January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
Digital Television Tuner Design
IEEE P802.22 Wireless RANs
Authors:
Name
Max
Muterspaugh
Date: 2005-1-18
Company
Address
Phone
email
TTE/Thomson
101 W. 103 rd St.
Indianapolis, IN
46290
317-587-3711
Max.muterspaugh@thoms
on.net
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>
Submission
Slide 1
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
Abstract
The design constraints and current state-of-the-art of
television tuner designs are discussed. This
presentation was originally given as a tutorial at the
1998 ICCE.
Submission
Slide 2
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
DIGITAL
TELEVISION
TUNER DESIGN
Submission
Slide 3
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
TOPICS
•
•
•
•
•
•
Phase Noise
Noise Figure vs. interference
VSB vs. QAM
Dual conversion
Grand Alliance test results
References
Submission
Slide 4
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
PHASE NOISE
•
•
•
No problem for NTSC
Critical for digital TV
Device, frequency, range and PLL design
Submission
Slide 5
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
OSCILLATOR PHASE NOISE
•
•
Flicker Corner Slope changes - 3 to -2
GAAS much higher than silicon
Submission
Slide 6
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
TUNER PHASE NOISE
Channel 2
LO = 101 MHz
Submission
Slide 7
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
TUNER PHASE NOISE
Channel 20
LO = 553 MHz
Submission
Slide 8
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
PHASE DETECTORS
• Phase/Frequency - logic gate circuit
– Noise from gate timing
– No correction for LO noise
– Reliable pull-in, NTSC “standard”
• GA discriminator
– LO2 for double conversion tuner
– Frequency and Phase Lock Loop - Ref. 1
• Fractional N
– Reduces reference feed-through
– More complex
– Dual Modulus prescaler
Submission
Slide 9
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
NOISE FIGURE
VS.
INTERFERENCE
Submission
Slide 10
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
TUNER BLOCK DIAGRAM
Input from
UHF Antenna
RF
Amp
Filter
Filter
470 - 803
MHz
Single
Double
Xtal
Ref.
Submission
Mixer
"IF" Amp
Filter
LO
PLL
IC
Slide 11
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
RF AMPLIFIER
Best noise figure peak gain and large signal capability do not occur at the same
operating conditions.
Submission
Slide 12
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
VARACTOR Q
Loss = 10 Log
[
1
(1 -
QL
Q0
)
2
]
QL = Loaded Q = BW/F0
Q0 = Unloaded Q of varactor + resonator
Submission
Slide 13
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
TYPICAL VARACTOR Rs =
0.5 at 8Pf
At 500 MHz, Q0 = 80
BW
Loss
30 MHz 2.0 dB
20 MHz 3.3 dB
15 MHz 4.7 dB
Submission
Selectivity
+44 MHz
9.4 dB
13.3
15.1
+22 MHz
4.7 dB
7.6
9.6
Slide 14
+88 MHz
14.7 dB
18.4
20.7
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
UHF DOUBLE-TUNE FILTER
Submission
Slide 15
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
UHF DOUBLE-TUNE FILTER
•
•
•
•
•
•
1 dB BW = 18 MHz
3 dB BW = 25.6 MHz
1/2 IF, + 22 MHz - 15 dB
LO Beat, + 44 MHz - 34 dB
Image, + 88 MHz - 63 dB
Loss = 6 dB
Submission
Slide 16
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
MIXER
•
•
•
•
•
Submission
Double-balanced Diode
+10 dBm LO Drive
- 10 dBm Signal input limit
7 dB Loss
IF Stage 3 dB NF
Slide 17
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
TUNER DESIGN
NF = 10 Log
F1 +
F2 - 1
A1
F1, F2 and A are power ratios
Submission
Stage1
Stage2
Noise
Figure=F1
Gain=A1
Noise
Figure=F2
Slide 18
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
ASSUME
RF gain =
RF NF
=
Filter Loss =
Mixer Loss=
10 dB
2 dB
2 dB per resonator
7 dB
RF: 4 dB NF (2.51), gain 8 dB (6.31)
Mix/IF: NF = 4 + 7 + 3 = 14 dB (25.1)
Sys. NF = 10 Log[2.51 + (25.1 - 1)/6.31)]
Tuner NF = 8 dB (+ 2 dB production tol.)
