Review Night:
Women, Minorities and Immigrant Groups
Colonial/Revolutionary Women 1607-1789
Civic Virtue
 Trusted education of children with women 
 Republican Motherhood Cult of Domesticity 
 Gave married women right to shape home life 
 Limited opportunities outside of home life Isabella of Castile 
 Married Ferdinand of Aragon 
 United Spain 
 Spain entered the race to colonize 
Queen Elizabeth I
 Became queen in 1558 
 Allowed England to enter the colonization race when she
hired Sea Dogs to defeat the Spanish Armada 
 Virginia was named after her Iroquios 
Left traditions to go through the women
Malinche
 Native American—travelled with Cortez 
 Spoke multiple languages 
 Translated and helped the Europeans Anne Hutchinson 
 Antinominism 
 Puritan society 
 Predestination is not a valid idea 
 Exiled and murdered by Indians in the Mohawk Valley
William and Mary 
 Dethroned Catholic James II 
 The end of the Dominion of New England 
 Beginning of salutary neglect Elizabeth Freeman 
 Sued master for freedom from slavery 
 Won freedom Salem Witch Trials 
 Reflected widening social stratification of New England 
 Showed fear of religious traditionalists that the Puritan
heritage was being affected by Yankee commercialism
Phillis Wheatley 
 Female poet 
 Ex-slave 
 Never formally educated 
Pocahontas
 Powhatan’s daughter 
 Married John Rolfe 
 Ended 1st Powhatan War 
 Eventually taken to England and became a diplomat
Daughters of Liberty 
 Pre-Revolutionary War 
 Advocated for removal of the Stamp Act and enforcing NonImportation Agreements 
 Branch of Sons of Liberty Sally Hemmings 
 Jefferson’s personal African American servant 
 Secretly mothered many children of his 
Colonization Revolution 1607-1789:
African Americans
 1619:
Dutch sold twenty Africans to England – Purchased as
lifelong slaves or limited years of servitude (servants)
 1650: Virginia counted 300 blacks- more blacks being imported
into the colonies; 14% of the colonies population.
 After 1640 English settlers in West Indies imported quarter
million enslaved Africans to work on sugar plantations.
o 1661: Barbados Slave Code – denied the fundamental rights
of slaves and gave full control to masters.
o 1696: South Carolina adopted own type of Barbados Slave
Code.
 1670: Africans numbered up to 2000 in Virginia
 Mid-1680s black slaves outnumbered white servants
 1672-1698: Royal African Company lost its crown-granted
monopoly on carrying slaves into the colonies.
 7 million carried to the New World, known as the middle passage,
a voyage across the Atlantic, but only 400,000 ended up in North
America after 1700.
 The middle passage, a voyage across the Atlantic, held Africans
captive in filthy conditions and transported them to the New
World.
 Some colonies made it a crime or illegal for slaves to learn to read
or write.
 Some African immigrants gained their freedom, and became
slaveowners themselves.
 By 1720, black population began to rise due to natural
reproduction
 Native born African Americans contributed to the culture:
o a mixture of African and American elements of speech,
religion, folkway, and food.
o Religious dances
o Creation of the banjo and bongo drum
 Some became skilled artisans such as:
o Carpenters, bricklayers and tanners
 1712: The New York Slave Revolt:
o Caused the deaths 9 lives and execution of 21 blacks
 1739: South Carolina Slave revolt:
o Fifty blacks marched along the Stono river to Spanish
Florida
 Slavery created social classes:
o FFVs (First Families of Virginia)
o Planter Aristocracy
o Poor
o Indentured Servants
o Slaves.
 1740: large groups of slaves lived together on spreading
plantations
o Women spent hours sewing clothes for family, constant fear
of rape from masters
o Worked from sunup to sundown
o Christians believed that Jesus would free them, also
performed ringshouts as religious practices, and sang
Negro spirituals
 Triangular Trade: the trading of molasses, rum, and slaves
between Africa, West Indies and New England colonies.
 Some slaves sued their masters for their freedom and if they won
they could work as domestic servants in the homes of high paid
lawyers that represented their case.
