The Waves and Coupling Theme:
Scientific Overview
William Ward (wward@unb.ca), Alan Manson, Tatyana Chshyolkova, Young-Min Cho,
Dragan Veselinovic, Ding Yi Wang, Tom Duck, Gordon Shepherd, Marianna Shepherd,
Robert Sica, Kimberly Strong, Jim Whiteway
(University of New Brunswick, University of Saskatchewan, York University, University of Toronto)
Science Mtg, Oct 24, 2007
Waves and Coupling Theme of the
PEARL
Picture coutesy of P. Fogal
Summary
•
•
•
•
•
Observatory and theme description
Scientific context
Instruments and participants
Preliminary Results
Scientific studies
Science Mtg, Oct 24, 2007
Waves and Coupling Theme of the
PEARL
Waves and Coupling Processes Theme
• Investigates the wave signatures and coupling between heights and
regions from a polar perspective.
• The instrumentation provides observations from the ground to the
mesopause (100 km).
• Wave investigations include gravity waves, tides and planetary
waves and their relationship to large scale conditions.
• Phenomena of interest are those which occur as a result of this
coupling and the waves themselves (sudden stratospheric warmings,
constituent, wind and temperature variability, airglow signatures,
noctilucent clouds, etc.).
• With observations from other sites, assimilation and model output,
and satellite observations these observations can be placed in global
context and their broader relevance determined.
Science Mtg, Oct 24, 2007
Waves and Coupling Theme of the
PEARL
Scientific Context
Science Mtg, Oct 24, 2007
Waves and Coupling Theme of the
PEARL
Circulation Schematic
THERMOSPHERE
THERMOSPHERIC
TIDES & DYNAMICS
Summer
Winter
MESOSPHERE
MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE
GRAVITY WAVES
STRATOSPHERE
WAVE-DRIVEN
CIRCULATION
JET INSTABILITY
TOPOGRAPHY
TROPOSPHERE
CONVECTION
Large-scale circulation: tropical and mesopause
Wave sources: Convection, topography, jet instability
Science
Mtg, Oct 24, 2007
Thermospheeic
tides
Gravity waves and wave-driven circulation
Waves and Coupling Theme of the particle precipitation
and dynamics
PEARL
T Annual Cycle (40, 60, 80, 100 km, CMAM)
The Arctic summer mesopause at ~88 km is the coldest-known place (~130 K) in the terrestrial
Science
Mtg,
24,K
2007
Waves andthan
Coupling
Theme
of the evidence has suggested that the
atmosphere
and
isOct
~60
colder in summer
winter.
Indirect
PEARL
summer mesopause temperatures in the Antarctic
are a few Kelvin warmer than in the Arctic.
Coupling Processes
Thermal wind
balance
Thermal
Zonal Wind
Structure
Radiative
Heating and
Cooling
Structure
Mixing/Induced
Circulation
Constituent
Distributions
Wave filtering
Transport and Mixing
Dissipation,
turbulence and
meridional forcing
Wave induced
stress
Wave Activity
(Tropospheric
Sources
dominate)
Waves-Wind-Thermal-Constituent Structures are coupled
The coupling between heights and regions from a polar perspective.
Science Mtg, Oct 24, 2007
Waves and Coupling Theme of the
PEARL
Mesosphere/Lower Thermosphere
130
Dissociation: CO , O
2
O +h nO+O
120
2
Thermosphere
Molecular Diffusion
110
Height (km)
2
CO NLTE Processes
2
Large Amplitude Wave Motion
100
Tidal /Gravity Wave Breakdown
Airglow: O( 1S), OH, O
2
90
Recombination: CO, O
O+O+M  O +M
2
70
150
Mesosphere
Chemical Heating
80
200
250
300
350
400
Temperature (K)
Science Mtg, Oct 24, 2007
Waves and Coupling Theme of the
PEARL
450
500
550
Proposed Winter Polar Dynamical Structure
Redder (bluer) colors depict
warmer (cooler) temperatures.
The positive columnar region of PV
is at the center of the vortex.
The strong jet surrounding the
region of PV weakens as one goes
into the quasi-stationary core or
outside of the vortex altogether.
Darker contours indicate stronger
westerly. Transparent, upward
arrows
conceptualize
relative
gravity wave activity.
Science Mtg, Oct 24, 2007
Schematic of the overall configuration of the
Arctic polar vortex as diagnosed from a
hypothetical positive region of potential vorticity
(i.e., Theme
a high
potential vorticity anomaly). From
Waves and Coupling
of the
Gerrard et al., 2002.
PEARL
WCPT Areas of Investigation
• Although the general ideas on the circulation, transport
and dynamics have been formulated and are generally
accepted, experimental verification is still required
(especially the forcing mechanisms and transport).
• Mean conditions (wind and temperature), waves of
various scales, and constituents will be determined using
the PEARL instrumentation.
• We will use the natural variability of conditions over
Eureka (i.e. vortex position, tropospheric conditions, …)
to allow different atmospheric conditions to be examined.
