CDM Opportunities in Bangladesh
and Priority Sectors
Presented by
Ijaz Hossain
Chemical Engineering Department
BUET
ijazhossain@gmail.com
Greenhouse Effect
The main greenhouse gases (GHGs)
The Convention concerns all greenhouse gases not covered by the 1987
Montreal Protocol to the United Nations Convention on Protection of the
Ozone Layer. The focus of the Kyoto Protocol is on the following six:
● Carbon dioxide (CO2)
● Methane (CH4)
● Nitrous oxide (N2O)
● Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
NOTE: N2 and O2
are not GHGs
● Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
● Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
The first three are estimated to account for 50, 18 and 6 per cent,
respectively, of the overall global warming effect arising from human
activities. The HFCs and PFCs are used as replacements for ozonedepleting substances such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) being phased
out under the Montreal Protocol
© UNFCCC 2003
FOSSIL FUELS
OIL
GAS
COAL
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation
What is CDM ?
Cost effective way of reducing greenhouse
gas (GHG) emission globally
i.e.
Reducing GHG in Developing Countries
instead of in Developed Countries
HOW CDM WILL WORK
GHG
credits
Developed Country
Developing Country
Need GHG credits
Too Expensive in Country
Need Money + Technology
Cheap to reduce GHG
$
What are baselines?
Baseline:
scenario without
CDM project
t CO2
X1
Project actual
X
Project projection
2008
time
– X represents avoided tons in a given time period
– Actual project performance may differ from projected
– X1 represents CERs for the period
© UNFCCC 2003
Energy Savings
90.0
80.0
Million Tons of Oil Equivalent
70.0
60.0
> 18 Mtoe
2005 consn
Total Savings in 25 years = 160 Mtoe
50.0
40.0
30.0
Business-as-usual
Efficient
20.0
10.0
0.0
2005
2010
2015
2020
YEAR
2025
2030
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
How CDM Can Help Private Sector in Bangladesh?
Developing countries in the process of achieving fast economic growth often
have to settle for inferior technologies. These technologies more often than not
consume more energy than state-of-the-art or advanced technologies. CDM
allows a more energy efficient (or less GHG emitting) technology to be installed.
Therefore, through CDM an entrepreneur can:
 Opt for a better technology resulting in cost savings;
 Be able to comply easily with the Department of Environment's regulations;
 Have a safer and cleaner plant; and
 Contribute to sustainable development and to global environmental
protection.
Potential Sectors for CDM Projects in Bangladesh
 Energy
– both supply side and
demand side
 Waste
 Forestry
TYPES of ENERGY SECTOR
CDM PROJECTS
1. Switching from more carbon
intensive fuels to less carbon
intensive fuels or renewables
2. Replacing an inefficient
device by an efficient one
3. Increasing the efficiency of an
existing device
4. Modifications of a process so
that it consumes less fossil
fuel
TYPES of ENERGY SECTOR
CDM PROJECTS (cont.)
5. Waste heat utilization either from
electricity generators (turbines or
engines) or high temperature
processes
6. Greenfield projects
7. Lowering energy consumption
through building design and
materials
8. Conservation (behavioral changes
which consumes less energy)
1. Switching from more carbon
intensive fuels to less carbon
intensive fuels or renewables
I. Replacing coal by natural gas
in brickfields
II. Replacing diesel buses by
dedicated CNG buses
III. Solar home systems (PV)
2. Replacing an inefficient device
by an efficient one
I. Incandescent bulbs to
Compact Fluorescent Lamps
II. Efficient motors and boilers
III. Efficient grinders in cement
industries
IV. Efficient machines and
generators
3. Increasing the efficiency of an
existing device
I. Retrofitting boilers and motors
II. Improved insulation and
housekeeping (re-rolling mills)
III. Vehicle maintenance
4. Modification of a process so that
it consumes less fossil fuel
I. Pulping using Continuous digesters
in place of Batch digesters
II. Replacing the wet process of
cement manufacture by the dry
process in the Chattak Cement
Factory
5. Waste heat utilization either from
electricity generating units or
high temperature processes
 The first option is also known as
Cogeneration, which can be
employed in Sugar Mills; Pulp and
Paper Mills; Textile Mills; Jute Mills,
Cold Storages and in Tea
Manufacturing.
 The second option can be employed
in Ceramic Industries.
6. Greenfield projects (i.e. using an entirely
different process in a new project to accomplish the
same outputs as the baseline)
I. Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln (VSBK) for
brick making
II. Hoffman Kiln, which uses natural
gas, is a greenfield project with
fuel switching
III. State-of-the-art Re-rolling Mills
7. Lowering energy consumption
through building design and materials
I. Solar reflective glass windows
to reduce air-conditioning load
II. Design buildings to have
windows facing south
8. Conservation (behavioral changes
which consumes less energy)
I. Car pooling
II. Using mass transit systems
instead of personalized
transport modes
CDM – Methane Options
•
Methane recovery from landfill with or
without electricity generation
•
Composting of urban solid waste
•
Biogas from a wide variety of wastes, such
as (a) poultry droppings (b) tannery waste
(c) effluent from food processing industries
(d) human excreta, and (e) sewage, to
replace fossil fuel
CDM – Carbon Dioxide Options
•
Solar home systems in off grid areas
•
Efficient lamps to replace incandescent
light bulbs
•
Fuel substitution and efficiency
improvement in brick manufacturing
•
Industrial Cogeneration (e.g. Sugar,
Textile, Pulp and Paper)
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Technology
A
 Standard
 Cheap
 High Energy Use
 Short Life
Technology
B
 State-of-the-art
 Expensive
 Low Energy Use
 Long Life
INCANDESCENT
BULB
COMPACT FLUORESCENT
LAMP
HIGH COST
BARRIER
Name:
Type:
Energy
Consumption:
Life:
Market Price
Incandescent
Standard
CFL
Efficient
100W
1,000 hours
Tk. 22
23W
10,000 hours
Tk. 290
Cold Storage Cogeneration
Energy Flow in a Retrofitted Cluster
Bull’s Trench Kiln (BTK)
Fixed Chimney Kiln (FCK)
Solar
Wind
Biomass
Bio-diesel From:
Varenda
Rherir Tel
Jamalgota
Grameen Shakti Presents RuralBased Solar Home System Model At
WIREC
BIODIESEL
Vegetable oil (soybean, palm, jatropha, etc.) can
be converted (transesterification) into a diesel like
substance (complete substitute of diesel)
At $70-80 barrel of OIL – Biodiesel can
compete with oil
Indonesia doing biodiesel in a big way – clearing
up an area the size of Denmark
Good CDM in terms of CER, but concerns about
FOOD SECURITY
Feedstock for Biodiesel
Improved Biomass Cookstove
Biogas Digestor
Biogas can Replace LPG
Biogas can Replace
NRB (Non Renewable Biomass)
Deforestation
Social Forestry
ORGANIC WASTE
Greenhouse Gas Reduction at
Landfills
Methane generated in landfills is considered to
come from anaerobic decomposition of organic
biomass
The collection and combustion of landfill gas
can be considered to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions by more than 95%
Example of GHG Reduction
with MSW
METHANE GASBad Odor &Green Housegas
VERMINS
Spreading
more than
40
Diseases
LEACHATE
Polluting Ground & Surface Water