 1787: Three- Fifths Compromise – slaves counted as 3/5 of a
person in the southern population for voting rights.
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Colonization Revolution 1607-1789 Native Americans
Native Americans Puritans vs. Americans:
How settling in the Americas affected the natives already here by bringing
diseases….
In the beginning relations between English settlers and the Indians were generally
friendly especially with the Wampanoag Natives. The natives attempted to befriend
the English however tension started to build up as more English settlers arrived.
Early clashes: Lord De La Warr arrived in 1610 and from the Virginia company
declared aware against the Indians in the james town region to settle there.
His troops raided Indian villages, burned down houses, confiscated previsions, and
torched corn fields known as the first Anglo-powhatan war.. sealed by the marriage
of pocohantus to the colonist john rolf for 8 years peace was on a steady peace
however tensions did not leave
However the Indians couldn’t keep their peace
intact due to the fact their land was being was taken away and diseases kept
spreading.. lead to the second anglo- powhatan war.
*Lead to a mass migration of Indians out of Virginia
*During this war the Indians made their last effort to dislodge the Virginians but
were defeated
Peqot war: Effect- ended all remaining friendships between English and natives
The English’s attempt at easing peace was trying to convert the natives to
Christianity.
The natives found solace through themselves with unity
Metacom: known as King Phillip by the English made a series of alliances with other
native tribes and coordinated assaults on English villages throughout new England
Cause: The English were taking away the natives land
Effect: Slowed westward march of English settlement in new England, wiped out
native population.
Pontiacs Rebellion: Ottawa chief Pontiac lead several tribes, aided by a handful of
French traders. In a violent campaign to drive the British out of the Ohio country,
Pontiacs uprising laid siege to Detroit in the spring and eventually overran all but 3
British Posts West of the Appalachians, killing some two thousand soldiers and
settlers
W/French and natives
Voyageurs: they recruited Indians into the fur business who later decimated by the
white man’s diseases and hindered by his alcohol. Slaughtering beaver excessively
also violated many Indians religious beliefs and sadly demonstrated the shattering
effect that contact with Europeans on traditional Indian ways of life. Furthermore,
Indians wanted to preserve the land while Americans wanted to claim it,
Tribes: Iroquois confederacy, the Oneidas, and the Tuscaroras sided with the
Americans while the Senecas, Mohawks, Cayugas and Onondagas joined the
British
The pro-British iroquis were forced to sign the Treaty of Fort Stanwix
The natives world changed as Diseases continued within their community.
Trade was transformed as they were forced to comply to Europeans commerce.
This caused disorganization within Natives tribes leading to wars with the natives
instead of wars against the English.
As the Atlantic economy continued to expand the Indians tried
to have a part in it also, native people had the advantage of time space and numbers.
Algonquins in the great lakes area became a substantial regional power. Their
population was bolstered unlike other Indian tribes by absorbing surrounding
bands and dealt from a position of strength with the few Europeans who managed
to penetrate the interior.
This leading to British/French traders to only follow the rules of the Algonquins
natives.
African Americans in the New Nation 1789-1824
Key Concepts:
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African American rights not addressed by the constitution, remained largely
enslaved and without suffrage or legal standing, essentially human property in
the eyes of the law
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19% of population as of 1790,
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Missouri Compromise
o Conflict over whether or not to admit Missouri into the nation as a free or
slave state ended in a compromise that admitted Maine as a free state,
Missouri as a slave state, and established a firm north/south border on
the 36/30 line that separated future states into slave and free states,
allowing slavery to spread to the Pacific
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African American culture
o Tribes of African peoples that had been completely separate in Africa
mingled and combined, leading to the creation of a distinct African
American culture, and a distinct musical culture surrounding the trials of
slavery
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War of 1812
o Battle of New Orleans-Occurred technically after the war had ended,
American forces were led by Andrew Jackson and included two regiments
of African American free volunteers
#7 Expansion and Test of Democracy:
Women 1824-1865
Concrete Details
 Cult of Domesticity
o The home was the women’s “special sphere” few rebelled against this
philosophy
 Sewing Machine (Women to worked in factories)
o Brought women to the cities
 Women’s Rights Conference at Seneca Falls
o Elizabeth Stanton read a “Declaration of Sentiments” which declared
that “all men and women are created equal” and demanded the ballot
for females.
