Future Wireless Standards and
the Emergence of WiMAX
October 3-4, 2007
Jeff Reed
reedjh@vt.edu
reedjh@crtwireless.com
(540) 231-2972
James Neel
james.neel@crtwireless.com
(540) 230-6012
www.crtwireless.com
1/82
Jeffrey H. Reed
•
Director, Wireless @ Virginia Tech
•
Willis G. Worcester Professor, Deputy
Director, Mobile and Portable Radio
Research Group (MPRG)
Authored book, Software Radio: A
Modern Approach to Radio Engineering
IEEE Fellow for Software Radio,
Communications Signal Processing and
Education
Industry Achievement Award from the
SDR Forum
Highly published. Co-authored – 2 books,
edited – 7 books.
Previous and Ongoing CR projects from
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– ETRI, ONR, ARO, Tektronix
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Email: reedjh@vt.edu
2/82
James Neel
• President, Cognitive Radio Technologies,
LLC
• PhD, Virginia Tech 2006
• Textbook chapters on:
– Cognitive Network Analysis in
– Data Converters in Software Radio: A
Modern Approach to Radio Engineering
– SDR Case Studies in Software Radio: A
Modern Approach to Radio Engineering
– UWB Simulation Methodologies in An
Introduction to Ultra Wideband
Communication Systems
• SDR Forum Paper Awards for 2002, 2004
papers on analyzing/designing cognitive
radio networks
• Email: james.neel@crtwireless.com
3/82
CRT
Cognitive Radio
Technologies
About Virginia Tech
• Virginia Tech has approximately 26,000 students
• The College of Engineering grants the 7th largest
number BS degrees in the US, and is ranked 14th
by US News and others
• The Bradley Department of Electrical & Computer
Engineering is one of the nation’s largest ECE
departments, with broad resources:
– 72 tenure-track faculty and 12 research faculty
members
– 1,100 undergraduate and 570 graduate students
• Wireless Telecommunications is a principal focus
area
– 25 ECE faculty are involved in various aspects of
wireless communications research and teaching.
– Large number of the ECE graduate students are
majoring in wireless telecommunications
field.
4/82
Wireless @ Virginia Tech
• New Wireless Umbrella Group
– MPRG, CWT, VTVT, WML, Antenna Group, Time
Domain Lab, DSPRL
• Officially rolled-out June 2006
• Currently 32 tenure-track faculty and more than
111 students
• Backlog in research growing
• University providing initial financial support
• Cognitive Networks targeted as strategic
technical growth effort
5/82
What is Wireless @ Virginia Tech?
A comprehensive organization
focused on wireless research
to support our educational
mission.
6/82
Research Areas
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Algorithm Development
Antennas
RF Circuit Design
MEMS
UWB
Position Location
RF Systems
Cognitive Radio/Networks
Collaborative Radio
Software Radio
Smart Antennas and Diversity
Schemes
Radio Resource Management
Network protocol design
Cross layer optimization
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7/82
Game Theory Analysis
Hybrid wireless/fiber optic/powerline
systems
Land Mobile Radio
MIMO
Interference Cancellation
Channel Measurements
Channel Modeling
Simulation Tools
VLSI Implementation
Reconfigurable Computing
RF material-characterization
Security
Networking
Sensor networking
Satellite Systems
Wearable computing and
communications
Current and Recent Research Sponsors
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Applied EM
Army Research Office
AeroAstro
Astron Wireless Technologies
Ausgar Technologies, Inc
Bradley Fellowship Program
Catalyst Communications
Technologies
Cisco Systems, Inc.
Comteh
DRS Technologies
ETRI
L-3
Laboratory for Telecommunication
Science
Luna
Motorola
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8/82
Nanosonics
National Institute of Justice
National Polar-Orbiting Earth Sensing
Satellite Program
National Science Foundation
RFMD
M/A-COM
Office of Naval Research
Rosettex Technology & Ventures Group
SAIC
SPAWAR Systems Center
Tektronix
Texas Instruments
U.S. Army
U.S. Naval Research Laboratory
2006&2007 Classes from Our Wireless
Summer School
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Software Design for SDR
Cognitive Radio
Turbo and LDPC Codes
Embedded Systems and SDR
High Frequency RFID
UWB-based Positioning
Issues and Applications of UWB
Networking Technologies for SDR
Issues and Applications of Wearable
Computing
Game Theory for Wireless
Antennas for Wireless Comms
RF MEMS for Wireless
An Overview of 802.15.4a
Interference Rejection/Mitigation
Techniques
• Software Radio Specification
• Resource Management in Ad Hoc
Networks
• Satellite Communications
• Active Antennas
• Hands-on Intro to SCA-Based SDR
• Oscillator Design and Noise
Performance
• Simulation of Communication
Systems
• Public Safety Comm Systems
Requirements and Designs
• Networking Cognitive Radios
• Coupled, Co-evolving Social and
Telecommunication Networks
• FPGA-Based Signal Processing
9/82
Cognitive Radio Technologies
Small business incorporated in Feb 2007 to
commercialize VT cognitive radio research
Provide traditional wireless engineering
services and develop critical cognitive radio
technologies
Email: james.neel@crtwireless.com
reedjh@crtwireless.com
bin.le@crtwireless.com
Website: crtwireless.com
Tel:
540-230-6012
Mailing Address:
Cognitive Radio Technologies
147 Mill Ridge Rd, Suite 119
Lynchburg, VA 24502
10/82
CRT
Cognitive Radio
Technologies
CRT Engineering
General Engineering Services
• Analysis
–Systems Analysis
–MAC/Network behavior
–SDR (SCA, STRS)
• Algorithm development
–Traditional waveform processing
–Location services
–Signal classification/detection
–Cognitive networking
–Coexistence techniques
• Prototype designs from architecture
to implementation
–USRP/GNU, DSP, FPGA
• GNU Radio and USRP related design
and service
Training and Tutorials
• Cognitive Radio:
– Technologies, Implementations, Genetic
Algorithms, case-based reasoning, regulatory
issues, implementation, networking, signal
detection/classification, applications
• Game Theory and Cognitive Radio
Networks
– cooperative and non-cooperative games,
equilibria concepts, convergence and stability
of self-interested behavior, techniques to
evaluate and improve performance
• Software Radio
– RF design and selection, data conversion
principles, baseband processing techniques,
software architectures, multi-rate techniques,
signal generation and pre-distortion.
