Pulling the Strings: How Real Life Crime Makes its Way to Hollywood
Carissa Tenorio
Engl. 4231- American Crime Film
November 16, 2011
Tenorio
Crime films have been around since the 1930s, but it was not until the early 1940s that we
began to see hard-boiled detective films, instead of the typical murder mystery. Here is an example from
the first movie we ever watched in class, the Maltese Falcon, which was part of the new film noir genre.
During this class, we looked at themes, character developments and the femme fatal of each film. The
element I wish our class had expanded upon more was the history behind cinema and films. Crime has
been around since the beginning of mankind. However, the films I will be discussing, in depth, feature
organized crime, which has been around since the beginning of Government.
Crime film is directly affected by current crime in the media. Organized mafia crime took
a strong presence in the media in the 1950s through the early 1960s. In the late 1960s, the Maxi trials
began and were the first of a series of trials involving many major mafia “big heads.” “Sicilian
prosecutors tried hundreds of Mafia suspects en masse for crimes ranging from murder to criminal
association,” (Palermo, 2002). Simultaneously with the trials, Mario Puzo wrote his novel, The
Godfather, which was released in 1969. Shortly after the novel in March of 1971, Mario Puzo and Francis
Ford Coppola began filming “The Godfather”. At the same time “The Godfather” was filming, the Trial of
114 began in December of 1967 and lasted until December 1968. “This trial involved 114 men who were
accused of crimes relating to the First Mafia War, the charges including multiple murders, kidnapping,
tobacco smuggling, theft, "public massacre" (the Ciaculli bombing) and Organized Delinquency,”
(Wikipedia.com, 2011).The Ciaculli bombing or massacre happened on June 30, 1963. This was caused
by a bomb that exploded in a car in a town outside of Palermo, Italy. The bomb killed seven police
officers. It was intended for Salvatore Greco head of the Mafia Commission and the boss of the Ciaculli
Mafia family. Pietro Torretta was the man behind the bomb.
Pulling the Strings 2
Tenorio
“Although the exact origin of the word ‘mafia’ is uncertain, some believe it originated in 1282
during the French Invasion of Sicily and the saying, ‘Morte Alla Francia Italia Anela’ (Death to the French
is Italy’s Cry), or MAFIA. Then eventually the word ‘mafia’ came to mean manly, in Sicily,” (Groove Club,
2000). The history of Italy is relevant to the Mafia since this is where it originated. I also think the fact
that Mafia means manly is kind of interesting, since the men of Italian families are looked so highly
upon.
The First Mafia War took place in the 1960s between a few of the Mafia clans. A heroin
shipment went missing that was being sent to American in December 1962. “Sicilian Mafia Commission
couldn’t determine who was behind it. The La Barbera clan took this matter into its own hands and
killed Calcedonio Di Pisa, one of the Mafioso of the Greco clan. They suspected that he was behind the
missing shipment of heroin. This triggered a war between the Mafia clans and many people were killed
in it.” (The Old Mafia, 2010).
Puzo’s apparent interest in Mafioso’s and their lives was intriguing and interesting to watch as
his book was translated to the big screen. The history behind the real mobsters is what makes half of the
movie. I think people are often scared of scary movies, or disturbed by suspense, but there is nothing
like a mobster movie that was based on real events. The violence of the families is unreal. Although not
every single part of The Godfather comes from an event, the people in the book and films were based
off of real mobsters.
“The protagonist - Don Vito A. Corleone is based on real mob boss Frank Costello
(Luciano/Genovese crime family). Don Corleone was born in the same year as Costello. Like Costello, he
earned vast illegal incomes from gambling and bootlegging, while enjoying unrivalled political clout
Pulling the Strings 3
Tenorio
through his friends in the power. Costello was also a link between his criminal partners and politicians,”
(factbehindfiction.com). Some other similarities the two shared included gambling interests in Las
Vegas and Cuba. Neither Corleone nor Costello like narcotics. They had an assassination attempt on
their lives and fortunately, for them at least, both survived. Puzo’s rendition of Costello (Don Vito
Corleone) did have some differences. Corleone was made to be more old-fashioned than Costello. Also,
Costello actually served time in jail, on several occasions and was overthrown from his position of
power.