 Women’s Temperance Society
o Most popular anti-alcohol group
 Women’s Loyal League
o Asked Congress to make an Amendment prohibiting slavery
o Women had played an important part in the pre-war abolitionist
movement
o Pointed out that both women and blacks lacked basic civil rights
including the right to vote
o In the 14th amendment included the word male when referring to a
citizen’s right to vote.
o Feminist leaders: Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
 The National Woman Suffrage Association
o Fought for women’s equality in courts and workplaces as well as the
poles
o Lead by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
 World Anti-Slavery Convention
o Women allowed to watch but not contribute
o Lead to Women’s Rights Convention at Seneca Falls
Woman Leaders
 Dorothea Dix
o Superintendent of Nurses for the Union Army
o Battled for the rights and better treatment for the mentally insane
 Amelia Bloomer
o Revolted against current female attire and wore a short skirt with
Turkish trousers – “Bloomers”
 Elizabeth Cady Stanton
o Advocated women’s suffrage
 Sally Tompkins
o Ran a Richmond infirmary for wounded confederate soldiers and
was awarded the rank of Capitan by Jefferson Davis
 Clare Barton
o Helped transform nursing from a lowly survice to a prospective
profession
 Sara and Angelina Grimke
o Championed Anti-Slavery
 Margret Fuller
o Edited a transcendentalist journal, The Dial, and took part in the
struggle to bring unity and republican government to Italy
 Harriet Beecher Stowe – Uncle Tom’s Cabin
o Popularized the horrors of slavery and made the issue a world wide
phenomenon
 Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell – U.S. Sanitary Commission
o First female graduate of a medical college
o During the Civil War it trained nurses, gathered medical supplies,
and equipped hospitals
Extra Tid-Bits
Women in both the north and South organized fundraising events that raised
millions of dollars for the relief of widows, orphans, and disabled soldiers.
Beginning in Mississippi in 1839 wives were permitted to own property after
marriage
Women could be legally beaten by their husbands (masters) much like slaves.
All in All
In this time period women started to influence politics, and social issues that directly
affected the world around them. They made great strides in the advancement of women
kind and their creditability in society.
Expansion and Test of Democracy 1824 – 1865: African
Americans
Free black Americans were alienated from politics, and of course slaves had no
citizenship rights
Slavery = intolerable and slave revolts were rising in number (illness, slow working, etc)
 1822 = Denmark Vesey’s insurrection
 1831 = Nat Turner’s Rebellion
South’s cotton industry was mono-agricultural based = slaves needed
 2/3 of the world’s production
The Seconds Great Awakening didn’t spread to the South in order to contain influence
upon blacks
Increased slave labor due to natural population increase
Wilmot Proviso- focused attention on the question of extension of slavery. Not passed
Abolition:
 Abolitionists felt slavery was an evil and must be eliminated
 Free soil party
o supported popular sovereignty and wanted to keep slavery out of the west.
