Wind Energy
• Electricity
• In 2005, 18 GW produced in US, enough to
supply 1.6 million households
• By 2008, 121 GW worldwide (1.5 %)
• It has doubled in the last 3.5 years
• Largest farm in US in Texas
– 421 turbines, 230,000 homes
• Cape Cod/Long Island plan
• Capacity in US
– 170 turbines, 25 sq miles, 500,000 homes (2007)
– 28,635 MW, 1.5 M homes (as of April 30, 2009).
#
Nation
2005
2006
2007
2008
9,149
11,603
16,819
25,170
1
United States
2
Germany
18,428
20,622
22,247
23,903
3
Spain
10,028
11,630
15,145
16,740
4
China
1,266
2,599
5912
12,210
5
India
4,430
6,270
7850
9,587
6
Italy
1,718
2,123
2,726
3,736
7
France
779
1,589
2,477
3,426
8
United Kingdom
1,353
1,963
2,389
3,288
9
Denmark
3,132
3,140
3,129
3,164
10
Portugal
1,022
1,716
2,130
2,862
11
Canada
683
1,460
1,846
2,369
12
Netherlands
1,236
1,571
1,759
2,237
1,040
1,309
1,528
1,880
13
20 % by 2030 initiative
• 300 GW goal
• The wind industry is on track to grow to a
size capable of installing 16,000 MW/year
Politics and economics
• Not in my backyard
• The cost of the project grows (the big dig
phenomenon
Cape cod
• 130 wind turbines
• 420 megawatts
• 3/4 of the Cape and Islands electricity
needs
• The late Senator Kennedy and the
candidates for his seat.
Long Island Wind Farm
• Each wind turbine will generate 3.6 megawatts.
• The project will consist of 40 turbines, producing
a total of 140 megawatts.
• The facility will generate enough energy to
power approximately 44,000 homes.
• Each turbine rotor has three blades
approximately 182 ft. long.
• The turbines shut down at wind speeds beyond
56 mph.
• Project called off in 2007 (voted down)
• But new project surfacing in 2008/09 700 (MWs)
Rhode Island
• State officials picked Deepwater Wind to
build a $1.5-billion, 385-megawatt wind
farm in federal waters off Block Island. The
100-turbine project could provide
1.3 terawatt-hours (TW·h) of electricity per
year - 15 percent of all electricity used in
the state.
2005 Report from the National
Renewable Energy Laboratory
• Estimates offshore US wind potential
• Offshore has several advantages over
onshore
– Land with greatest wind potentials are far
from populated centers
– Less of an eye sore
– Stronger, more dependable winds
– Use of larger, more economical turbines
GW by Depth (m)
Region
5-30
30-60
60-900
> 900
NE
10.3
43.5
130.6
0.0
Mid-atlantic
64.3
126.2
45.3
30.0
Great lakes
15.5
11.6
193.6
0.0
California
0.0
0.3
47.8
168.0
Pacific NW
0.0
1.6
100.4
68.2
90.1
183.2
517.7
266.2
Total
US Offshore Wind Resource Exclusions
Inside 5nm –100% exclusion􀂾
67% -5 to 20nm resource exclusion to account for avian, marine mammal,
view shed, restricted habitats, shipping routes & other habitats. 􀂾
33% exclusion–20 to 50 nm􀂾
Deep Water Wind Turbine Development
Deep water
• In June 2009, Secretary of the Interior Ken
Salazar issued five exploratory leases for
wind power production on the Outer
Continental Shelf offshore from New
Jersey and Delaware. The leases
authorize data gathering activities,
allowing for the construction of
meteorological towers on the Outer
Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles
offshore.
Recent Investments
• Secretary Chu, Governor Patrick
Announce $25 Million for Massachusetts
Wind Technology Testing Center May
2009
• 43 million Invested in 41 projects devoted
to offshore wind farms; May 2011
US Potential
• Over 1 TW, which is about equal to the total
capacity for electricity generation in US.
• Requires research into the construction of
off(off)shore turbines
• Research into potential environmental impacts
• Research into best sites (wind/wave action,
whale migration, ect.)
