Key Issues in
Strategic Urban Planning and
Environmental Management:
An Introductory Overview
Day 1: Monday, 11 December
H. Detlef Kammeier, Bangkok
Independent Researcher and Consultant
Professor (em), AIT Bangkok, Thailand (1976-2000)
Visiting Professor, TU Berlin and BTU Cottbus, Germany
Presentation at the Training Course of the World Bank Institute (WBI) in
cooperation with the Association of Cities in Viet Nam (ACVN)
Da Nang, 11-14 December 2006
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WBI-ACVN Training Course on Urban Planning and Environmental Management, Da Nang, December 2006
1. Introduction to the Introduction
2. Strategic Urban Planning and Management
3. Urban Environmental Management
4. Decentralization Effects
5. The Schedule of the Training Course
6. Introducing the Speakers
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Introduction
This is the first “pilot event” in a series of training courses for
high-level Vietnamese planners and managers. It is coorganized by the World Bank Institute, the Association of
Cities in Viet Nam, and the MOC Training Institute
We all hope this first event will serve as a good model for a
whole series of similar courses all over the country
This first session serves to introduce the broad theme – to
be presented and discussed during the next four days
(and to be summarized on Friday this week), and to
welcome both participants and speakers
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WBI-ACVN Training Course on Urban Planning and Environmental Management, Da Nang, December 2006
1. Introduction to the Introduction
2. Strategic Urban Planning and Management
3. Urban Environmental Management
4. Decentralization Effects
5. The Schedule of the Training Course
6. Introducing the Speakers
4
Strategic Urban Planning (1)
NEW Urban Management
OLD Master Plan
1. Focus on planning process –
1. The plan as a product
managing change
2. Emphasis on long-term 2. Emphasis on short and
future but not approach
medium-term future, leaving
>> no strategic quality
many options open >>
strategy
3. “survey-analysis-plan”
4. Mainly physical planning 3. “problem focus – goals –
survey – analysis –
5. City planner as expert,
implementation - feedback”
directing the process
4. Economic, social,
6. Civic leaders and
institutional aspects
council as decision
5. City planner – negotiator
makers
6. Multiple stakeholders
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Strategic Urban Planning (2)
OLD types of plans:
Statutory development plan: physical, legal base, policy,
(and some commitment only)
Spatial plan: Physical, legal base
NEW types of plans:
Strategic plan: Policy, physical, financial, institutional,
commitment, (legal base)
Action plan: Physical, financial, institutional, commitment
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Strategic Urban Planning (3)
Principal changes in the style of urban planning and
environmental management:
1. From “command and control” to participatory processes
of managing change, with the planner as main
negotiator and mediator
2. From focus on “internal” concerns (land use,
infrastructure) to full awareness and proficiency in
dealing with both of internal and external factors
(market, international policies and trends, social habits)
3. Dealing with a much wider scope – from general policy
to highly specific project
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Policies shaping urban development
(similarly: rural development)
2. Decentralization policies
3. Urban development policies
1. Trade and other policies,
internat’l factors
Policy formation
and
implementation
>>> Different
roles, from
national level
down to local
level
National
Regional
Local
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Principal Interventions for Managing
Urban Areas (emphasis on land)
Broad Category
Remarks
A. Tax Measures
This requires an excellent system
of land ownership registration
B. Non-Tax Measures
Mainly regulatory measures – well
known, but with mixed success
C. Direct Involvement
of Public Authorities
Many of these measures are very
important, but they require good
law enforcement
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A. Tax Measures
1. Property tax
• Distinction of tax on land and on assets (buildings)
• Determinants: Type of land use; locational factors,
and general assessment value (with regularly
reviewed valuation!)
2. Special taxation of
vacant land (within
serviced areas)
• Targeting inefficient patterns of land use in
serviced urban areas
• Penalizing/preventing land speculation
3. Tax on inheritance
of landed property
This may also be applied if only land use rights are
inherited (as in Viet Nam)!
4. Tax on income
from property (rental,
leasehold)
• A very important factor in local taxation
• Taxation of betterment values
5. Fees for land
transfers (changes of
ownership)
In some systems, land tax is only collected
(retroactively) when there is a change in ownership
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– simplified procedures
B. Non-Tax Measures
1. Regulatory measures
including all kinds of land
use planning and land
trading
• If enforced, this is a very important area of
intervention, in addition to the market-driven
measures
• Price controls, registration of land prices
2. Land property ceiling
One of the many possible measures to limit
the accumulation of land property, but often
politically unacceptable
3. Land subdivision
regulations
This is especially important in urban fringe
areas. In some countries, this is
conceptualized as a special body of
legislation, separate from land use
legislation and building law
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C. Direct Involvement of Public Authorities
1. Land acquisition To reserve land for public areas (especially for
and land reservation streets) based on agreed land use plans, even if
for public purposes actual acquisition takes place later.