“The shooting of Don Corleone while he stands at a fruit stand is similar to the murder of Frank
Scalise in 1957. The Godfather’s political power referred to so often in the book, mirrors the political
control wielded by New York mobsters Thomas Lucchese and Frank Costello throughout the 1940s and
1950s,” (Zapata-Kraj, 2009).
According to Puzo, he became interested in the crime genre, because of his childhood dreams of
being a Mafioso. As a child, Puzo admired and looked up to characters like Don Corleone. Puzo came
from an Italian Immigrant family, who lived in Manhattan. He joined the American Army in World War II,
but he was rejected because of his poor eyesight, (famouspeople.com, 2008). Growing up in an Italian
family and having a fascination with Mobsters could have heavily influenced Puzo during the time he
spent writing his best-selling novel. Maybe a biased was unintentionally formed. The real, historic stories
about American mobs were available for Puzo to research and transform into his stories. Although his
previous books were not best-sellers, people liked the books about the Mafia, and the books received
good responses from the public.
Pulling the Strings 4
Tenorio
“The Mafia is oppression, arrogance, greed, self-enrichment, power and hegemony above and
against all others. It is not an abstract concept, or a state of mind, or a literary term… It is a criminal
organization regulated by unwritten but iron and inexorable rules… The myth of a courageous and
generous ‘man of honor’ must be destroyed, because a Mafioso is just the opposite.” (Terranova, 1979)
Most people are heavily opinionated and perceive mafia organizations their crimes negatively,
but Puzo, used the mafia and the mafia’s image of that time period and turned it into a world most
people had never witnessed and would never. His book allowed your average Joe to understand Mafia
life. The film, “The Godfather” leased in 1972, was just a visual of the violence, but this book and film
intrigued a lot of people. The film was created not for the mafia, not for the public officials, not for the
cops, but for the public who doesn’t understand mafia life.
Frank Lucas was a heroin dealer and organized crime boss operating in Harlem during the late
1960s and early 1970s. He was best known for getting heroin himself from the direct source in the
Golden Triangle, and smuggling it into America on dead servicemen’s coffins, or at least that is what he
says. In 2007, he was played in American Gangster, by Denzel Washington. Heroin has been in the
United States since the late 1800s and was used for various medications. Frank Lucas is an important
figure because during his reign, Heroin started to become huge in the United States. This was
happening at the same time the First Mafia War had begun, over missing heroin.
“During the 1960s, the Sicilian "Cupola" and the American "Commission" began to seriously
cooperate in the narcotics trade, despite their expressed sentiment that heroin and cocaine were
somehow less "respectable" products than extortion and murder,” (Best of Sicily, 2004). This was the
Pulling the Strings 5
Tenorio
prime time for the mafia to get into drugs, but many mafia organizations did not know it would
eventually start a war between the different mobster families.
There is no doubt in my mind, that crime is a fascination to people. Television shows, newspapers, books, and other forms of entertainment continue to dish out things about organized crime and
mobster lifestyles. Organized crime also gets much attention due to politicians. “While many of Puzo’s
details about organized crime are probably based on information readily available from research, there
are specific incidents in the book that resemble events in crime history,” (Zapata-Kraj, 2009).
The Godfather, a best-sellers novel had a huge impact on the pop culture of that time. Since the
media loves writing about it, the public was interested in it. Today we see the same aspect, just in a
more fictional way. Stephanie Meyer and J.K. Rowling did a very similar thing. They wrote best-selling
novels, and films followed their movies. Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone (novel) was released in
America on September 1, 1998. The movie shortly followed, being released on November 16, 2001. This
wizard phenomenon was followed by television shows being released and a huge trend on witch craft.
Same thing goes for Stephanie Meyer’s novel Twilight, which was released in 2005 and the film was
shortly after in 2008. Her books caused a huge wave of vampire obsession. Television shows, novels, and
movies followed the same ideas. Although these examples are not directly correlated with crime film,
they still follow the trend of having an explosion of popularity, due to current media.
The Godfather, the films and novel, did more to change public beliefs about the mafia than any
other combination of exposes in the past.
“Before the advent of The Godfather, federal courts were very strict about
excluding referenced to the mafia per se, and any prosecutor who was
carless in that regard was certain to have a nasty mistrial on his or her
Pulling the Strings 6
Tenorio
record. Moreover, when jurors were questioned at all about whether
they believed in such a thing as organized crime, most were uncertain
and the rest were doubters… After The Godfather became so popular, it
was the defense attorneys who wanted to ask the questions and assess
the extent of the damage- and the extent was really quite substantial.