• Emerging Commercial Wireless
Standards
– OFDM/MIMO, WiMAX/WiBro, 802.22,
802.11a/b/g/h/n, TD-SCDMA, WCDMA,
Zigbee, WiMedia, Satellite, UMB, P25, TIA
series, ATSC
11/82
CRT Technologies
• Low complexity, “zero-overhead”
algorithms for distributed radio
resource management
Reduce interference
by 30 dB
– Ad-hoc, mesh star topologies
– PHY, MAC, NET control
• Processor Cycle Estimation Tool
– Rapid estimation of cycles, energy, and
memory required to implement
waveforms across variety of DSP
platforms
12/82
Waveform xxxxx
Cycles
Mem
Power
Support 16 x more links
Tutorial Objectives
• Understand state of the wireless world
• Understand how some key standards work
and the tradeoffs available to
implementations of those standards
• Understand the basic principles and
deployment options of WiMAX
13/82
Day 1 Schedule
8:00-10:00
10:00-10:15
10:15-11:15
11:15-12:00
12:00-1:00
1:00-2:30
2:30-2:45
2:45-3:50
3:50-4:00
4:00-5:00
Overview of the Wireless Market
Break
TD-SCDMA
Principles of OFDM & MIMO Part I
Lunch
Principles of OFDM & MIMO Part II
Break
WLAN Part 1 (Overview, 802.11n)
Break
Classified Discussions with Jeff Reed
14/82
Day 2 Schedule
8:00-8:15
8:15-9:30
9:30-9:45
9:45-12:00
12:00-1:00
1:00-2:30
2:30-2:45
2:45-3:30
3:30-3:50
3:50-4:00
4:00-5:00
Review of Key Material in Day 1
WLAN Part 2 (802.11p,r,s,y)
Break
WiMAX Part 1 (Overview, Mobile WiMAX)
Lunch
WiMAX Part 2 (MMR (802.16j), 802.16h)
Break
Interoperability Standards (GAN, 802.21, 802.11u,
industry standards)
Review
Break
Classified Discussions with Jeff Reed
15/82
Wireless
Minutes
Shamelessly modified from cover art to Michael Todd’s soundtrack to “Around the World in 80 Days”, see
16/82
http://www.phys.uu.nl/~gdevries/objects/80days_todd.html
for original context
Comparisons
• This might be controversial – Depends on
extensions of these standards.
17/82
Material
WGAN
GlobalStar II, BGAN
WRAN
<40 km
802.22
WWAN
<15 km
802.20, LTE, UMB
WMAN
<5 km
802.16e,h,j
WLAN
<100m
802.11n,p,s,y
WPAN
<10m
WiBree
Modified from: International Telecommunications Union, “Birth of
Broadband”, September 2003
18/82
Wireless Personal Area
Networks (WPAN)
802.15 Standards
802.15.1
802.15.2
802.15.3
802.15.3a
802.15.3b
802.15.3c
802.15.4
802.15.4a
802.15.4b
802.15.4c
802.15.4d
802.15.5
April 2002
Oct 2003
Jun 2003
May 2008
May 2003
2007 (ballot)
Sep 2006
No PAR (SG)
PAR (SG)
2008?
Bluetooth
Coexistence
High data rate
UWB (high rate)
Doc Maintenance
mm-wave PHY
zigbee
UWB (low rate)
Updates 802.15.4 document
Chinese WPAN
950 MHz in Japan
WPAN Mesh
802.15.3a disbanded Jan 2006
MBOA technologies became WiMedia
High speed DS-UWB basically dead after
Freescale pulled out
19/82
•
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Frequency Allocations
802.15.1,3,4
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802.15.4
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2.4-2.4835 World
2.4465-2.4835 France
868/915 MHz
862-868 Europe
802.15.3a
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3.1-10.6 GHz
WiMedia
• Industry alliance from MBOA 802.15.3a
• Standardized for US in Dec 2005 in ECMA-368 and 369
– http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-368.htm
– ECMA used specifically to avoid 802 standardization problems
• PHY
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Multiband OFDM QPSK
53.3, 80, 106.7, 160, 200, 320, 400, 480 Mbps nominal data rates
Range of 10 m indoor
Data can be interleaved across 3 bands, 7 defined patterns (channels)
Mandatory support for band group 1
• MAC
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Peer to Peer, Ad-hoc
AES 128
From Fig 28:
Support for Dynamic Channel Selection
Ranging via propagation delay measurements
Bluetooth-like information discovery
20/82
WiMedia Implementations
• Primarily marketed as
cable replacement
• Wireless USB out in Dec
2006
From:
http://www.wimedia.org/en/events/documents/02WiMedia_Overview_CES200
6.ppt
– Hub-spoke model
– Mandatory support for band
group 1
– Mandatory rates of 53.3,
106.7, 200 Mbps
– Initial Belkin device didn’t
live up to the hype
• Bluetooth 3.0 devices in
2008
• Data rate of 6.35 Mbits/s
• Reportedly not to WiMedia
spec
• http://www.eetimes.com/ne
ws/latest/showArticle.jhtml?