2. Compulsory
purchase (or
“eminent domain”)
Last-resort measure – only acceptable with full
compensation at market values, and limited to
public purposes, after efforts at voluntary sale of
land.
3. Land pooling and
land readjustment
(LPR)
Based on agricultural land reform in the 19th century
– for urban land m’gt first developed in Germany
1902. Japan adopted similar legislation from 1915
and exported it to its colonies (Taiwan, Korea). LPR
now seen as a Japanese export article to other
countries (Thailand, Indonesia).
4. Land
development
For example, housing or industrial estates
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Strategic Urban Planning (4)
National development plan
Important sector strategies and
National urban development strategy
plans (national and city-specific):
National environmental strategy (the state of the environment)
Transportation
Housing
Regional development planning/management
Water/sanitation
Metropolitan/urban development
strategy
Solid
waste/ structure plan
Land use plan >> outline zoning plans
Education
Subdivision plans
Action area plans
Health
and others
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WBI-ACVN Training Course on Urban Planning and Environmental Management, Da Nang, December 2006
1. Introduction to the Introduction
2. Strategic Urban Planning and Management
3. Urban Environmental Management
4. Decentralization Effects
5. The Schedule of the Training Course
6. Introducing the Speakers
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The relationship of policy context, urban management,
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urban planning, and urban environmental management
Environmental Transition >> City Typology:
All over the world, cities have environmental problems but they
(and the solutions) differ by stage of development!
Selected
Lower-income
Lower-middle
Upper-middle
Upper-income
Land
managemt
Uncontrolled
Ineffective land use
controls
Some environm’l
zoning
Environmental zoning
commonplace
Water supply
& sanitation
Low quality,
especially for poor
Low access for poor
Generally
acceptable
Good; concern with
trace substances
Drainage
Low coverage,
frequent flooding
Inadequate;
frequent flooding
Reasonable
Good
Solid waste
Low coverage,
open dumping
Inadequate,
uncontrolled landfill
Semi-controlled
landfill
Good covge, contr’d
landfill, recycling
Air pollution
Severe problems in Severe problems
some cities
(vehic emission)
Hazardous
waste
Non-existent
capacity
Problems
Severe, many cities Some cities (vehic),
(coal/vehicles)
health priority
Severe problems, no Severe problems,
capacity
growing capacity
From remediation to
prevention
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Compiled from Bartone, Satterthwaite, et al.
Urban Environmental Management
Means
Urban
Planning
Institutional
Capacity
Regulatory
Capacity
Technical
Capacity
Financial
Capacity
Social
Capacity
Issues
Water Supply
& Wastewater
Management
Solid Waste
Management
Urban Air
Quality
Management
Monitoring & Evaluation (M&E) System
Environmental Issues over Time
Source: Memon and Imura, IGES (Japan), 2003 17
Critical Path Analysis
Challenges
Environmental
Problem
(water pollution/
scarcity, air
pollution, solid
waste, industrial
pollution, etc)
Sources
(households,
private sector,
transport, energy,
etc.)
Necessary condition(s)
1.
2.
3.
Zoning and land-use
Titling
Future growth
Regulations &
Institutions
1.
2.
3.
Logical and suitable
Human resources
Jurisdiction & Implementation
Public
participation
1.
2.
3.
Public awareness
Information systems
Formal & Informal framework
Financial
Mechanisms
1.
2.
3.
Government & donor funding
Economic instruments (MBIs)
Public-private partnerships
Appropriate
Technology
1.
2.
3.
Monitoring
Production
Repair and maintenance
Urban
Planning
Impact
(quantitative and
qualitative)
Essential condition(s)
Source: Memon and Imura, IGES (Japan), 2003
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Integration Urban Planning and Environmental Management
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All major Asian cities now
have environmental
management guidelines.