Adjacent channel overloads mixer at -14 dBm
Submission
Slide 19
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
SYSTEM NOISE FIGURE
Planning Factors for Computer Analysis
• Single receiver
• Outside antenna
• No VCR, amplifiers or splitters
Submission
Slide 20
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
RECEIVER PLANNING FACTORS
Antenna Impendance (ohms)
Bandwidth (MHz)
Thermal Noise (dBm)
Noise Figure (dB)
Frequency (MHz)
Line Loss (dB)
Antenna gain (dB)
Antenna F/B Ratio (dB)
Submission
Low
VHF
75.0
6.0
-106.2
10.0
69.0
1.0
4.0
10.0
Slide 21
High
VHF
75.0
6.0
-106.2
10.0
194.0
2.0
6.0
12.0
UHF
75.0
6.0
-106.2
10.0
615.0
4.0
10.0
14.0
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
MODERN FRINGE AREA HOME
To other receivers
Antenna
3 dB loss
Coax
Rotor
LNA
Splitter
VCR 3.5 dB loss
3.5 to 7 dB
loss
Receiver
Submission
Slide 22
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
Planning Factor Home
System noise figure = 4 dB + Receiver Noise figure
=4
+ 10
= 14 dB
Antenna
Coax
4 dB loss
Rotor
Submission
Receiver
Slide 23
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
RESULTS OF MAST MOUNTED
ANTENNA AMPLIFIERS
TEST
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
VHF
(average over
channels)
Gain (dB)
NF (dB)
X mod (dBm)
I mod (dBm)
17.8
3.9
-8.3
-13.0
16.8
3.6
-12.2
-7.0
26.5
4.1
-27.3
-33.5
22.0
5.2
-13.0
-17.0
16.4
3.9
-16.2
-20.5
17.0
3.9
-5.5
-10.5
12.5
3.9
-3.5
-7.0
UHF
(average over
channels)
Gain (dB)
NF (dB)
X mod (dBm)
I mod (dBm)
16.9
3.6
-17.8
-22.0
20.2
3.9
-20.1
-23.0
18.5
5.7
-15.6
-20.0
27.4
5.0
-13.1
-11.0
15.8
7.1
-19.3
-23.0
22.4
4.0
-15.1
-20.0
11.3
3.9
-3.0
-7.0
Submission
Slide 24
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
SYSTEM NOISE FIGURE
25
System NF
20
15
1 TV
TV & VCR
10
2 TV's & VCR's
5
0
0
Submission
2.5
5
7.5
10
12.5 15
LNA Gain, dB
17.5
Slide 25
20
22.5
25
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
CO-CHANNEL
vs.