articleID=196602148
– http://gizmodo.com/gadge
ts/wireless/nextgenbluetooth-30-on-the-way179684.php
21/82
• Wireless Firewire and IP
also supported over
WiMedia standard
• Status
– Nokia sponsored initiative announced Oct 2006
– Specification work is currently being evaluated, targeted for availability
second quarter 2007
– Trial chips probably available late 2007
• Public data: (from wibree.com and
http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/10/06/wibree_analysis/)
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2.4 GHz ISM band
Range 10 meters
1 Mbps data rate
Likely to be integrated into Bluetooth products
Targets low power/low cost market
• Many reports mentioned WiBree as a competitor to Bluetooth
– Being brought into Bluetooth fold
• http://www.internetnews.com/dev-news/article.php/3682961
• More likely a competitor to Zigbee and Z-wave
22/82
zigbee
Application
Customer
API
Security
32- / 64- / 128-bit encryption
Network
ZigBee
Alliance
Star / Mesh / Cluster-Tree
IEEE
802.15.4
PHY
868MHz / 915MHz / 2.4GHz
Stack
•
App
Source: http://www.zigbee.org/en/resources/ 23/82
IEEE 802.15.4
– “the hardware”
– Physical & Media Access
Control layers
•
MAC
Silicon
– the software”
– Network, Security &
Application layers
– Brand management
PHY
– 868MHz/915MHz, 2.4 GHz
– Band specific modulations
– 20-250 kbps
•
MAC
– CSMA-CA channel access
– Support for ad-hoc networks
Applications
24/82
802.15.4a,b
•
• 802.15.4a
802.15.4b
–
Published September 2006 as
IEEE 802.15.4-2006
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http://standards.ieee.org/getie
ee802/download/802.15.42006.pdf
Beacon to reduce CSMA
collisions
Improved security (likely
leverage 802.11i)
Support for new frequency
allocations
25/82
– Approved March 2007
– Adds Impulse UWB and
chirp modes to zigbee
(802.15.4) for signaling
and ranging
– Impulse UWB operates
in UWB bands
– Chirp (range only)
operates in 2.4 GHz
band
802.15.5 PicoNet Mesh
Networks
• Routing approaches
• Draft still being edited
• Defines Mesh mode (MAC) for
802.15
– MPNC can act as a topology
server
– Location routing (using UWB
ranging)
– Centralized routing
– Distributed routing (route
discovery frame broadcasts)
– Attempts to treat network as
set of connected trees
– Mesh messages
• Route outside PicoNet via MPNC
(Mesh Capable PicoNet
Coordinator)
• Beaconing used to distribute
information and synchronize
MPNC
MPNC
MPNC
PN 3
MPNC
MPCN
Mesh
PN 2
IEEE P802.15.5™/D0.01, July 2006
26/82
PN 1
Material
WGAN
GlobalStar II, BGAN
WRAN
<40 km
802.22
WWAN
<15 km
802.20, LTE, UMB
WMAN
<5 km
802.16e,h,j
WLAN
<100m
802.11n,p,s,y
WPAN
<10m
WiBree
Modified from: International Telecommunications Union, “Birth of
Broadband”, September 2003
27/82
802.11 Alphabet Soup
Jun 1997
Sep 1999
Sep 1999
Oct 2001
Jun 2003
Jun 2003
Oct 2003
Jun 2004
Oct 2004
Sep 2005
Dec 2007
Mar 2008
Mar 2008
Sep 2008
Jan 2009
Feb 2009
Mar 2009
Aug 2009
Aug 2009
Sep 2009
802.11
802.11a
802.11b
802.11d
802.11f
802.11g
802.11h
802.11i
802.11j
802.11e
802.11k
802.11r
802.11y
802.11n
802.11u
802.11w
802.11p
802.11s
802.11.2
802.11v
2 Mbps ISM
54 Mbps UNII
11 Mbps ISM
global roaming
interoperability
54 Mbps ISM
spectrum management
security
Japanese spectrum
real time QoS
RRM measurements
fast roaming
US 3.65 GHz
100 Mbps
external networks
packet security
vehicular (5.9)
mesh networks
test recommendations
28/82
network management
Past dates are standards approval
dates.
Future dates from 802.11 working
group timelines
Letters are working group (WG)
designations.
Letters assigned alphabetically as
groups created.
No WG/ WG document
802.11c MAC Bridging
work incorporated into 802.1d
802.11l “typologically unsound”
802.11m doc maintenance
802.11o “typologically unsound”
802.11q too close to 802.1q
802.11x generic 802.11 standard
802.11t (test) will produce 802.11.2
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/Reports/802.11_Timelines.htm
802.11n (more later)
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20 and 40MHz channels
288 Mbps in 20MHz and 600 Mbps in
40MHz (64 QAM, 4 spatial streams, 1/2
guard interval)
Claim of 100 Mbps in real throughput
•
Nov 06 – group approved draft 1.06,
still 350+ comments to resolve.
In Draft 2.0
Lots of pre-n devices floating around
IP issues
Expect ratified standard in Spring 2008
Wi-Fi Alliance
–
–
Certify to Draft 2.0 started this spring
Certify to Ratified Standard when done.
Optional enhancements
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•
Status
–
Fully interoperable with legacy
802.11a/b/g
Up to 4 antennas per device
Data Rates
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MIMO evolution of 802.11 OFDM PHY
Transmit beamforming with negligible
overhead at the client
Advanced channel coding techniques (RS)
Space Time Block Coding (Alamouti and
others)
1/2 guard interval (i.e., 400ns instead of
800 ns)
7/8 rate coding
Applications focused on streaming data
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HDTV, DVD
interactive gaming,
enterprise
29/82
Image from: http://www.tgnsync.org/products
802.11y (more later)
•
Ports 802.11a to 3.65 GHz – 3.7 GHz (US Only)
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•
•
FCC opened up band in July 2005
Ready 2008
Intended to provide rural broadband access
Incumbents
– Band previously reserved for fixed satellite service (FSS) and radar installations –
including offshore
– Must protect 3650 MHz (radar)
– Not permitted within 80km of inband government radar
– Specialized requirements near Mexico/Canada and other incumbent users
•
Leverages other amendments
– Adds 5,10 MHz channelization (802.11j)
– DFS for signaling for radar avoidance
(802.11h)
•
•
Working to improve channel
announcement signaling
Database of existing devices
– Access nodes register at
http://wireless.fcc.gov/uls
– Must check for existing devices at same
site
•
Higher power could extend range to 30/82
5km
Source: IEEE 802.11-06/0YYYr0
802.11p (more later)
• Dedicated Short Range
Communications (DSRC)
– Started in IEEE 1609, spun into 802.11p
– AKA (WAVE) Wireless Access for
Vehicular Environment
• Ready by 2009
• 5.850 to 5.925GHz band
• Goal
• Roadside-to-vehicle
• Vehicle-to-vehicle environments
COLLISION
IMMINENT
LEFT
Note 1: The OBU in the vehicle recognizing the threat
transmits a WARNING and COLLISION PREPARATION
MESSAGE with the location address of the threat vehicle.