Experience with PPP has
been encouraging,
especially together with
local government
Example: Thailand has
adopted operational
guidelines in all cities,
such as this set (16 small
volumes) – tested since
1995
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WBI-ACVN Training Course on Urban Planning and Environmental Management, Da Nang, December 2006
1. Introduction to the Introduction
2. Strategic Urban Planning and Management
3. Urban Environmental Management
4. Decentralization Effects
5. The Schedule of the Training Course
6. Introducing the Speakers
21
The full meaning of decentralization
1. Political (or democratic) decentralization
2. Administrative (or institutional)
decentralization – or
deconcentration/devolution of authority to
lower levels of government
3. Fiscal decentralization
4. As a separate category: Economic or
market decentralization from government
to NGO and market organizations
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Present reality of local government performance
Broad types of administrative, planning and
management tasks
Local
Government
Local administration (routine type, including
licences for local shops and markets, e.g.)
Full
Very few /
None
Simple municipal services (street cleaning, and
simple maintenance of infrastructure)
Full
Very few /
None
Complex municipal services (water supply,
sanitation, garbage collection, street lighting etc.)
Some
Some
Management of social services (facilities/services
for education, health, leisure, e.g.)
Some
Some
Capital investment projects (including
programming of major infrastructure
improvements, e.g.)
None
Some / Most
Land management and development
Limited
Most
Some
Most
None or
Limited
Most
None
(except for
lobbying)
Some
Development control (building permits)
General area planning and management
(medium-term land-use plan, Local Agenda 21)
Other complex tasks
(such as industrial location)
Regional branch offices of national
agencies
National
Ministries
Mainly
supervisory
functions
Largely
responsible for
implementing
projects and
even
maintenance
Policies and
regulatory
framework and
most investment
decisions
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Targets under decentralized local government reform
Broad types of administrative, planning, and
management tasks
Local
Government
Regional branch offices of
national agencies
Local administration (routine type, including
licences for local shops and markets, e.g.)
Full
None
Simple municipal services (street cleaning, and
simple maintenance of infrastructure)
Full
None
Complex municipal services (water supply,
sanitation, garbage collection, street lighting etc.)
Full
None
Management of social services (facilities/services
for education, health, leisure, e.g.)
Most
Some
Capital investment projects (including
programming of major infrastructure
improvements, e.g.)
Most
Some
Land management and development
Most
Limited
Development control (building permits)
Most
None
General area planning and management
(medium-term land-use plan, Local Agenda 21)
Full
Some
Some,
increasing
Some
Other complex tasks
(such as industrial location)
Supervisory,
supporting
and
facilitating
functions
National
ministries
Policies and
Regulatory
framework and
some major
Investment
Decisions only
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WBI-ACVN Training Course on Urban Planning and Environmental Management, Da Nang, December 2006
1. Introduction to the Introduction
2. Strategic Urban Planning and Management
3. Urban Environmental Management
4. Decentralization Effects
5. The Schedule of the Training Course
6. Introducing the Speakers
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The schedule (a)
Day 1 (Monday):
Strategic Urban Planning
• System Overview
• City Devt Strategy
(CDS) Approach
• World Bank Urban
Strategies in Viet N
• VN Case Study
Day 2 (Tuesday):
Urban Environmental
Management
• UEM Overview,
Concepts, Experience
• Environmental Mgt in Viet
Nam (2 presentations)
• Sustainable City Dev’t
• VN Case Study
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The schedule (b)
Day 3 (Wednesday):
Urban Finance, and Land
Management
• Urban Finance Concepts
(Viet Nam)
• Regional Planning (VN)
• Land Mgt Issues
• Land Mgt – Urban Fringe
Issues
Day 4 (Thursday):
Da Nang City Day
• Study Tour Da Nang
• Discussion of Da Nang
Issues
• Wrap-up Panel
Discussion
• Award of Certificates &
Closing Ceremony
• Dinner – Farewell and
Welcome
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WBI-ACVN Training Course on Urban Planning and Environmental Management, Da Nang, December 2006
1. Introduction to the Introduction
2. Strategic Urban Planning and Management
3. Urban Environmental Management
4. Decentralization Effects
5. The Schedule of the Training Course
6. Introducing the Speakers
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Introducing the speakers
In this first training course, there are mainly foreign speakers
(with experience in Viet Nam) and only some Vietnamese
colleagues
In future courses, there will be mainly Vietnamese speakers,
and only some foreigners
Brief self-introduction of the speakers:
Day 1: Detlef Kammeier, Henry Sharpe, Alan Coulthart
Day 2: Allan Rotman (Vinh), Wayne Stone, Nguyen Quang
Day 3: Cuong Duc Dang, Lawrie Wilson, Henry Sharpe
Day 4: Da Nang speakers, panelists
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So much for the course introduction.
Now - let’s start floating…
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