ADJACENT CHANNEL
•
•
•
•
QAM better for adjacent channel
Interference removed after demod by LPF
Optional pilot tone centered on NTSC
Worse for co-channel into NTSC
Submission
Slide 26
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
Adjacent Channel Interference
QAM
Lower
adjacent
Carrier
Upper
adjacent
0
3
VSB
Lower
Adjacent
Upper
Adjacent
0
6
Pilot
Carrier
Radio Frequency
Submission
Demodulated Baseband
Slide 27
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
Co-channel Interference
Pilot (if used)
Pilot
QAM
Submission
VSB
Slide 28
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
IF SAW Filter
8 VSB similar to NTSC
Lower adjacent demod into desired
Need ~ 60 dB lower adjacent rejection
Pilot falls on edge of NTSC SAW for
better co-channel
Submission
Slide 29
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
TYPICAL NTSC SAW FILTER
Submission
Slide 30
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
DTV SAW
Submission
Slide 31
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
BETTER DTV SAW
Submission
Slide 32
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
GRAND ALLIANCE
DOUBLE CONVERSION TUNER
Submission
Slide 33
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
CHOICE OF
1ST IF FREQUENCY
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cellular Phones
Cable TV assigns channels to 1 GHz
Ref. EIA 542 “Recommended Cable
Television Identification Plan”
Footnotes: for 611, 919, and 955 to 967 MHz
are potential problems for dual conversion
Submission
Slide 34
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
SELF GENERATED INTERFERENCE
•
•
•
•
•
•
L01 / L02 harmonics produce beats
Shielding and isolation needed
Example: GA Tuner on HRC cable ch. 56
2 x 1335.75 (L01) = 2671.50 MHz
3 x 876
(L02) = 2828.00
43.50 MHz
Submission
Slide 35
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
DIELECTRIC FILTER
PARASITIC RESONANCE
Submission
Slide 36
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
FILTERS
•
•
•
RF selectivity to reduce overload
Image of 2nd conversion same as SCT
First IF selectivity
–
–
–
–
•
Low frequency side
Half IF - 22 MHz
LO Beat - 44 MHz
Image - 88 MHz
Bandwidth, Loss, group delay, # of sections
Submission
Slide 37
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
3 SECTION
DIELECTRIC FILTER
•
•
•
•
•
•
BW @ -1dB = 31.2 MHz
BW @ -3dB = 41.2 MHz
Half IF Rejection @ -22 MHz = 3.8 dB
LO Beat Rejection @ -44 MHz = 19 dB
Image Rejection @ -88 MHz = 36 dB
Insertion Loss = 2.0 dB
Submission
Slide 38
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
3 SECTION
DIELECTRIC FILTER
Submission
Slide 39
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
3 SECTION
DIELECTRIC FILTER
•
•
•
•
•
•
BW @ -1dB = 12.4 MHz
BW @ -3dB = 16.4 MHz
LO Beat Rejection @ -44 MHz = 43 dB
Image Rejection @ -88 MHz = 55 dB
Half IF Rejection @ -22 MHz = 26 dB
Insertion Loss = 4.0 dB
Submission
Slide 40
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
3 SECTION
DIELECTRIC FILTER
Submission
Slide 41
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
GA SYSTEM TEST RESULTS
Ref. 6
• ATV Receiver S/N
15 dB
• Co-channel NTSC
1.8 dB
• Co-channel ATV
15.3 dB
• Lower Adj. channel NTSC
- 48 dB
• Lower Adj. channel ATV
- 42 dB
• Upper Adj. channel NTSC
- 49 dB
• Upper Adj. channel ATV
- 43 dB
• Taboo channels - exceeded test range - 15 dBm
• Phase Noise - 78dBc/Hz @ 20kHz
•
Submission
Slide 42
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson
January, 2005
doc.: IEEE 802.22-05-0006-00-0000
REFERENCES
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1. Citta, Richard “Frequency and Phase Lock Loop”, IEEE Transactions
on Consumer Electronics, Vol. CE-23, August 1977
2. Rhea, Randall W. Oscillator Design and Computer Simulation 1995
Noble Publishing, Atlanta
3. Gardiner, F. M. Phaselock Techniques 1979 John Wiley & Sons
4. S. Perlow “Noise Performance Factors in Television Tuners” RCA
Review vol. 37, March 1976, pp 119-135
5. Zenith Electronics Corporation “VSB Transmission System, Technical
Details” Dec. 17, 1993
6. Final Technical Report, FCC Advisory committee on Advanced
Television Service, Oct. 31, 1995
http://www.atsc.org/acats.html
7. FCC web site on digital television: http://www.fcc.gov/dtv
8. EIA/CEMA web site: http://www.cemacity.org/works/pubs
Submission
Slide 43
Max Muterspaugh, TTE/Thomson