Jurors believe that the Mafia existed, and they had a fixed understanding
from Hollywood about exactly how the Mafia operated. That change in
public perceptions was important for the courtroom battles which were
about to the launched in the latter 1970s,” (Federal Prosecutor, 2009).
This film is a prime example of taking an issue or topic of public interest and transforming it into
an obsession among readers and viewers. The Mafia and organized crime have always been a topic
people enjoy learning about because a great majority of this nation has never been involved in it.
Another example of “organized crime” that has been all over the media since the mid-1960s is the C.I.A.
Not a typical “organized crime,” society but none the less, still have the typical organized crime feel.
The Good Shepherd is a spy film directed by Robert De Niro. Although, a fictional film based on
real events, it is supposed to be the start of counter-intelligence in the Central Intelligence Agency. The
film's main character, Edward Wilson is loosely based on James Jesus Angleton and Richard M. Bissell.
This movie is set back in the 1960s when the Bay of Pigs was happening in Cuba. Fun fact, Bahía de
Cochinos, is the actual translation that means Bay of Fish, not Pigs. This film gets its historical value from
the C.I.A. during the 1960s. However the Good Shepherd was first written during the early 1990s, when
the CIA was involved in The Cold War that ended in late 1991. The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991,
Pulling the Strings 7
Tenorio
ending the Cold War. This left the United States as the dominant military power. The Cold War is always
referenced about spies in pop culture today, and had a significant impact on the world.
“James Jesus Angleton was born in 1917, in Boise, Idaho. Upon Graduation from Yale in 1941,
Angleton moved to Harvard Law School. Inducted into the Army on 19 March, 1943, Angleton was
recruited into the OSS in August through the efforts of Angleton's father and Norman Pearson, his old
English professor from Yale who was, at that time, head of the OSS Counter Intelligence division in
London,” (Cooper, 2000).
“Richard Bissell was born in 1910. Bissell worked for the Ford Foundation for a while but Frank
Wisner, persuaded him to join the Central Intelligence Agency. Its role was to evaluate intelligence
reports and coordinate the intelligence activities of the various government departments in the interest
of national security,” (Spartacus Educational, 2011).
Both Bissell and Angleton attended Yale University and were members of the secret society,
known as Skulls and Bones. “Skull and Bones is the oldest of Yale’s secret societies and by far the most
determinedly secretive. As such, it has long been an inspiration for speculation and imagination,”
(Robbins, 2000). It has also been said that Yale University, specifically in their English department, and
Skull and Bones were major recruiting groups for the C.I.A. Angleton and Bissell were both major
players in the beginning of the C.I.A.
However, there were a couple of differences in this film, from actual accuracy. The character of
Edward Wilson, played by Matt Damon, was based off of Angleton, who attended Yale University, but he
was Hispanic. Angleton was also not involved with The Bay of Pigs invasion. In the film, we see that The
Pulling the Strings 8
Tenorio
Bay of Pigs failed because of a Cuban spy leaking information, when in reality the invasion failed because
people were ill-prepared. Richard Bissell was the actual C.I.A. officer in charge of The Bay of Pigs.
“As Bissell tells it, it was Eisenhower who relentlessly pushed the operation forward, refusing to
acknowledge that no force less powerful, and less covert, than the 82nd Airborne was going to take out
Castro. Kennedy compounded matters by constantly reducing U.S. support for the invasion, earning
himself the contempt of the entire U.S. military, who despised him for sending men into combat and not
backing them up,” (Vanneman, 2007).
This film, when the screenplay was originally being written, has incredible history behind the
characters and plot, itself. The Film was influenced by The Bay of Pigs and the creation of the C.I.A. “The
Bay of Pigs invasion met its ignominious end on the afternoon of 19 April 1961. Three days after the
force of Cuban émigrés had hit the beach, the CIA officers who planned the assault gathered around a
radio in their Washington war room while the Cuban Brigade's commander transmitted his last signal,”
(Warner, 2007). Crime in this film is very different from crime in the mafia, on really only one count. The
C.I.A. is so secretive the current media, when this film was written, wasn’t able to capture the details of
any of the C.I.A.s involvement of much. They only knew brief details.