Note 2: Only the OBU in the threatening vehicle processes
the message because only it matches the threat address.
~
~
– 54 Mbps, <50 ms latency
• Possible competitor to cellular
• Range up to 1 km
IMMINENT
~
~
FRONT
COLLISION
In-Vehicle
Displays and
Annunciations
~
~
– Telematics (collision avoidance)
Collision Avoidance Scenario
up to
Note 3: COLLISION PREPARATION includes seat belt
tightening, side air bag deployment, side bumper
expansion, etc.
100 m
(328
ft)
Car NOT Stopping
• Atheros released an early chipset for
DSRC (version I, current work is on
version II)
Radar Threat Identification
Traffic Signal
Traffic Signal
OBUs on Control Ch
From: IEEE 802.11- 04/ 0121r0 Available:
http://www.npstc.org/meetings/Cash%20WAVE%20Information%20for%20
5.9%20GHz%20061404.pdf
31/82
802.11r (more later)
•
Modify MAC and security protocols to support faster handoffs
– Important as voice over WiFi becomes more popular
•
Status
– Standard out in 2008
– Will be certified by WiFi Alliance
•
Features
– QoS reservation
– Encryption key distribution
– 5 step handoff process to 3 steps
32/82
http://www.networkcomputing.com/gallery/2007/0416/0416ttb.jhtml;jsessionid=0CK4ZKR20HC5QQSNDLPCKHSCJUNN2JVN
802.11s (more later)
•
•
Modify 802.11 MAC to create dynamic
self-configuring network of access
points (AP) called and Extended
Service Set (ESS) Mesh
Status
– Standard out in 2009
– Numerous mesh products available now
– Involvement from Mitre, NRL
•
Features
– Automatic topology learning, dynamic
path selection
– Single administrator for 802.11i
(authentication)
– Support higher layer connections
– Allow alternate path selection metrics
– Extend network merely by introducing
access point and configuring SSID
33/82
IP or
Ethernet
Material
WGAN
GlobalStar II, BGAN
WRAN
<40 km
802.22
WWAN
<15 km
802.20, LTE, UMB
WMAN
<5 km
802.16e,h,j
WLAN
<100m
802.11n,p,s,y
WPAN
<10m
WiBree
Modified from: International Telecommunications Union, “Birth of
Broadband”, September 2003
34/82
802.16 Family (WiMAX)
802.16 Apr 2002
802.16a Apr 2003
802.16c Jan 2003
802.16d Oct 2004
802.16e Dec 2005
802.16f Dec 2005
LOS 10-66 GHz
2-11 GHz
2-11 GHz
Combined 802.16,a,c
Mobile WiMAX
Net Management
Database (MIB)
802.16g Spring 2007 Network
management plane
802.16h Fall 2007
License-exempt
Coexistence
802.16i 2008?
Mobile Management
Information Base
802.16j 2008
Mobile Multihop Relay
CFP Dec 2006
802.16k Fall 2007
Network Management
(to WG ballot)
802.16m 2009-10
4G
Projections based on data at
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/16/milestones/dev/mile 35/82
stones_dev.html
Commercialization Roadmap
WiMAX Forum (2006): Mobile WiMAX – Part I: A Technical
Overview and Performance Evaluation.
Available at www.wimaxforum.org
802.16e (Mobile WiMAX, 802.162005)
•
–
–
•
•
•
PHY Spec Overview
Ideally, 802.16 + mobility
Really intended for nomadic or low
mobility
Not backwards compatible with
802.16-2004
•
http://www.unstrung.com/docu
ment.asp?doc_id=76862
Direct competitor to 3G, 4G, 802.20
though WiMAX Forum once said
otherwise
Advance equipment and planned
deployments, particularly for WiBro
PHY
–
–
–
Scalable OFDM + Optional MIMO
Convolutional turbo codes
Optional block turbo codes, LDPC
WiMAX Forum (2006): Mobile WiMAX – Part I: A Technical Overview and
Performance Evaluation. Available at www.wimaxforum.org
36/82
Other Mobile WiMAX Features
•
•
•
•
•
• Security
Frame-by-frame resource allocation
Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request
(HARQ)
UL and DL Scheduling
Variable QoS
Three handoff methods
– AES for traffic and control data
– EAP
– Privacy and Key Management
Protocol Version 2 (PKMv2)
– 3-way handshake on handoffs
• IP Core Network (supports
Voice Over IP)
• Multicast Broadcast Services
– A traditional Hard Handoff (HHO)
– Fast Base Station Switching (FBSS)
• A list of reachable base stations
is maintained by mobile and
base stations, but base stations
discard packets if not the active
BS
– Macro Diversity (MDHO)
• Same list is maintained, but all
base stations in the list can
participate in the reception and
transmission of packets.
– Like cellular multicast services
• WiBRO
– Defines a set of options for
Mobile WiMAX for Korean
deployment
37/82
802.16h
•
Draft to ballot Oct 06,
67% approve, resolving
comments)
•
Improved Coexistence
Mechanisms for LicenseExempt Operation
Explicitly, a cognitive radio
standard
Incorporates many of the
hot topics in cognitive
radio
•
•
–
–
–
–
•
Token based negotiation
Interference avoidance
Network collaboration
RRM databases
Coexistence with non
802.16h systems
–
Regular quiet times for
other systems to transmit
From: M. Goldhamer, “Main concepts of IEEE P802.16h / D1,” Document Number:
IEEE C802.16h-06/121r1, November 13-16, 2006.