o Helped keep slavery a national political issue
 British abolished slavery in their territories in 1833
o reflecting changing attitudes toward slavery
 American Colonization Society (Back to Africa Movement)
o Leader: Martin Delaney
 William Lloyd Garrison (radical abolitionist)
o The Liberator = influenced in abolitionist circles
 Frederick Douglass = Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass
 Harriet Tubman = conductor in the Underground Railroad
 Sojourner Truth = ex-slave and abolitionist and women’s’ suffrage
 Harriet Beecher Stowe’s = Uncle Tom’s Cabin
 John Brown = religious abolitionist and Harper’s Ferry
Slaves were escaping the South
 National fugitive slave law
o Caused north to realize evils of slavery
o Strengthened by compromise of 1850
 Underground Railroad
 Texas Revolution = people brought their slaves
 Kansas – Nebraska Act = slaves brought
Changes in sectional balance
 Compromise of 1850
o stricter fugitive slave law
o Popular sovereignty \applied to New Mexico and Utah
o Cali admitted as free state
o Slave trade banned in capitol
o Congress given no power to end slave trade between states
 Bleeding Kansas = issue over slavery as result of K-N Act
Political involvement
 Dred Scott v. Sandford = Slaves were property
Anti- abolitionism
 Nonslaveholders believed in the “peculiar institution” (wanted to improve their
chance of owning slaves
Election of 1860
 Democratic split divided by slave issue
o North- Stephan Douglass (popular sovereignty)
o South- John C Beckonridge (Backed Dred-Scott)
 Republicans- Lincoln
o Kansas as a free state
o No slavery extended to the west
13th Amendment
 Abolished slavery (yaaaaaay!) ☻♥☺
 Some slaves moved north or west while others worked for their former masters
because they needed the money
Causes of the Civil War
 Political
o Northerners opposed extension of slavery to new states because they
wanted political control of congress
o Southerners favored extension of slavery because they wanted to control
congress, too
 Economic
o Southern planters needed slave labor
Civil War
 Blockade of the south
o Prevented exportation of cotton and tobacco
 Emancipation Proclamation 1863
o Freed all slaves residing in states that rebelled against the union
o Lincoln offered other plans for dealing with the problems of slavery after
war
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9. Expansion and test of Democracy (1824-1865) Native
Americans JACKSONIAN INDIAN POLICY
- Trail of Tears
Forced march of the Cherokees, lots killed,
went westward. Mostly women and children died
-Black Hawk War
Black Hawk - Indian
insurgent
Eviction, Black Hawk Indians refused eviction,
defeated by Jefferson Davis and Abraham Lincoln.
-Indian removal act
5 Civilized Tribes = Creeks,
Choctaws, Cherokees, Chickasaws
Seminoles
Transplanted Native Americans, affected the 5
civilized nations/tribes
-Worcester v Georgia
Supreme court decided to put the
Cherokee nation as a sovereign power but Jackson refused to
follow their decision and said Do something about it
MANIFEST DESTINY
-Texas
Whites moving into Texas interrupted not only
Mexican lives but also
Natives Americans.
-California
Natives were forced to go to missions,
“Californios” confiscated most
of the land and assets
-Reservation system
Indians were moved from their land
to the north and south of white settlement.
-Bison Hunting
Caused tension between Indians and
whites, was part of trading between Indians and whites. With
whites hunting them instead, removed possible trading.
White intruders spread diseases like small pox
#10: Expansion and test of Democracy (1824-1865)
Immigrant Groups
California Gold Rush
 Led up to the Chinese Exclusion Act (prohibited Chinese immigrants to enter
and become a citizen of the U.S.)
Irish (1840-1850)
 Most of the immigrants were young and literate
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Manly remained in port cities of the North East
Worked as domestic servants or construction laborers
Were distrusted and resented because of their Roman Catholicism
Made up a large portion/important group of the Union Army during Civil
War.
 Came as a result of the Potato Famine (1845)
Germans (1820-1920)
 Their numbers surpassed any other immigrant group
 Manly kept to themselves which put native born people on edge
 Prospered with astonishing ease
 The forty eighters (refugees from the abortive democratic revolutions of
1848; they had hunger for the democracy but failed to receive it in Germany
 Amish remained a strong traditional community in a turbulent society
 Tended to move inland onto farms in the “old” northwest
11. Gilded Age to Expansion 1865-1929 Women
Study Sheet:
 Women Christian Temperance Union:1874, Advocated for prohibition of alcohol, women
used supposed greater morality and as a rallying point. Missionaries were a large part of
this.
 Republican mother/ Cult of Domesticity: The idea that the mom stayed home to raise
sons/American voters to help the father. Also she was responsible for household duties
and obeying/respecting her husband’s wishes.
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Birth Control: Advocated the first women’s choice. Margret Sanger was a large impact/
advocate for this this. Believed that women should have more say in the planning of her
life.