“It was started by Coppola and Eric Roth (screenwriter). Then it went through with other
directors. There were certain parallels. That was about a secret society and this is about another type of
secret society, but very Americana. One of the best lines in the movie to me is in the Joe Pesci scene
where he says, “What do you people have?” and Matt Damon says, “The United States of America- the
rest of you are just visiting,” (Franklin, 2006).
Pulling the Strings 9
Tenorio
In 1994, which was when “The Good Shepherd” was written there wasn’t much to talk about as
far as the C.I.A. goes, but screenwriter Eric Roth, has been very interested in the subject matter. Almost
12 years ago, "The Good Shepherd" began its journey to the big screen when Eric Roth tucked the Oscar
statuette he'd just earned for writing "Forrest Gump" into a corner of the den of his beach house and
began drilling into a subject that had captivated him for decades: the CIA,”(Hart, 2006).
Years after the Bay of Pigs and the end of The Cold War, documents on the events were released
to the public that gave information about the C.I.A. spying on Americans during the 1960s. “Known
inside the agency as the “family jewels,” the 702 pages of documents catalog domestic wiretapping
operations, failed assassination plots, mind-control experiments and spying on journalists from the early
years of the C.I.A. The papers provide evidence of paranoia and occasional incompetence as the agency
began a string of illegal spying operations in the 1960s and 1970s, often to hunt links between
Communist governments and the domestic protests that roiled the nation in that period,”(Chicago
Times, Horn, 2007).
“Pegging his narrative to the CIA's early days leading up to 1961's Bay of
Pigs invasion, Roth found the point of entry to his Cold War saga after
he read Norman Mailer's CIA-themed novel "Harlot's Ghost" and
perused the biography "Cold Warrior: James Jesus Angleton, the CIA's
Master Spy Hunter." Using Angleton as his "primogenitor," Roth
created tight-lipped WASP counterintelligence boss Edward Wilson,
portrayed in the film by Matt Damon. The character also incorporated
details modeled after Frank Wisner, who orchestrated a coup in Iran,
and Bay of Pigs covert operative Richard Bissell,” (Hart, 2006).
Pulling the Strings 10
Tenorio
Something I found interesting during my research was that there was a C.I.A. agent during the
1950s and 1960s named Edwin Wilson. He doesn’t really have much to do with Edward Wilson, but
Edwin’s story is still interesting. He was in jail for 22 years after he was charged for selling weapons to
Libya. He was released from prison in 2004. Although his timeline doesn’t match up with the writing of
this film, it was more bad press for the C.I.A.
Roth said a topic of interest for him was the family life of a C.I.A. agent and the emotional strain
it has on this aspect of their lives. His interest in Francis Ford Coppola shouldn’t come as much of a
surprise. Coppola, who directed “The Godfather’s”, had also expressed great interest in the C.I.A. “I
asked if I could go and see him; we'd met a couple of times. I told him the idea I had and he liked it very
much,” (Roth, 2007).
The C.I.A. is commonly a topic people don’t know a lot about. It’s a very secret “underground”
society, if you will, much like the Mafia as said before. Although, as discussed in class, the government is
on the side of the C.I.A. since it was created by them, that doesn’t seem fair. They get away with more
than your average mobster, because they are one with the law. In the last film I will look at, is a classic
example of this. The difference in this film is that our main character decides to turn to the government
for help.
This gangster classis, “Goodfellas,” has great historical content behind it. The film based off of
the non-fictional book Wiseguy: Life in a Mafia Family was about a low-level, gangster, named Henry
Hill, who is Irish. He told the FBI about the mobsters/gangsters in the area including his longtime friend,
and was entered into the Witness Protection Program to save his life.
Pulling the Strings 11
Tenorio
Similar to The Godfather, Wiseguy: Life in a Mafia Family is surrounded by factual events of the
Mafia. As briefly noted previous, Thomas Lucchese, was a power house in the New York Mafia.
Lucchese was the family boss from 1951- 1967 and became one of the most-respected Mafia bosses of
the era. (organizedcrimeencyclopedia.wikia.com). The Lucchese family is one of the five most powerful
Mafia families in New York and can be traced all the way Corleone, Sicily. Henry Hill, who began his
Mafia life in 1955 was also part of the Lucchese Mafia family.