38/82
802.16j Mobile Multi-hop Relay
• Expand coverage, capacity by
adding relay stations
• Intended for licensed operation
• Not intended as a mesh network
•
•
Relays controlled from base
stations
Fixed Relay
– Permanent installation
– Useful for coverage holes
– Actually a tree
•
• Support mobile units
Nomadic Relay
– Temporary fixed installation
– Extra capacity for special
events (military SDR
conferences)
•
Mobile Relay
– Placed on mobile platform to
support users on the platform
– Useful for public transport
(buses, trains)
Modified from Fig 1 in IEEE 802.16mmr-05/032
39/82
802.16m
• Intended to be 4G (satisfy requirements of IMTAdvanced)
• http://www.ieee802.org/16/tgm/
• Requirements still being defined
– http://www.ieee802.org/16/tgm/docs/80216m07_002r1.pdf
Projected Improvements over 802.16e
40/82
Material
WGAN
GlobalStar II, BGAN
WRAN
<40 km
802.22
WWAN
<15 km
802.20, LTE, UMB
WMAN
<5 km
802.16e,h,j
WLAN
<100m
802.11n,p,s,y
WPAN
<10m
WiBree
Modified from: International Telecommunications Union, “Birth of
Broadband”, September 2003
41/82
Cellular Technologies
Standard
IS-54
IS-136
iDEN
WiDEN
GSM
HSCSD
GPRS
EDGE
EDGE Ev
WCDMA
HSDPA
HSUPA
TD-SCDMA
TS-SOFDMA
LTE
IS-95
IS-95b
Cdma2000
1xRTT
3x
EVDO
EVDV
EVDO Rv A
EVDO Rv B
UMB
Release
Date
1990
1994
1993
2002
1990
1997
1998
2000
2006
Purpose
2G
2G
2G
2.5G
2G
2.25 G
2.5 G
2.5 G
2.75 G
1999
2003
2004
1999
2007
2007
1993
1999
1999
3G
3.5 G
3.5 G
3.5 G
3.5 G
4 G?
2G
2.25 G
3G
2000
2001
2002
2004
2006
2008
Peak Data
Rate
8 kbps
8 kbps
24 kbps
132 kbps
9.6 kbps
38.4 kbps
171.2 kbps
384 kbps
1 Mbps
Comments
Phasing out (IS-54B)
Phasing out
Motorola proprietary
Motorola proprietary
GMSK
Up to 4 traffic channels/device
Higher order modulation
Multiple carriers, higher order
modulation
2 Mbps FDD popular, TDD also available
20/2 Mbps 10 Mbps w/o MIMO
20/5.5 Mbps
2 Mbps China, Smaller bandwidths supported
100/50 Mbps China OFDM/MIMO
100/50 Mbps AML OFDM/MIMO
14;4 kbps DSSS
64 kbps
144 kbps CDMA 3G1x
3 1.25MHz chan.
3x
3.25 G
384 kbps
3.5 G
4.8 Mbps
3.5 G
3.1/1.8 Mbps
3.5 G
74/27 Mbps
4 G?
500 Mbps
42/82
Not deployed nor completed
Cdma450 is a downbanded version
Dead on Arrival
OFDMA/MIMO
Cellular Overview
•
Two primary competing approaches to 3G
–
3GPP Family
•
–
•
• Promotional www.gsmworld.com
• Standards
www.3gpp.org
3GPP2 Family
• CDMAOne (IS-95a,b), 1xRTT, 1xEVDO, 1xEVDV, UMB
• Promotional http://www.cdg.org
• Standards
www.3gpp2.org
One vision
–
•
GSM, GPRS, EDGE, WCDMA, TD-SCDMA (WCDMATDD), HSCSD, HSPDA, LTE
Voice + high speed data + mobility
One dominant IP holder (Qualcomm)
43/82
GSM Coverage
http://www.coveragemaps.com/gsmposter_world.htm
WCDMA Coverage areas: Europe, Japan, Philippines, Taiwan,
Israel, South Africa, Bahrain, US (Spotty)
44/82
CDMA Subscriber Stats (June 07)
All CDMA
Better upgrade path,
Lots of cannibalization of IS-95
Just
cdma2000
Stats as of June 2007
45/82
http://www.cdg.org/worldwide/report/072Q_cdma_subscriber_report.pdf
Global Cellular Market Data
•
•
•
Currently over 2.3 billion
cellular subscribers worldwide
(INSTAT)
By 2010 projected to be over
3.6 billion (over half the world INSTAT)
3GPP (GSM/WCDMA) has
most of the market (77% in
2005, 83% in 2006)
–
•
•
Most of that lead is in GSM
http://www.gsacom.com/news/statistics.php4
3GPP2 (cdma2000) got a
massive jump on 3GPP
However, WiMAX may soon
outpace…
As of July 07
http://www.3
gtoday.com/
wps/portal/su
bscribers/
46/82
North American Cellular Market
• 3G almost exclusively 3GPP2
• Significant number of legacy deployments
http://www.cellular-news.com/story/26145.php
47/82
Cellular Evolution Paths
• General trend to
higher data
rates via
transition to
OFDM, MIMO,
wider
bandwidths,
VoIP, and
greater flexibility
UMB
48/82
GPRS
• General Packet Radio Service
• Packet-based protocol layered over
GSM or IS-136 networks
– Transfer rates up to 171.2 kbps
– Supports X.25 and IP (Internet Protocol)
– Packet-switched link
• Makes possible data transfer without circuit
connection
• Uses up to 8 channels simultaneously
• Widespread deployment
49/82
EDGE
•
•
Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
Data rate expected up to 384 kbps
–
–
•
Higher-order modulation over GSM provides enhanced data
rates
Typically  100 kbps
Technology compatible with both GSM and IS-136
standards
50/82
http://www.gsacom.com/news/statistics.php4
3G Standards
• cdma2000 – 1.25MHz bandwidth
– 1x - Voice and basic data service (up to 307.2Kbps)
– 1xEV-DO – enhanced data service only (up to
2.5Mbps)
– 1xEV-DV – voice and enhanced data service (up to
5Mbps)
– CDMA450
• 3GSM (WCDMA) – 3.84MHz bandwidth
– WCDMA (UMTS) – Voice and basic data (up to 384
Kbps)
– HSDPA – Voice and enhanced data service (up to
10Mbps)
– TD-SCDMA – Chinese variant on WCDMA
51/82
General 3GPP Technologies
• Generic Access Network
– Supports handoffs between GSM networks
and 802.11 or Bluetooth networks
• Packet Switched Handoffs
– Enables easier handoffs between different