 Nineteenth Amendment: Ratified in 1920, it finally allowed women to vote after 70
years of women asking for the right to vote.
 Progressive Era: Gave women the chance to be a part of the populist movement. Jane
Adams(Hull House), Ida Tarbell, Dorthea Dix.
 Gibson Girls: Gave women the opportunity to be in the work force while flaunting their
beauty.
 Women Writers: Emily Dickinson, Ida Tarbell, Charlotte Perkins Gilman- Women and
Economics.
 Woman’s Loyal League- signatures for amendment prohibiting slavery
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National American Woman Suffrage Association: Advocated for women’s voting rights
these women were also black.
Muller v Oregon: 1908 This law restricted the type of working conditions and hours
women did.
Adkins v Children Hospital: This case involved women minimum wages that were being
laid off.
Roosevelt and Wilson didn’t help with the women’s movement
Jeannette Rankin
World War I: As the men left the country the women took over the work force for 7 years
then got kicked out.
Industry: It stimulated the economy by having more jobs offered to the new public
deprived from its soldiers.
Roaring 20’s: During this time period, women found their new sexual freedom. (Flappers
and Gibson Girls)
Great Depression: Women lost jobs and a sense of freedom/individuality.
Establishment of the mental institute: Dorthea Dix established the care of the mentally
unstable.
15th amendment: re-sparked the women’s want to vote.
Minor v Happensett: A women was denied suffrage under the 14thamendment.
#12 Gilded Age to Expansion 1865-1929 African Americans
Reconstruction
13th Amendment- Slave Emancipation
14th Amendment- Civil Rights for African Americans
15th Amendment- African American Suffrage
Reconstruction Act- 1867; Divided the south into military districts
commanded by military generals; states must ratify 14th and 15th
amendment
Sharecropping- Slaves going back into oppressive
farm labor positions in which they were able to lease the land that
they worked on
Ku Klux Klan- Violence against blacks and white
people that assisted them
Force Acts- Response to KKK, military
intervention to keep peace
Freedman’s Bureau- Lead by Oliver
Howard, supplied blacks with clothing and essentials; eventually
failed because of lack of funding
Exodusters- African Americans
travelled west to find land and create a new life free from
oppression and segregation
Compromise of 1877- Rutherford B.
Hayes ends military reconstruction in exchange for the
presidency; the south collapses
New South
Jim Crow Laws- “Legalized” segregation; Literacy requirements to
vote, poll taxes, full scale disfranchisement of
blacks
Redeemers- Southern Democrats who wanted to replace
Republican government in the south
Poll Taxes/Voting Restrictions- Southern whites sought to restrict
blacks from become influential in elections
Grandfather ClauseIf your grandfather could vote, you could vote (AKA only whites)
Knights of Labor- Integrated African Americans
National Labor Union- Integrated African Americans
Birth of a
Nation- First film to glorify the KKK
NAACP- National Association
for the Advancement of Colored People; called for the immediate
end to segregation and discrimination; WEB DuBois demanded
social and political equality with whites.
“Great Migration” -19101930 Millions of African Americans moved to north cities. Niagara
Movement- Led by WEB DuBois, held meeting for protest.
UNIA
- Universal Negro Improvement Association, Lead by Marcus
Garvey (AKA Back to Africa movement)
Racial Riots- 1919
African American violent riots in big cities (like Chicago)
Harlem
Renaissance - Rise of African Americans in literature and the arts
(ex: Langston Hughes, Louis Armstrong, Claude McKay)
13: Gilded Age - Expansion : Native Americans 1865 -1929
Dawes Severalty Act 1887- an act which was enacted by the federal government to
strip the tribes of their official recognition and land rights, granting individual Indian
families with land and citizenship in 25 years only if they ‘behaved’
~ Due to this the Native Americans lost near to 90 million acres of land, until the
act was repealed in 1913.
Reservation System - established boundaries for territories of each tribe, separate
indians into two great colonies ( far north / far south ) ie: land that wasn’t needed. This is
was made for easier western expansion.