Nicholas Pileggi, author of Wiseguy had a fascination with Mafiosi in New York and wanted to
write about them. He became a writer in New York in 1956 during the rise of Mafia life which most likely
influenced his writing later in life. Wiseguy was published in 1985, which happened to be during the
Mafia Commission Trial.
The Mafia Commission Trial was from February 1985- November 1986, in New York City. Eleven
famous Mafia people, including individuals from the five Mafia Families were tried. “The Commission
Trial was probably the greatest attack on the structure of Mafia, as stated by the Time Magazine who
referred to this trial as the Case of Cases,” (theoldmafia.com, 2010).
This film, which was released in September 1990 shortly followed by The Godfather III in
December, 1990, is an example again that during the time that the author was writing this book, many
events in both Pileggi’s lifetime and during the actual writing of the book, could have easily, directly
affected him in writing the non-fictional novel. While Pileggi was a writer in New York, for the Associated
Press form 1956- 1968, the Mafia seemed to have cooled down from the media. Although there was
always something happening in the Mafia, nothing big arose until the 1970s when The Great Mafia War
began, also known as the Second Mafia war.
Pulling the Strings 12
Tenorio
The Great Mafia War was not specific about people involved. This war involved the whole Mafia,
which changed most of the dynamics of the organization. The Second Mafia War had more violence
then the First Mafia War and had over 1000 homicides. From 1981-1983 most of the killings occurred,
however the first shots fired were in 1987. (secondmafiawar.com) Similar to the first war, “The victors
dragged the killing out until the end of the 1980s as they disposed of their allies. In addition to the
violence within the Mafia itself, there was violence against the state, including a campaign of deliberate
assassinations of authority figures, such as judges, prosecutors and politicians,” (xtimeline.com, 2009).
“From 1981 through last year, federal prosecutors brought 1,025 indictments against 2,554
Mafiosi, and have convicted 809 Mafia members or their uninitiated "associates.",” (Magnuson, 2001).
As stated in this paper numerous times, the Mafia world was crazy from the 1950s- through the 1980s.
Henry Hill, the main character of Wiseguy: Life in a Mafia Family had a Mafia life for over 30 years. This
was almost exactly the same years that Pileggi was working as a writer in New York City. I’d also like to
argue that because Pileggi was in a position to report stories, he was able to hype public interest in the
Mafia. Although during his writing career at Associated Press, he may not have done so, he was certainly
saving his interest in the Mafia for something, looks like it was his books. He was also the author of
Casino.
Something Wiseguy did well was show the life of a mobster who actually wasn’t a true mobster.
I say this because Hill wasn’t Italian, he was Irish and we follow his life into the Mafia. Obviously we see
a similar story line in The Godfather trilogy, but it’s not a true, true story, just like in “The Good
Shepherd.”
Pulling the Strings 13
Tenorio
“The Godfather”, “The Good Shepherd”, and “Goodfellas” were based loosely off of real
historical events, which is one of the very reasons I find them to be so fascinating. “Goodfellas” may be
the most accurate because it is based off a non-fictional book, the other two movies dissected in this
paper, were made just as well. All three films had a direct correlation with the Mafia. Puzo, grew up in
Mafia territory. James Jesus Angleton and Richard Bissell were both in the C.I.A., which is arguably very
similar to the Mafia. Finally, Pileggi had a keen interest in the Mafia and Henry Hill, whom the book is
about, was an active member in the Lucchese Mafia Family.
The current media of each one of these films was influenced in one way or another which made
them bigger hits then they probably should have been. The Godfather, published in 1969, and the film
released in 1972- Mafia all over the headlines. “The Good Shepherd,” written in 1994, but based off of
characters from the early 1960s. This again played a major role in the buzz of the film. Lastly,
“Goodfellas” was based off the book which was written in 1985, but was based off of the life of Henry
Hill starting in 1955.
The three film examples are good enough proof for me that crime film is directly affected by the
media and the crime of that time. The Godfather I, II, and III, may have been released at different times,
but the background of those stories was written during a time when the world couldn’t get enough of
the Mafia. As for “The Good Shepherd,” the writers and the basis of this story all came from the decades
when the C.I.A. had a lot on their back and Roth had an interest in the background of the C.I.A.
“Goodfellas,” was based off historical truth during the rise and fall of Mafia life.