3GPP networks
• Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast
Services
– Simultaneous broadcast of data streams to
multiple recipients
52/82
WCDMA
• Wideband CDMA UMTS (Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System)
– Also known as 3GSM
•
•
•
•
Different from CDMA2000
Standard controlled by 3GPP
Uses new spectrum
Can be complemented by EDGE in less
dense areas
53/82
HSDPA
• High Speed Downlink Packet Access
• W-CDMA downlink
•
•
–
–
–
–
8-10 Mbps (and 20 Mbps for MIMO systems) over a
5MHz bandwidth
Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC),
MIMO (Release 6)
Hybrid ARQ
All IP core network
•
•
(Release 4)
Originally ATM
Table from: http://www.umtsworld.com/technology/images/hsdpa.png
54/82
HSUPA (EUL)
• High Speed Uplink Packet Access (Enhanced
UpLink)
• Similar technologies to HSDPA
• Demo by Ericsson May 2005
– Handsets 2007
– http://www.mobic.com/news/publisher/view.do?id=31
96
• T-Mobile planning deployment in Austria in 2007
– http://www.mobilecommstechnology.com/projects/hsupa/
55/82
Long Term Evolution (LTE)
• Targets:
•
– DL 100 Mbps in 20 MHz (5 bps/Hz)
– UL 50 Mbps in 20 MHZ (2.5 bps/Hz)
– Reduced transition time between
states (such as between idle and
active states)
– Variable bandwidth allocations: 1.25
MHz, 1.6 MHz, 2.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 10
MHz, 15 MHz and 20 MHz in both the
uplink and downlink
– At least 200 users/cell
– Load sharing/policy across radio
access technologies
Downlink: Adaptive multilink OFDM
(AML-OFDM), which means different
bandwidths based on demand
– Variable prefix size
• 4.7 ms to 16.7 ms
• Intent to support up to 120 km cells
– Called High Speed OFDM Packet
Access or HSOPA
•
• Standard targeted for 2008
• Products in 2009
(http://www.ericsson.com/technology/te •
ch_articles/super_3g.shtml)
56/82
Uplink
– Single-carrier
– frequency-division multiple access (FDMA)
with dynamic bandwidth allocation
– Unique time-frequency interval to the
terminal for the transmission of user data
(for orthogonality)
Support for antenna arrays
– Beamforming, MIMO
TD-SCDMA (more later)
•
Time Division – Synchronous CDMA
–
–
•
Core network is almost the same as WCDMA
–
•
•
Requires mature 2G (GSM) network for
implementation
LCR: 1.28 Mcps, 1.6 MHz BW
HCR: 3.84 Mcps, 5 MHz BW
TDD link
–
Does not use paired frequency bands
•
–
•
•
TD-SCDMA Multiple Access Options
Part of the 3GPP (3rd Generation Planning
Partnership Project)
Multiple chip rates
–
–
•
Synchronized uplink channels aided by joint
detection
China’s 3G technology
Optimum for symmetric and asymmetric data
services
1.6 MHz bandwidth allows flexibly spectrum
allocation
Partially motivated by avoiding paying
Qualcomm royalties
Significant deployment delays
57/82
B. Li, D. Xie, S.Cheng, J. Chen, P. Zhang,
W.Zhu, B. Li; “Recent advances on TDSCDMA in China,” IEEE Comm. Mag, vol 43,
pp 30-37, Jan 2005
cdma2000 1xRTT
• 1x Radio Transmission Technology
• Also known as:
– CDMA 1x
– CDMA 3G1x
• Packet-switched (always on)
• Maximum of 144kbps
– Typical 40-60 kbps
• Deployments
– South Korea, US, Canada, Australia, Brazil, Japan,
Taiwan, Malaysia, Vietnam, Uganda, Ukraine,
Thailand, Russia, Pakistan, Indonesia, India, China,
Chile, Angola
58/82
cdma2000 1x EV-DO
•
CDMA EVolution Data Only
–
Designed to support only data applications
•
–
Also known as:
•
•
•
CDMA 1x EV-DO
CDMA EV-DO
Can offer data rates of 384kbps - 2.4Mbps
–
•
VOIP
Does not mix voice traffic with data traffic
Deployments:
–
–
–
–
–
South Korea: 01/25/02 (SK Telecom), 05/01/02 (KTF)
United States: 10/29/02 (Monet)
Australia (Hutchison)
Bermuda (Bermuda Digital)
Guatelmala (Movistar Guatelmala)
59/82
cdma2000 1x EV-DV
• CDMA2000 EVolution Data and Voice
• Intended to blend both voice and data traffic
– Can use existing EV-DO or 1x infrastructure as a
starting point
• Data rates up to 4.8 Mbps
• Dead on arrival
– http://telephonyonline.com/mag/telecom_evdv_dead/
index.html
– Qualcomm halted work on the standard in 2005
•
http://news.com.com/Cell+phone+makers+to+adopt+I
nternet+calling/2100-7352_3-5618191.html
60/82
EVDO Rev B
• Adds Multiple carriers – 2xEVDO, 3xEVDO,…
– Up to 15 1.25 MHz carriers within 20 MHz
• Adds support for 64-QAM modulation
• DL 73.5 Mbps
• UL 27 Mbps
• Dynamic non-contiguous carrier allocation
• Support for single carrier and multiple carrier
subscribers
• Standardized 2006
• Trial mid-2007
• Commercial deployments mid-2008
61/82
EVDO Rev C (UMB)
• Spec published Sep 24, 2007
– http://www.cdg.org/news/press/2007/Sep24_07.asp
– 3GPP2 (UMB) beats 3GPP to market again
– Commercially available 1H 2009
• Data rates, mobile with 20 MHz bandwidth
– DL: 288 Mbps
– UL: 75 Mbps
• Key technologies
–
–
–
–
OFDMA, MIMO, beamforming
Flexible spectrum allocation
Enhanced QoS
Support for multiple access technologies
• Reduced latency
62/82
Other Cellular Efforts
•
•
•
•
•
iDEN
CDMA 450
OFDM-FLO (Qualcomm)
DVB-H (GSM/ETSI)