• Satellite observations, assimilated fields and models will
provide contextual information.
Science Mtg, Oct 24, 2007
Waves and Coupling Theme of the
PEARL
Instrumentation and People
Science Mtg, Oct 24, 2007
Waves and Coupling Theme of the
PEARL
Instrumentation: Waves and Coupling Theme
* indicates instrument installation not complete
• *Rayleigh/Mie/Raman Lidar (RMR) (Mentor: T. Duck) will measure
profiles of tropospheric aerosols, clouds, diamond dust,
temperatures, and water vapour.
• Ozone Lidars (Mentor: R. Sica, J. Whiteway) Two ozone lidars will
provide measurements of the ozone distribution with height (ozone
profile) from ground level up to the lower stratosphere (height of 20
km), and from the lower stratosphere to 80 km.
• Very High Frequency Radar (VHF Radar/Meteor Radar) (Mentors:
A. Manson, S. Argall, Chris Meek). This provides measurements of
the horizontal and vertical components of winds in the range 0.5-16
km altitude. In meteor-detection mode horizontal winds (80-100km)
are available, effectively continuously in time, with data resolution of
3 km and 1 hour.
• Spectral Airglow Temperature Imager (SATI) (Mentor: M.
Shepherd) is a two-channel, Fabry-Perot interferometer. It monitors
the dynamics and temperature in the upper mesosphere by alternate
observations of the O2 atmospheric (0-1) nightglow emission layer at
94 km
layerTheme
at 87
km.
Science
Mtg, and
Oct 24,the
2007OH Meinel
Waves(6-2)
and Coupling
of the
PEARL
Instrumentation: Waves and Coupling Theme
* indicates instrument installation not complete
•
All-Sky Imager (Mentor: W. Ward) The all-sky imager is designed to image
airglow emissions within 10 degrees of the horizon at a spatial resolution of
1 km (elevation angle of 60 degrees). It will aid in the interpretation of the
other optical instruments and determine gravity wave parameters from the
fine scale structure in the airglow emissions.
•
*Michelson Wind Interferometer (E-region wind interferometer - ERWIN)
(Mentor: W. Ward) is an interferometer for measuring mesospheric winds
through a measurement of airglow emission, specifically OH, O2 and OI.
This combination yields wind speed and radial direction for 3 altitudes
between 87-97 km.
•
Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) (Mentor: K. Strong) Using the Sun
or Moon as a source, the FTS scans result in absorption spectra that will
yield the amount of an atmospheric constituent (column amount) and some
information about its distribution (profile information).
•
UV-Visible Grating Spectrometer (UV-VIS) (Mentor: K. Strong) will be
used to record UV-visible absorption spectra of the light scattered from the
zenith sky to retrieve vertical columns of O3, NO2, NO3, BrO, and OClO.
Science Mtg, Oct 24, 2007
Waves and Coupling Theme of the
PEARL
Data Analysis and Interpretation
• Ding Yi Wang: Research Associate (UNB), working on analysis of
data, coordinating the results from various instruments, providing
satellite (MIPAS, MLS, TIMED) and model results relevant to
PEARL.
• Tatyana Chshyolkova: PDF (USask), Contextual information on the
state of the middle atmosphere and the analysis of wave data.
• Young-Min Cho: PDF (York), working on the analysis of the SATI
instrument.
• Dragan Veselinovic: Master’s Student (UNB), development of the
All Sky Imager and analysis of the data.
• Collaborators: T. Shepherd (University of Toronto), J. McConnell
(York University), S. Argall (University of Western Ontario)
Science Mtg, Oct 24, 2007
Waves and Coupling Theme of the
PEARL
Viewing Location in Sky
Spatial
arrangement of
Mesospheric
Instruments
N
E
All sky camera [ I ]
Radar [u, Turbulence]
Erwin
E
E
[u, I]
Lidar
[T]
Science Mtg, Oct 24, 2007
SATI [ T, I]
E
X
E
Horizon
E
Waves and Coupling Theme of the
PEARL
Spectral Airglow Temperature Imager
1) SATI Configuration
- Projection onto sky
Conical mirror
- Spatial spectral scanning
Interference filter
- Imager
CCD camera
2) Measurements
- O2 (0-1) atmospheric band
- OH (6-2) Meinel band
Young-Min Cho
Science Mtg, Oct 24, 2007
Waves and Coupling Theme of the
PEARL
All-Sky Imager
M.J. Taylor
D. Veselinovic
KEO
Scientific
Science Mtg, Oct 24, 2007
Waves and Coupling Theme of the
PEARL
ERWIN II
Science Mtg, Oct 24, 2007
Waves and Coupling Theme of the
PEARL
Radar Winds – January 2007
C. Meek
Science Mtg, Oct 24, 2007
Waves and Coupling Theme of the
PEARL
Preliminary Results
Science Mtg, Oct 24, 2007
Waves and Coupling Theme of the
PEARL
SKIYMET MWR at Eureka and MFR at Saskatoon
(Manson & Meek)
Diurnal
SemeDiurnal
Science Mtg, Oct 24, 2007
Waves and Coupling Theme of the
PEARL
From Manson & Meek
Diurnal Tidal Signatures in CMAM
Latitude and zonal wave number cross section at 95 km
zonal wave number
Negative: eastward
positive: westward
J. Du
Science Mtg, Oct 24, 2007
Waves and Coupling Theme of the
PEARL
CMAM Annual Cycle of Diurnal Tidal Amplitude
Science Mtg, Oct 24, 2007
Waves and Coupling Theme of the
PEARL
Vortex Structure
• Representation of the polar
vortex (blue) and anticyclones
(orange) from θ=500 to 2000 K
(~20-50 km) isentropic surface
on December 25th, 2004;
January 1st, February 1st, and
February 25th, 2005.