~ the Indian Removal Act of 1830 removed all Indian land rights east of the
Mississippi River. By 1900 Indians had lost 50% of the 156 million acres they had
held two decades prior.
Battle of The Little Bighorn - Violent warfare between the whites and the native
americans. The U.S. government were attempting to move the indians off of the
territories while the Indians were trying to keep the land they once had.
George Custer - A colonel who in 1876 marched into the Black Hills of South Dakota, a
part of the Sioux Indian reservation and claimed to have discovered gold. To stop a
potential Sioux retaliation, Custer marched his men into the Sioux territory, where he
found 2,500 soldiers ready to fight. The Sioux defeated the colonel and his men but
were soon attacked by white reinforcements.
Ghost Dance - it originated in 1870, which promised a renewal of Native American
tradition and a decline of white intrusion. This frightened the white people living near the
Dakota Sioux and the U.S. Army was brought in 1890 to stop the Sioux from engaging
in it.
Wounded Knee - where 200 men, women and children were slaughtered.
Policy of Assimilation
- Governments attempt to change and control Native americans so that they would
integrate into the american culture. This showed how low the government along with the
american culture viewed the Indian culture and their way of life. It established schools
where children were forced to attend. They had to speak english, study standard
subjects, attend church and leave their indian culture behind.
William Sherman stated “the only good Indian is a dead Indian.”
Nez Perce Retreat- leader Chief Joseph, they refused to leave from their native land.
The Americans chased them up to Canada for about 3 months until they were captured.
#14: Gilded Age Immigrant groups (1865-1929)
Jane Addams:
 Hull Houses- Provided education, housing, daycare, and job
opportunities for immigrant women 
 Immigrant aid for the poor Post- Civil War (views on immigration): 
Home Stead Act (1862) – Opened up western frontier for
immigrants 
Loose gov. policies on immigrants increased production of
laborers Progressive Era (1900-1920):MUCKRAKERS =
began social commentary on problems. 
Major phase of liberalism 
Triangle Shirt Company fire: 140 immigrant woman burned in a
fire; reforms were made afterwards in NY factories Irish:
Rum, Romanism, and rebellion (1884) 
•Irish were accused of being trouble makers
Chinese
 Moved irish votes to democrats in favor of Cleveland 
 Boss Tweed persuades votes by promising homes and jobs 
 Chinese Exclusionary Act (1882) prohibited further Chinese
immigration 
 1870s- Chinese in California were savagely mistreated 
 U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark (1898)- guaranteed citizenship to people born
in the United States 
Group 16 : Twentieth Century African Americans between 1920
and 1980.
Harlem Renaissance-
1. Langston Hughes,
I. Poems during the 20s.
2. United Negro Improved Association
(UNIA)
I. Marcus Garvey, founded UNIA, preached Black Nationalism and
inspired more than 4 million blacks.
II. Wanted to send the African-American back to Africa.
3.Other
notable names, Josephine Baker, Zora Neale Hurston, James Weldon
Johnson (all entertainers or artists; authors).
Blacks and WWII• Due to inventions such as mechanical cotton picker, AfricanAmerican’s migrated to the north.
• Huge increase in NAACP up to half a million in WWII.
• Blacks were drafted in WWII. I. Generally signed service
branches than combat units.
II. Preached the slogan “Double
V” victory over the foreign leaders and the racism back at
home.
• A. Phillip Randolph
I. Negro March on Washington, lead a black
march on Washington demanding equal opportunities for
blacks in war jobs. FDR responded with FEPC (Fair
Employment Practices Commission).
Re-rise of the Jim Crow Laws• Blacks in the south not only attended segregated schools, but also
forced to use segregated toilets, drinking fountains,
restaurants, and waiting rooms
• NAACP pushed the Supreme Court in 1950 to rule Sweatt v.
Painter that separate professional schools for blacks failed to
meet the test of equality
Seeds of Civil Rights Revolution• Montgomery bus boycott – Rosa Parks refuse to give up bus seat to
a white man
• The rise of Martin Luther King Jr. – know for his oratorical skills
and his passionate devotion to biblical and constitutional
conceptions of justice, and his devotion to the nonviolent
principle of India’s Mohandas Ghandi.
• Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954) – ruled that
segregation in public schools was “inherently unequal” and
thus unconstitutional. Which reversed the ruling in Plessy v.
Ferguson (that “separate but equal” facilities were allowed
under the constitution)
• MLK formed the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
in 1954 which aimed to mobilize the vast power of the black
churches on behalf of black rights.
“Sit-in”
• Launched on Feb. 1st 1960, by four black college freshmen in
Greensboro, NC. They demanded service at a white’s only
lunch counter
• April 1960, blacks students formed the Student Nonviolent
Coordinating Committee (SNCC), which is separate from
NAACP and SCLC
The Struggle for Civil Rights
• Freedom writers fanned out to end segregation in facilities serving
interstate bus passengers
• Violence is met with the Freedom Riders, so Washington
dispatched federal marshals to protect the freedom writers
• SNCC and other civil rights groups inaugurated the Voter
Education Project to register the south historically
disfranchised blacks
• August 1963, MLK led more than 200,000 black and white
demonstrators on peaceful March on Washington and
delivered his historic “I Have A Dream Speech”
Battle for Black Rights
• Freedom Summer- blacks joined hands with white civil rights
workers in a massive voter registration drive in Mississippi
singing “We Will Overcome”
• Civil Rights of 1964 – which banned racial discrimination in most
private facilities opened to the public including theatres,
hospitals, and restaurants
• Voting Rights Act of 1965 (LBJ) – outlawed literacy tests and sent
federal voters registrars into several southern states
• Then in 1966 Trinidad-born Stokley Carmichael, a leader of SNCC,
began to preach the doctrine of Black Power, saying “ will
smash everything Western civilization has created
The Black and White Seventies
• Supreme Court in 1974 in Milliken v. Bradley ruled that
segregation plans could not require students to move across
school-district line
• The decision distilled all the problems of desegregation into the
least prosperous districts, most disadvantaged elements of
the white and black communities against one another
#17: TWENTETH CENTURY NATIVE AMERICANS 1920-1980
Indian New Deal 1934 aka Indian Reorganization Act
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Pueblo Indians in New Mexico
Idea by John Collier
It got rid of Dawes Act of 1887
Encouraged tribes to establish local self government and preserve their native culture
Some tribes didn’t accept the new deal so that’s why it was abandoned
Theme: This shows the tribal tension still brewing between the US and the problems
that we caused and how they never went away.
Native Americans and WWII
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Left their reservations and worked in majors cities along with women
Native American men served in the armed forces called “Code Talkers” and they
transmitted radio messages in their language so Germans and Japanese couldn’t
intercept the message
Lost a lot of their land for shooting ranges and Japanese internment camps
Theme: Most of the foreign issues over ruled the problems of the Natives. Generally
they were second-class to the white men over seas and pushed aside in our own
country.
National Congress of American Indians 1944
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Employees from the Bureau of Indian Affairs
Enforces all Natives rights under the constitution
Expanded education opportunities
Preserved native values
Themes: Trying to pay back the damage done in previous years with good opportunities
for the natives.
Eisenhower and the Native Americans
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Didn’t like the Indian New Deal encouraged by FDR
Native Americans in 1970
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Natives used courts and used acts of civil disobedience
Captured Alcatraz and the Wounded Knee, South Dakota
United States v. Wheeler: Supreme court declared the Indian tribes possessed “unique
and limited” sovereignty
Themes: Natives still trying to fight and gain respect back.
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Section 18
Immigrants from 1920s -1945s
Red Scare anticommunist movement that lead to the Palmer Raids and the deportation of
millions of immigrants.
- Sacco and Vanzetti Trail: 2 Italian Immigrants we publically supported anarchy
where accused of robbery and murder by a day master and handed the death
penalty.
- Emergency Quota Act: 3% of every nationality from 1910 census was
allowed in the country.
- Immigration Act: 2% of every nationality from 1890s census limited
immigration form Eastern Europe and Asian Groups.