IEEE 802.20
63/82
iDEN
• Motorola created Nextel popularized cellular
technology
• TDMA 6 channels on 25 MHz
• PTT, voice, data
• May expand to 100 MHz (WiDEN) for 96 kbps
• Other countries implementing iDEN networks:
– South Korea, Japan, Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia,
Philippines, Singapore
64/82
cdma450
• cdma2000 in 450 MHz band
• Permits migration of Nordic Mobile
Telephone System
• Deployments in Asia, Europe, South
America
65/82
Media-FLO
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
http://www.qualcomm.com/mediaflo/index.shtml
Not 4G itself, but possibly indicative of
Qualcomm’s direction (they also own spectrum)
Mobile Video Broadcast (Digital TV, Digital Video
Broadcast-Handheld)
OFDM based system
11.2Mbps at 6MHz
Run-time optimization of power, frequency, time
Chipsets available Nov 2004
Possible use in UHF bands (high power)
Standard released
–
•
http://telephonyonline.com/home/news/flo_forum_multim
edia_112805/
Verizon to offer service in 2006
–
http://telephonyonline.com/wireless/news/verizon_media
flo_qualcomm_120105/
66/82
Digital Video BroadcastingHandheld
• ETSI digital video broadcasting standard
– Based on DVB-T
•
•
•
•
•
Forum http://www.dvb-h-online.org/
Backed by GSM networks
Also OFDM based
CrownCastle testing in Pennsylvania
Numerous trials in Europe
67/82
IEEE 802.20
•
•
•
•
•
Fill performance gap between “high
data-rate, low mobility 802 standards”
and “high mobility cellular networks”
802.20 Shenanigans
Allegations of process abuse brought to
a screeching halt when standard
suspended in September
Project Launched 2004
Looked to be dead in the water
–
–
•
•
•
–
•
•
•
•
•
Qualcomm (Flarion) TDD, FDD
ETRI
BEST-WINE (Kyocera)
Reapproved in Dec 06
First meeting Jan 2007
68/82
Single, multiple code word
Pseudo- Eigen beamforming
Space Division Multiple Access
Separate mode from MIMO
Data Rate 260 Mbps
–
http://www.dailywireless.org/modules.ph
p?name=News&file=article&sid=4532
5 MHz – 20 MHz
MIMO
–
–
•
Went to proposal downselection process
–
–
–
QTDD/QFDD Proposal
OFDMA data channel
CDMA control channel
Bandwidths
–
Turned around when Qualcomm bought
Flarion (Aug 05)
–
•
Flarion leading proposal
Qualcomm leading vote holder
•
•
•
•
MIMO, 20 MHz
Turbo coding
Time-frequency hopping
Supposed to support inter Radio
Access Technology handoffs
Cellular Takeaways
•
Two major approaches to 3G
–
•
Legacies continue to be deployed
–
•
Cheaper than upgrading for voice
Multi User Detection (MUD) and MIMO techniques that
could dramatically increase capacity GSM and TDMA
systems may extend lifetime of legacy systems.
–
•
>10 standards in those two families
http://www.iee.org/oncomms/pn/antennas/mimo/chenu_tournier
y.pdf
Voice remains killer ap for cellular, data likely to be
supported by other networks
–
Convergence of devices supporting cellular and WiFi
69/82
Material
WGAN
GlobalStar II, BGAN
WRAN
<40 km
802.22
WWAN
<15 km
802.20, LTE, UMB
WMAN
<5 km
802.16e,h,j
WLAN
<100m
802.11n,p,s,y
WPAN
<10m
WiBree
Modified from: International Telecommunications Union, “Birth of
Broadband”, September 2003
70/82
802.22
• Wireless Regional Area Networks (WRAN)
– First explicit cognitive radio standard
– Aimed at bringing broadband access in rural and remote
areas
– Takes advantage of better propagation characteristics at
VHF and low-UHF
– Takes advantage of unused TV channels that exist in
these sparsely populated areas
• Status (IEEE 802.22-06/0251r0)
– First draft finishing
– First vote in Mar
– Published 2009?
71/82
Features of 802.22
•
•
•
•
Data Rates 5 Mbps – 70 Mbps
Point-to-multipoint TDD/FDD
DFS, TPC
Adaptive Modulation
•
– Multiple channel support
– Coexistence
• Incumbents
• BS synchronization
• Dynamic resource sharing
– QPSK, 16, 64-QAM, Spread
QPSK
• OFDMA on uplink and downlink
• Use multiple contiguous TV
channels when available
• Fractional channels (adapting
around microphones)
• Space Time Block Codes
• Beam Forming
– No feedback for TDD (assumes
channel reciprocity)
• 802.16-like ranging
72/82
802.16 MAC plus the following
– Clustering support
– Signal detection/classification
routines
•
•
•
Security based on 802.16e
security
Collaborative sensing
Techniques in 802.22 will be
extended to other standards and
to other bands around the world
Material
WGAN
GlobalStar II, BGAN
WRAN
<40 km
802.22
WWAN
<15 km
802.20, LTE, UMB
WMAN
<5 km
802.16e,h,j
WLAN
<100m
802.11n,p,s,y
WPAN
<10m
WiBree
Modified from: International Telecommunications Union, “Birth of
Broadband”, September 2003
73/82
Globalstar
•
•
Globalstar I Based on cdmaOne
Jan 2006 - FCC granted license to offer ancillary terrestrial service
–
•
http://www.globalstarusa.com/en/about/newsevents/press_display.php?pressId
=58
Globalstar II
–
–
–
Moving to 48 LEOS for global coverage, unspecified improved performance
•
http://www.globalstar.com/en/news/pressreleases/press_display.php?press
Id=426
Coverage still constrained by ground stations?
