

Challenged legitimacy of Soviet Union

“Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!”

Increased U.S. military and economic pressure on
Soviet Union
VUS. 13 Student will demonstrate and knowledge of
United States foreign policy since WWII

George H.W. Bush






Fall of communism
Reunification of Germany
Collapse of Yugoslavia
Persian Gulf War 1990-1991
Operation Desert Storm
Bill Clinton




NAFTA
Full diplomatic relations with
Vietnam
Lifting of sanctions against South
Africa
NATO action in Yugoslavia

George W. Bush



Terrorist attacks on U.S. soil
9/11/01
War in Afghanistan
War in Iraq
VUS.14 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the
Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s

Brown v. Board of Education 1954


Desegregation of public schools

Thurgood Marshall


Civil Rights Act of 1964

Johnson’s presidency

Prohibited discrimination based on race,
color, religion, gender, or national origin

Desecrated public accommodations
NAACP Legal Defense team
Oliver Hill


Legislative Process
Individual Roles



NAACP Legal Defense team in Virginia
Virginia’s Response

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Outlawed literacy tests

Massive resistance, some school closings

Increase in African-American voters

Establishment of private academies

Registers sent to the south

White flight from Urban schools
1963 March of Washington

“I Have a Dream” speech MLK Jr.

Helped influence public opinion to
support civil rights legislation

Demonstrated power of non-violence
VUS.15 The student will demonstrate knowledge of economic,
social, cultural, and political developments in recent decades and
today

Supreme Court




Women: Sandra Day O’Connor, Ruth Bader
Ginsberg

Advances of Technology


Minorities: Thurgood Marshall, Clarence
Thomas
Civil Rights movement of 1950s and 1960s
provided model for other groups to extend
civil rights and promote equal justice
Immigration


Increase from Latin American and Asian nations

Rising immigration has increased diversity and
redefined American identity
Political freedom, economic opportunity
Issues with policy



Reasons


Space
Strain on resources, border issues, citizenship
Contributions

Diversity in music, arts, and literature

Labor force
1960s: Space Race

John Glenn 1st man in space, orbited Earth

Neil Armstrong 1st man on the moon

Sally Ride 1st female astronaut

Space shuttle

Mars Rover

Voyager Missions

Hubble telescope
Communications

Satellites

GPS

Personal communication devices

Robotics

Change in work, school, health care

Telecommuting, growth of service industries

Breakthroughs in medical research

Outsourcing, offshoring
VUS.15 The student will demonstrate knowledge of economic,
social, cultural, and political developments in recent decades and
today

Reagan’s impact of Government




Conservative political philosophy prompted
reevaluation of size and role of
government
Federal Government’s influence on economy

Bases economic decisions on GDP, exchange
rates, rate of inflation, and unemployment

Government promotes a healthy economy
characterized by full employment and low
inflation through:
Platform

Tax cuts

Transfer of responsibilities to state
governments

Appointment of judges who exercised
“judicial restraint”

Strengthening of military

Reduction in # and scope of government
programs
Reagan Revolution effects

George H.W. Bush elected president

Election of centrist Bill Clinton

Election of George W. Bush


Federal Reserve

President and Congress
International Terrorism

U.S. created domestic and international policies
aimed at stopping terrorism

Patriot Act: Domestic

Use of diplomatic and military initiatives