(T. Chshyolkova)
Science Mtg, Oct 24, 2007
Waves and Coupling Theme of the
PEARL
Eureka Monthly Mean U and T
CMAM Zonal Wind
MIPAS 2002 T
Science Mtg, Oct 24, 2007
CMAM T
AURA MLS 2006 T
Waves and Coupling Theme of the
PEARL
D. Wang
Scientific Studies
Science Mtg, Oct 24, 2007
Waves and Coupling Theme of the
PEARL
Transport
• Airglow signatures (SATI,
Imager,
Erwin) are related to
.
atomic oxygen.
• Possible correlations with
downward transport of NOx,
NOy (NO, NO2, HNO3).
Randall et al., 2006
Science Mtg, Oct 24, 2007
Waves and Coupling Theme of the
PEARL
NOx and NOy in atmospheric chemistry
The three principal reactions producing thermal NOx (Extended
Zeldovich Mechanism):
.
N2 + O  NO + N
N + O2 NO + O
N + OH  NO + H
Nitrogen dioxide reacts with water:
2NO2 + H2O  HNO2 + HNO3
3HNO2  HNO3 + 2NO + H2O
4NO + 3O2 + 2H2O  4HNO3
Science Mtg, Oct 24, 2007
Waves and Coupling Theme of the
PEARL
Gravity Waves
• Short term variations in temperature and wind are often related to
gravity waves (meteor radar, SATI, ERWIN, lidar, imager).
• The imager provides information on the propagation direction and
wave characteristics.
• It also provides information for the other instruments.
• Winds from the meteor radar and ERWIN provide background wind
needed to interpret the gravity waves.
• Together this instrumentation provides multiple perspectives on gravity
waves (various heights, different observables, various wave
parameters).
• The wave amplitudes will be correlated with conditions in the
troposphere and stratosphere, and other large scale waves.
Science Mtg, Oct 24, 2007
Waves and Coupling Theme of the
PEARL
Tides and Planetary Waves
• Longer term variability in observables provides
information on large scale waves (wind, temperature,
and airglow variations – imager, SATI, ERWIN,
meteor radar, lidar).
• These variations will be interpreted along with
satellite observations and observations from other
stations which can provide spatial information and
help identify the waves.
• Correlations between tidal and planetary wave
amplitudes and amplitudes in the stratosphere and
mesosphere will be examined.
Science Mtg, Oct 24, 2007
Waves and Coupling Theme of the
PEARL
Sudden Stratospheric Warmings
Sudden stratospheric warming
(Day 30, Arctic, 40 km, T increased, U reversed)
produce signatures throughout the atmosphere
• These figures are from the extended
CMAM and indicate how
signatures vary with height.
these
• We will look for correlations between
the various observation types
Science Mtg, Oct 24, 2007
Waves and Coupling Theme of the
PEARL
Consistent Wind, Temperature and Constituents
• The temperature, wind and airglow measurements with SATI,
ERWIN and the Imager are integrated quantities.
• The meteor radar provides wind profiles and the lidar
temperature profiles.
• We will investigate the possibility of developing a self-consistent
vertical picture of wind, temperature, and atomic oxygen using
the information from all the instruments.
• Wind and temperature information has been used in the past to
validate radar temperature measurements (Hocking, 2007)
There is a radar capability which is being developed for temperature measurements
using diffusion time for the echos. However it requires the temperature gradient to
work. The earlier work used the lidar to provide the temperature measurements and
a model for the radar temperatures. We hope to use the lidar to provide a
Science Mtg, profile.
Oct 24, 2007
Waves might
and Coupling
Theme of
temperature
This however
not work
if the
the lidar doesn't go high enough.
PEARL
In that case we will use SATI temperatures.
Plans for 2007/2008
• Implementation of the full instrument complement relevant
to this theme at Eureka and analysis of the data.
• Development of contextual information
assimilation, satellite observations).
(models,
• Analysis of wave signatures from the tropopause up in
wind, temperature and constituents (ozone, oxygen).
• Establish collaborations with other Arctic stations.
• Special events (warmings, particle precipitation)
Science Mtg, Oct 24, 2007
Waves and Coupling Theme of the
PEARL