First launch in 2009?
•
http://www.skyrocket.de/space/index_frame.htm?http://www.skyrocket.de/space/doc_
sdat/globalstar-2.htm
74/82
http://www.globalstarusa.com/en/content.php?cid=300
Green areas not available to North American subscribers
Inmarsat
•
Broadband Global Area
Network (BGAN)
–
–
•
– Based on Astrium’s Eurostar
– Geostationary
– 19 wide beams, 200 narrow spot
beams (I-3 7 wide beams)
Variable QoS, can combine
channels, variable QoS
– 16-fold increase in traffic capacity
492 kbps peak
256 kbps stream
Applications
–
–
–
–
–
–
•
• BGAN supported by I-4 Satellites
Voice telephony
E-mail
Internet access
Access to corporate
networks
File transfer
Video conferencing
Video broadcast
Video store-and-forward
Yet to launch Pacific Satellite
75/82
http://www.inmarsat.com/bgan
Summary and Future Trends
Relevant Data and a Discussion
on 4G
76/82
Convergence of Approaches
• WiMAX becoming more like
cellular, cellular becoming
more like WiMAX
• Cellular like waveforms
converging to mix of OFDMA
+ MIMO optimized for low
speeds with small cell sizes
Source: http://www.wimaxforum.org/technology/downloads/
WiMAX_and_ IMT_2000.pdf
• Recognition of this convergence is leading to WiMAX being treated
like a cellular technology
– Sprint’s XOhm network
– Push for WiMAX to be classified as 3G
• http://www.livemint.com/2007/09/06000634/India-backs-Wimax-techon-3Gn.html
• WiMAX cell phones coming
– Nokia, Motorola, Samsung
– http://www.reuters.com/article/technology-media-telco-SPA/idUSSP31345620070904
77/82 WiMAX may pass it by
• Because 3G took so long to deploy,
Breeding Successful Technologies
• Mobile WiMAX will be a MIMO standard, but
so will WCDMA
– Transition of technologies can significantly
extend useful lifetime of deployments
• Enhanced EDGE
• WCDMA + MIMO may steal LTE’s market
– 802.11n predates mobile WiMAX
• 802.22 techniques opening up legacy
spectrum for other standards
– White Space Coalition
– 802.16m
• Standards can expect to continue to evolve
even post-deployment
– Need for SDR
• May make for smoother transition to 4G
78/82
Erik Dahlman, Hannes Ekström, Anders Furuskär, Ylva
Jading, Jonas Karlsson, Magnus Lundevall, Stefan Parkvall,
“The 3G Long-Term Evolution – Radio Interface Concepts
and Performance Evaluation,” VTC 06
4G
•
•
Wireless community already
looking towards 4G
Requirements being formalized
–
–
–
–
•
1 Gbps fixed
100 Mbps mobile (end-to-end)
Support for heterogeneous nets
Global roaming
Several candidates already
emerging
– Cellular evolution
– 802.16m
– NTT DoCoMo’s 5 Gbps prototype
3G Americas, “Defining 4G: Understanding the ITU Process for the
Next Generation of Wireless Technology,” July 2007 Available online:
http://3gamericas.com/PDFs/3G_Americas_Defining_4G_WP_July2007.pdf
• http://www.nttdocomo.com/pr/files/2
0070209_attachment02.pdf
– China’s home grown standard
• http://www.forbes.com/markets/fee
ds/afx/2007/09/25/afx4151478.html
•
Common techniques
– OFDMA, MIMO, small cell sizes
optimized for low speed, but
support for high speed, IP
backbone
79/82 http://www.nttdocomo.com/pr/files/20070209_attachment01.pdf
Overview Take-Always 1/2
• High data rate systems migrating to OFDM + MIMO
PHY
– OFDM – WiMedia, 802.11a,g, 802.16, 802.20, 802.22, UMB,
LTE
– OFDM + MIMO – 802.11n, 802.16e, 802.20, UMB, LTE
• More responsive/adaptive resource management
(early cognitive radio)
– Multiple QoS levels – 802.11e; 802.16e; 802.20; UMB, LTE,
EVDO,
– Dynamic channel selection – WiMedia; 802.11h,y; 802.16h;
802.22
– Distributed sensing – 802.22
• Coexistence given increasing interest
– Vertical handoffs – 802.21, 802.11u
– Legacy systems – 802.22, 802.11h,y, 802.16h
• New bands opening up for old techs
– 802.15.4d, 802.11j,p,y
80/82
Overview Take-Always 2/2
• Some spectral harmonization
– 5 GHz for WiMAX
• China pushing own standards
– 802.15.4c, TD-SCDMA, TD-SOFDMA
• Emergence of Advanced Networking
– 802.11s, 802.15.5, 802.16j
• Increasing # of technologies
– Legacy systems not quickly fading and large # of new ones
• Convergence on AES for security
– 802.11i, WiMedia, Mobile WiMAX
• All IP Backbone
– Mobile WiMAX, UMB, LTE
81/82
Useful Websites (News,
Promotional, Forums, Standards)
WLAN
3GPP Family
www.gsmworld.com
www.umtsworld.com
www.gsacom.com
www.3gpp.org
http://www.tdscdma-forum.org/
www.wi-fi.org
www.wi-fiplanet.com/
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/
802.15
www.bluetooth.com
https://www.bluetooth.org/
www.wimedia.org
http://www.zigbee.org/en/
http://www.uwbforum.org/
www.wibree.org
http://www.multibandofdm.org/
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/15/
802.16
3GPP2 Family
www.cdg.org
www.3gpp2.org
802.20
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/20/
802.21
http://www.ieee802.org/21/
www.umatechnology.org
802.22
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/22/
www.wimaxforum.org
http://wimaxxed.com
http://wimax.com
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/16/
E2R “Requirements and scenario definition,”
Available online:
http://e2r.motlabs.com/Deliverables/E
2R_WP4_D4.1_040725.pdf
82/82