The Mafia and their families may still be an interest to the public now. Since my generation,
seems to look at the Mafia as a topic from years ago, people may not be so eager to see Ben Afflict,
Pulling the Strings 14
Tenorio
living in Boston, acting like a gangster. We would rather watch older films that have a more accurate
depiction of the Mafia. Relevant to this time now, we see the Mexican drug cartel all over our news. In
the near future we will be seeing movies pop up about the drug war. Most people understand the idea
of what is happening in Mexico right now, but the fact is that most of the world population won’t
experience any of the violence. I’m not sure if the violent side of crime film is what makes it so intriguing
but it seems to capture people’s eyes often. “Savages”, coming out in 2012, is a film that portrays a
woman being taken for ransom in the Mexican drug cartel. Another film that is coming soon is “The Last
Stand,” is to be released in 2013, which is about a drug cartel boss being stopped by a Sheriff in Texas.
Crime film is such a bizarre genre of films and I find it to be sad that the big blockbuster films are heavily
influenced by what our media says to be the most noticing. Crime film is directly influenced by the
current crime in the media.
Pulling the Strings 15
Tenorio
American Movie Classics Company. (2011). Goodfellas- 1990. Retrieved from
http://www.filmsite.org/goodf.html
Coffey, Thomas G. & Dujmovic, Nicholas, & McCollim, Gary, & Robarge, David. (May 25, 2007).
The Good Shepherd: Intelligence in Recent Public Media. Central Intelligence Agency.
Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csipublications/csi-studies/studies/vol51no1/the-good-shepherd.html
Famento. (2008-2009). Second Mafia War alters Balance of Power Retrieved from
http://www.xtimeline.com/evt/view.aspx?id=130313
Franklin, Garth. (December 21, 2006). Interview: Robert De Niro for “The Good Shepherd”.
Dark Horizons. Retrieved from http://www.darkhorizons.com/features/1058/robertdeniro-for-the-good-shepherd
Horn, John. (December 17, 2007). After a series of false starts, `Shepherd' finally gets made.
Chicago Tribune. Retrieved from http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2006-1217/news/ 0612170300_1_james-angleton-fingers-john-frankenheimer
Hugh Hart. (December 31, 2006). Secrets of the CIA. Retrieved from
http://articles.sfgate.com/2006-12-31/entertainment/17326877_1_james-jesusangleton-cia-s-master-spy-hunter-counterintelligence
John Simkin. Richard Bissell. (October 20, 2011). Spartacus Educational. Retrieved
November 19, 2011, from http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKbissell.htm
La Cosa Nostra Database. (2007-2011). The Lucchese Family. Retrieved from
http://www.lacndb.com/php/Info.php?name=Family%20-%20Lucchese
Pulling the Strings 16
Tenorio
Magnuson, Ed. (June 24, 2001). Hitting the Mafia. Time U.S. Retrieved from
http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,145082,00.html#ixzz1eJIgJgKN
Mazzetti ,Mark & Weiner, Tim. (June 27, 2007). Files on Illegal Spying Show C.I.A. Skeletons
from Cold War. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2007/ 06/27/washington/
27cia.html?pagewanted=all
Murray, Rebecca. (2011). Actor/Director/Producer Robert De Niro Discusses "The Good
Shepherd". About Guide. Retrieved from http://movies.about. com/od/
thegoodshepherd /a/shephrdrd121306.htm
Robbins, Alexandra. (1998). Skull and Bones Society. Retrieved from
http://www.skullandcrossbones.org/articles/skullandbones.htm
Vanneman, Alan. (February 2007). Robert De Niro at Yale Again!. Retrieved from
http://www.brightlightsfilm.com/55/goodshepherd.php
Wikia.com. (December, 2009).Organized Crime Encyclopedia. Retrieved from
http://organizedcrimeencyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/Thomas_Lucchese
Zapata-Kraj, Marta. (2009). Mafia- the History with M Puzo’s Godfather in background.
Research Paper. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/ books?id= IXbTLH s7ASc
C&pg =PA29& lpg=PA29&dq= crime+directly+impacting +Mario +Puzo's,+the+ god
father&source=bl&ots=6nwsFYUEmH& sig=ipIkZ w5KA9Mh IsDp 0uFkYu tXL8&hl =en
&ei=o2JTqz6L4u3twfNIHzCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CFY
Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=crime%20directly%20impacting%20Mario%20Puzo's%2C%
20the%20godfather&f=false
Pulling the Strings 17