Social & Religious Life
Chapter #7:iii
[Image source: America - Pathways to the Present, page 222.]
During the early-1800s America
became a mobile society.
[Image source:
http://www.rootsweb.com/~q
uakers/migration.htm]
People were constantly
moving from place to place.
[Image source: http://www.nps.gov/mopi/]
People were
able to move
upward in
society from
one social
class to
another.
[Image source: http://www.npg.org.uk/search/portrait.asp?LinkID=mp07409&rNo=0&role=art]
There were two major
effects of social mobility:
[Image source: http://www.nyhistory.org/genre/genhis4.html]
Land was readily available in the
West, where society placed no
limits on one’s success, and . . .
[Image source: America - Pathways to the Present, page 203.]
. . . people had to learn new social
skills as they mingled with strangers.
[Image source: Eyes of the Nation, page 77.]
Dueling became a popular
way for men to resolve
disputes of honour that
occurred among strangers.
[Image source: http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/dueling/2.html]
Andrew
Jackson had a
reputation for
defending his
honour
through
dueling.
[Image source:
http://www.adena.com/adena/usa/hs/hs23.htm]
Probably the most famous duel in
American history occurred
between Vice President Aaron
Burr and Alexander Hamilton.
You
smell
bad!
Your mother
wears army boots!
[Image source: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/duel/peopleevents/index.html]
[Image source:
http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/eaf/authors/seco
nd/shr.html]
Moralizing
novels, such as
Susanna Haswell
Rowson’s
Charlotte Temple,
were a popular
way for women
to evaluate
future marriage
partners.
Women became increasingly
cautious about marriage,
preferring a long courtship.
[Image source: America - Pathways to the Present, page 218.]
Second Great Awakening
The 1790 census showed that
only one out of ten Americans
was a member of a church!
[Image source: America - Pathways to the Present, page 220.]
The Second Great Awakening
was an evangelical movement
among Protestant Christians.
[Image source: Eyes of the Nation, page 102.]
A Christian religious
movement is evangelical when
it stresses three main ideas:
#1
Scripture is
the final
authority.
#2
Salvation
only through
a personal
belief in Jesus
Christ as the
Saviour.
[Image source: http://members.aol.com/jesus316/]
#3
People demonstrate their new
faith by performing good deeds.
(“Witnessing for Christ”)
Evangelicals generally stressed the
importance of the congregation, or
the people of the church.
[Image source: http://people.history.ohio-state.edu/masur1/Social%20Reforms/sld008.htm]
Camp meetings, or revivals, where
people were brought back to a
religious life, were very popular.
[Image source: America - Pathways to the Present, page 219.]
Many Evangelicals became prominent
in the temperance movement.
[Image source: http://people.history.ohio-state.edu/masur1/Social%20Reforms/sld006.htm]
Other Evangelicals became involved
in the Abolitionist movement.
[Image source: http://www.nyhistory.org/genre/genhis7.html]
The Second Great Awakening resulted in
a number of new denominations.
[Image source: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/vc006705.jpg]
Baptists
[Image source: http://www.bgcworld.org/intro/howwegrew/baptists.jpg]
[Image source: http://www.adherents.com/maps/map_us_sbc.jpg]
Methodists
Methodism
grew out of
the beliefs
of British
minister
John
Wesley
[Image source: http://rylibweb.man.ac.uk/data1/dg/methodist/jw1.gif]
In 1794, Thomas Paine’s The Age of
Reason stated that all churches were
“set up to terrify and enslave
mankind, and monopolize power
and profit.”
Paine, Jefferson, and Franklin were
Deists. They believed that:
1. reason and science were the
ultimate truths, not the Bible.
2. God was real, but stayed out of
man’s affairs.
3. God created everything, but
simply set it in motion rather than
micro-managing it.
Out of this system of belief came
the Unitarian faith, which believed:
1. Jesus was not the son of God.
God only existed in one person.
2. Man is inherently good.
3. Good works could earn salvation.
This appealed to intellectuals who
wanted to believe that they had
control over their fate. Yet it
contrasted sharply with Calvinism
which stressed control by God in
predestination. Many Americans
saw these liberal trends as heresy.
Mormons
Joseph
Smith
[Image source: Microsoft Encarta]
[Image source: http://www.rootsweb.com/~nwa/nauvoo.jpg]
The death of Joseph and Hyrum Smith.
[Image source: Eyes of
the Nation, page 105.]
Millennialists
Several groups predicted Christ’s
second coming. William Miller
predicted that He would return on
October 22, 1844, so Miller and his
followers put on their go-to-meetin’
clothes to meet their Redeemer.
They fully anticipated leaving earth,
so they had sold everything.
Wait! I
forgot my
toothbrush!
Others anticipated a
Millenial Reign by
Christ on earth. They
were called
Millenialists. They
believed that if everyone
were “saved” then the
Lord would return and
rule for 1000 years.
In a stranger story, Jonathan Noyes
started a communal society in
Oneida, NY in which all citizens
practices a “complex marriage.”
Mr. Baker will explain...
Different social classes were drawn
to different denominations:
Rich: Episcopalians, Presbyterians,
Congregationalists, Unitarians.
Poor: Methodists, Baptists.
Why?
• http://people.history.ohiostate.edu/masur1/Social%20Reforms/sld007
.htm
Women in the Second
Great Awakening
Jarena Lee, an
African
American,
frequently
preached to
congregations in
the Philadelphia
area.
[Image source:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3h91.html]
Women like
Juliann Jane
Tillman
became
prominent in
the African
Methodist
Episcopal
Church.
[Image source: Eyes of the Nation, page 104.]
Spirituals
Timothy
Dwight
[Image source:
http://www.med.yale.edu/library/exhibits/yalemed1/dwightweb.jpg]
Many Utopian communities were
created during this time.
New Harmony, IN was one.
Everyone was supposed to live in
peace and work hard. Instead,
everyone hoped that everyone else
would work hard and nothing got
done. The Shakers were another.
Shakers
Many people came to believe
that there could be no real
religious meaning if there was
no effect on society. New
causes were taken up like free
education, mental institution
reform, schools for the deaf, and
an effort to end war.
Several social movements grew out
of the 2nd Great Awakening:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Temperance (against drinking).
Abolition (against slavery).
Prison reform.
Women’s rights.
1791 Sermon against
slavery-J.Edwards Jr.