Chapter 4- Audit of the Sales and Collection Cycle: ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 14 - 1 Learning Objective 1 • Identify the accounts and the • classes of transactions in the • sales and collection cycle. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 14 - 2 Accounts in the Sales and Collection Cycle Sales Cash sales Sales on account Cash in Bank Accounts Receivable Beginning Cash receipts balance Cash Discounts Taken Sales on account Sales returns and allowances Sales Returns and Allowances Ending balance Write-off of uncollectible accounts ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder Bad Debt Expense 14 - 3 Accounts in the Sales and Collection Cycle Accounts Receivable Beginning Cash receipts balance Sales on account Sales returns and allowances Ending balance Write-off of uncollectible accounts Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts Write-off of Beginning uncollectible balance accounts Estimate of bad debt expense Ending balance Bad Debt Expense ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 14 - 4 Learning Objective 2 • • • • Describe the business functions and the related documents and records in the sales and collection cycle. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 14 - 5 Sales Transaction Accounts Business Functions Documents and Records Sales Accounts receivable Processing customer orders Granting credit Shipping goods Billing customers and recording sales ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder Customer order Sales order Customer order or sales order Shipping document Sales invoice Sales transaction file Sales journal or listing Accounts receivable master file Accounts receivable trial balance Monthly statements 14 - 6 Cash Receipts Transaction Accounts Business Functions Documents and Records Cash in bank Processing and (debits from recording cash cash receipts) receipts Accounts receivable ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder Remittance advice Prelisting of cash receipts Cash receipts transaction file Cash receipts journal or listing 14 - 7 Sales Returns and Allowances Transaction Accounts Business Functions Documents and Records Sales returns and allowances Accounts receivable Processing and recording sales returns and allowances ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder Credit memo Sales and returns and allowances journal 14 - 8 Write-off of Uncollectible Accounts Transaction Accounts Business Functions Documents and Records Accounts Writing off receivable uncollectible Allowance for accounts uncollectible receivable accounts ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder Uncollectible account authorization from general journal 14 - 9 Bad Debt Expense Transaction Accounts Business Functions Documents and Records Bad debt Providing for bad expense debts Allowance for uncollectible accounts ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder General journal 14 - 10 Processing Customer Orders Customer Order: A request for merchandise by a customer Sales Order: A document describing the goods ordered by a customer ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 14 - 11 Granting Credit Before goods are shipped, a properly authorized person must approve credit to the customer for sales on account ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 14 - 12 Shipping Goods This is the first point in the cycle where company assets are given up ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 14 - 13 Billing Customers and Recording Sales Sales invoice Sales transaction file Sales journal or listing Accounts receivable master file Accounts receivable trial balance Monthly statement ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 14 - 14 Processing and Recording Cash Receipts Remittance advice Prelisting of cash receipts Cash receipts transaction file Cash receipts journal or listing ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 14 - 15 Processing and Recording Sales Returns and Allowances Credit memo Sales returns and allowances journal ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 14 - 16 Writing Off Uncollectible Accounts Receivable Uncollectible account authorization form This is a document used internally to indicate authority to write an account receivable off as uncollectible ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 14 - 17 Providing for Bad Debts This provision represents a residual, resulting from management’s end-of-period adjustment of the allowance for uncollectible accounts ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 14 - 18 Learning Objective 3 • • • • Understand internal control, and design and perform tests of controls and substantive tests of transactions for sales. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 14 - 19 Methodology for Designing Controls and Substantive Tests Understand internal control – sales Assess planned control risk – sales Determine extent of testing controls Audit procedures Design tests of controls and Sample size substantive tests of transactions for sales to meet transactionItems to select related audit objectives Timing ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 14 - 20 Understand Internal Control – Sales Study the client’s flowcharts, prepare an internal control questionnaire, and perform walk-through tests of sales. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 14 - 21 Assess Planned Control Risk – Sales 1. Framework for assessing control risk 2. Identify key internal controls and deficiencies 3. Associate controls and deficiencies with the objectives 4. Assess control risk for each objective ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 14 - 22 Assess Planned Control Risk – Sales Adequate separation of duties Proper authorization Adequate documents and records Prenumbered documents Monthly statements Internal verification procedures ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 14 - 23 Determine Extent of Testing Controls Audits of public companies Audits of nonpublic companies ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 14 - 24 Transaction-related Audit Objectives for Sales Occurrence: Recorded sales are for shipments actually made. Completeness: Existing sales transactions are recorded. Accuracy: Recorded sales are for the amount shipped. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 14 - 25 Transaction-related Audit Objectives for Sales Posting and summarization: Sales transactions are correctly included in the accounts receivable master file. Classification: Sales transactions are correctly classified. Timing: Sales are recorded on the correct dates. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 14 - 26 Direction of Tests for Sales Customer order Sales journal Shipping document Duplicate sales invoice General journal Accounts receivable master file Completeness start ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder = Existence start 14 - 27 Learning Objective 4 • Apply the methodology for controls • over sales transactions to controls • over sales returns and allowances. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 14 - 28 Sales Returns and Allowances The transaction-related audit objectives and client’s methods of controlling misstatements are essentially the same for processing credit memos as those described for sales. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 14 - 29 Sales Returns and Allowances There are, however, two important differences. Materiality Emphasis on objectives ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 14 - 30 Learning Objective 5 • • • • Understand internal control, and design and perform tests of controls and substantive tests of transactions for cash receipts. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 14 - 31 Tests of Controls and Substantive Tests of Transactions for Cash Receipts Determine whether cash received was recorded Prepare proof of cash receipts Test to discover lapping of accounts receivable ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 14 - 32 Learning Objective 6 • • • • • Apply the methodology for controls over the sales and collection cycle to write-offs of uncollectible accounts receivable. ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 14 - 33 Audit Tests for the Write-Off of Uncollectible Accounts Occurrence transaction-related audit objective Proper authorization of the write-off of uncollectible accounts Verification of accounts written off ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 14 - 34 Additional Internal Controls Over Account Balances Realizable value Credit approval Aged accounts receivable trial balance Writing off uncollectibles Rights and obligations Presentation and disclosure ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 14 - 35 Effect of Results of Controls and Substantive Tests of Transactions The parts of the audit most affected by the tests for the sales and collection cycle are: Accounts receivable Cash Bad debt expense Allowance for doubtful accounts ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 14 - 36 Types of Audit Tests for the Sales and Collection Cycle Sales Accounts Cash in Receivable Bank Sales Cash receipts transactions transactions Audited by TOC, STOT, and AP Ending balance Audited by TOC, STOT, and AP Ending balance Audited by AP and TDB TOC + STOT + AP + TDB = Sufficient appropriate evidence ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 14 - 37 End of Chapter-4 ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 14 - 38