• 10-15 yrs from commercial deepwater
technology
Hydro
• 7 % of US electricity
• 70 % of renewable electricity
• Research:
– improving environmental impact of damming
– Expand use
– Hydrokinetic (wave, tidal, current, and ocean
thermal energy)
Potential of harnessing
wave energy
• Young technology
• But maybe 7 % of our total electricity
Fusion
• Rxn
• Nuclei confined by magnetic field
• Capture neutrons
– Extract heat
– Drive reaction (self-sustained)
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Steam-turbine-electricity
Physics of plasma
Materials
Stability
Research timeline
• JET – 16 MW for 0.5 s
– 1983-2004
• ITER – 500 MW for 1000 s
– 2018 start date
• DEMO – 2000 MW continuously
– 2030-2040
Carbon trapping
Energy use by sector (worldwide)
• Transportation 20 %
• Industrial 38 %
• Residential heating, lighting, and
appliances 11 %
• Commercial heating, lighting, sewer, ect,
5%
• 27 % lost in generation and transmission
Electric Cars
• Plug in to charger in garage
• Limited mileage, but ideal for most
commuters
• Equivalent to over 150 mpg on a cost
basis
• Pb, NiCd, NiMH, Li ion, Li ion polymer
batteries (expensive to replace)
Toyota RAV4-EV
• Only 328 leased/purchased to individuals in
2003-04.
• Sold for $42000 in CA and Arizona (with Cal
rebate; $29,000
• Battery replacement $26000 (third party
vendors)
• About 80-120 miles (130-190 km) on full battery
• Top speed 78 miles/hr
• 0-60 in 18 s
• Charging takes 5 hrs
Debate: why have these electric
cars not been successful
• Cost?
• Performance?
• Conspiracy between oil companies and
auto industry
2007 electric cars
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Telsa Roadster
100 vehicles to be sold, 650 in 2008
Lithium ion batteries
0-60 in 4 s
135 mph equiv.
2 cents/mile
245 miles/charge
Top speed: 125 mph
$90,000
Company Strategy
Who killed the electric car?
• Chris Payne 2007 Documentary
• Consumers
– Lots of ambivalence to new technology, unwillingness to compromise on
decreased range and increased cost for improvements to air quality and
reduction of dependence on foreign oil.
• Batteries
– Limited range (60-70 miles) and reliability Lithium ion batteries, the
same technology available in laptops would have allowed the EV-1 to
be upgraded to a range of 300 miles per charge.
• Oil companies
– Fearful of losing business to a competing technology, they supported
efforts to kill the ZEV mandate. They also bought patents to prevent
modern batteries from being used in US electric cars.
• Car companies
– Negative marketing, sabotaging their own product program, failure to
produce cars to meet existing demand, unusual business practices with
regards to leasing versus sales.
Continued
• Government
– The federal government joined in the auto industry suit against
California, has failed to act in the public interest to limit pollution and
require increased fuel economy, has promoted the purchase of vehicles
with poor fuel efficiency through preferential tax breaks, and has
redirected alternative fuel research from electric towards hydrogen.
• California Air Resources Board
– The CARB, headed by Alan Lloyd, caved to industry pressure and
repealed the ZEV mandate. Lloyd was given the directorship of the new
fuel cell institute, creating an inherent conflict of interest.
• Hydrogen fuel cell
– The hydrogen fuel cell was presented by the film as an alternative that
distracts attention from the real and immediate potential of electric
vehicles to an unlikely future possibility embraced by automakers, oil
companies and a pro-business administration in order to buy time and
profits for the status quo.
GM brought back the EV.
wall.
It is a hybrid that also plugs into the
currently
• As of September 2011 series production
models available in some countries
include the Tesla Roadster, REVAi,
Buddy, Mitsubishi i MiEV, Nissan Leaf,
Smart ED, and Wheego Whip LiFe.
• The Leaf and the i MiEV, with worldwide
cumulative sales of more than 15,000
units each, are the top selling highwaycapable electric cars by September
2011.[3][4]
Nissan Leaf
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All electric
5-dor hatchback
Front wheel drive
$32 K-$40 K
117 mile range
99 miles/Gallon equiv.
24 kW-h Li-ion battery
Top speed 93 mile/hr
0-60 in 10 s
Recharging – 8 hrs on 220 V line
Li ion battery
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Battery specifications
Energy/weight160 Wh/kg
Energy/size270 Wh/L
Power/weight1800 W/kg
Charge/discharge efficiency99.9%[1]
Energy/consumer-price2.8-5 Wh/US$[2]
Self-discharge rate5%-10%/month
Time durability(24-36) months
Cycle durability1200 cycles
Nominal Cell Voltage3.6 / 3.7 V
electrochemistry
• In a lithium-ion battery the lithium ions are
transported to and from the cathode or
anode, with the transition metal, Co, in
LixCoO2 being oxidized from Co3+ to Co4+
during charging, and reduced from Co4+ to
Co3+ during discharge.