- New Klan: at its highest membership 5 million people expanded to
White.Anglo.Saxon.Protestant. And became anti-everything. If you weren’t part
of it you’re not American. Power and Money struggles brought it down after the
1930s
- The Hundred Percenters: “Pure” Americans attempt to limit foreign cultural
and political influences on the U.S and wanted the U.S. to isolate themselves from
foreign entanglements and relations.
- Chinese Exclusion Act 1882: Limited Asian Immigration
Immigrants in this time were deeply affected by the isolationist movement headed by Nativist
and Anti-Communist fear.
 Women
- First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt changes the job of the First Lady by becoming a
political activist.
- Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins becomes the first female cabinet member
- Mary McLeod Bethune first African American woman to become Director of
the Office of Minority Affairs in the National Youth Administration.
- Ruth Benedict “cultural and personality movement from the 30s-40s wrote the
Patterns of Cultural made the study of cultures as collective personalities.
- Margaret Mead popularized cultural anthropology
- Pearl S. Buck wrote The Good Earth and won a Nobel Prize
Women in this time were beginning to expand into the political stage as well as the
intellectual life.
 Foreign Policy
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Tydings-McDuffie Act: Gave the Philippines their Independence after 12 years
of economic and political tutelage.
Good Neighbor Policy: the U.S would not become involved in Latin American
problems but would give advice.
Japanese
- Executive Order No.9066: Issued by President Franklin D. Roosevelt put all
Japanese people even with 1/16 blood of Japanese people in Internment camps
in the Midwest for fear that they would help the militant Japanese on the West
Coast.
- Korematsu v. U.S.: Supreme Court Case that upheld the constitutionality of
the Executive Order No.9066
Woman in WWII
- Rosie the Riveter
- WAACS : Women in the Army
- WAVES: Women in the Navy
- SPARS: Women in the Coast Guard
- Daycare for mothers so that they could work
Mexicans
- Bracero Program: The United States Government negotiated with the
Mexican Government to allow Braceros agricultural workers to come to
the United States and harvest the fruit and grain crops during the Wars.
This would lead to the Mexicans establishing their place as Migrant
workers.
- Zoot –Suit Riots: Occurred in Los Angles American Sailors went around
in Taxi Cabs looking for victims that were identified by the Mexican
Fashion statement of the day which were zoot –suits.
African Americans
- Double V: Victory against the Nazi and the Racism in the United States
- Membership for the NAACP grew dramatically
- Congress if Racial Equality was Founded
Native Americans
- Begin to move to big cities looking for jobs
- Code Talkers: Navajos in the Pacific and Comanche’s in Europe used
their native languages to transmit radio messages because they were
incomprehensible to the Germans and Japanese.
Immigrant groups 1945-1980
 The second Red Scare
o McCarthyism
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This is where President McCarthy rampaged through America severely
looking for communist supporters.
HUAC was a way for people to inform their suspicions of communist
supporters to the government.
Cold War
o Containment
 Contained communism in Europe and South Korea
 Could not contain communism in China
Korean War
o Immigration from Asian countries was not popular during this time due to
Americas focus on containment
o Were able to fight off communism in South Korea with their military
o Some who wanted to flee to escape communism were occasionally aided by
America
o Korea was now divided by the 38th parallel
Vietnam War
o Vietnamese were able to escape Vietnam before communists took over Saigon.
o Those who escaped traveled to America on boats: they were called “boat people”
o They lived in small towns called “Little Saigons”
o They were a reminder of the turmoil going on in Asia
South America
o The us attempted to “quarantine” the Caribbean from communist influences
o They were not always successful since their troops were fighting in two
hemispheres
Summary:
Ultimately over time immigration opposition decreased in the US mostly starting in the
1960’s. The Vietnamese led the way of the Asian cultures for immigration. There were still
people against these immigrants since the red scare was still a prominent movement in America
during this time. The Cold War, Korean War, and Vietnam war were all problems the US faced
when trying to practice containment keeping communism as far away from America as possible.
People let up as time went on, but ultimately immigrants were opposed in America during this
time.