“Suspicious increases in Reserves”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_reserves
Some of these sudden increases may be tied to OPEC decision to tie production
Quotas to reserves.
Value Proposition for Coal Transformation
Biomass Energy
http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html
As of 2007, Biomass made up 53% of the US renewable energy budget, or
a little less than 4% of the total US energy budget.
Biomass Energy
Heat and/or
electricity
H&K 17.1
2004 Ethanol
Production Facilities
In Aug. 2006 there were 101 plants producing 4.9Billion
gallons: www.ksgrains.com/ethanol/useth.html
Sites for Ethanol Energy budget
•
•
•
•
http://www.futurepundit.com/archives/002722.html
http://www.ethanol.org/documents/NetEnergyBalanceissuebrief_000.pdf
http://petroleum.berkeley.edu/papers/patzek/CRPS416-Patzek-Web.pdf
http://petroleum.berkeley.edu/papers/patzek/CRPS-BiomassPaper.pdf
•
http://www.hubbertpeak.com/pimentel/bioscience/conservation/conservation.pdf
•
http://hubbert.mines.edu/news/Pimentel_98-2.pdf
Bio-Diesel Websites
•
•
•
http://www.biodiesel.org/
http://www.biodiesel.com/
http://www.dancingrabbit.org/biodiesel/
Energetics
Corn yield
Nitrogen
fertilizer
application rate
Inputs for
nitrogen
fertilizer
Corn ethanol
conversion
rate
Ethanol
conversion
process
Total1
energy
use
Coproducts1
energy
credits
Net1
energy
value
bu/acre
lb/acre
Btu/lb
gal/bu
Btu/gal
Btu/gal
Btu/gal
Btu/gal
Pimentel
(1991)
110
136.0
37,551
2.50
73,687
(LHV)
131,01
7
21,500
-33,517
Keeney and
DeLuca
(1992)
119
135.0
37,958
2.56
48,434
(LHV)
91,127
8,072
-8,431
Marland and
Turhollow
(1991)
119
127.0
31,135
2.50
40,105
(HHV)
73,934
8,127
18,324
Morris and
Ahmed
(1992)
120
127.0
31,000
2.55
46,297
(LHV)
75,297
24,950
25,653
Ho (1989)
90
NR
NR
NR
57,000
(LHV)
90,000
10,000
-4,000
This study
(1995)
122
124.5
22,159
2.53
53,277
(HHV)
82,824
15,056
16,193
Average
113
129.9
31,961
NA
NA
NA
NA
2,373
Study/year
Notes:
http://www.ethanol-gec.org/corn_eth.htm
Ethanol Energetics
Is there a net energy gain?
35% if ethanol produced from grain
50-60% if ethanol produced from
grain and cellulosic biomass
Compare this to sugar cane where the
gain is on the order of 700% (or
petroleum where it is even bigger).
http://www.mda.state.mn.us/renewable/renewablefuels/balance.htm
(an amusing sidebar on the dangers of believing everything you read
on the internet; what this article says about gasoline cannot be true).
The US petroleum industry states that refining consumes about 3Quads/yr
(http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/petroleum_refining/pdfs/bandwidth.pdf)
Excerpts from Talk by Rob Swain
at IIN alternative E conf.
28 Sept. 2005
http://www.indianainnovation.com/events/2005/energy.asp
Key Conclusions…
State of Indiana Agriculture
– Indiana must quickly enter the biofuels game
given its explosion and our natural advantages.
US Ethanol Plants
US Biodiesel Plants
Challenges
Utilize biomass materials from a wide range of
sources:
Cellulose
Fiber
Corn
Apply biotechnology and nanotechnology to
develop bio-catalytic conversion routes
Yeasts
Fixed bed catalysts
Enzymes
Bioenergy – Goals (Indiana)
• Total Ethanol Production 200 million
gallons by 2007 (<10% of national cap.)
• Total BioDiesel Production of 40 million
gallons by 2007
• 10% biofuels usage by 2010 and 20% by
2025
– 40 E-85 pumps by 1/2007
• Secure Federal Funding for Advanced Bio
Energy Research (Discovery Park –
Energy)
Next Steps - Cont’d
• Create a showcase, pilot community that
runs from biorenewable resources to
demonstrate the broader benefits of these
fuels beyond agriculture.
BIO-TOWN
USA
• Ensure that alternative energies can be
sold competitively for use throughout the
State’s existing power grid.
BIO-TOWN USA
• Reynolds IN
– Opportunities:
• Energy Production locally &
homegrown
• Cleaner Environment
• Solution to waste management
• Potential to grow Indiana Agriculture
• Economic development locally and
statewide
BIOTOWN, USA
• Short Term Goals:
– Install E85 ethanol pumps locally
– Provide opportunity for local residents to
convert vehicles to flex fuel vehicles.
General Motors is providing support to
this.
– B-20 biodiesel to be made available
locally
BIOTOWN, USA
• Long Term Expectations:
– To completely meet all the energy needs of
Reynolds via bio-renewable resources
including:
• Electric
• Natural Gas Replacement
• Vehicle fuels
– Using environmentally friendly technologies to
convert animal and human waste into biogas
i.e. ENERGY!
Alternative Fuels
E-n fuel economy
E10AK denatured
With iso-pentane &
Bio-diesel
http://www.ethanol.org/documents/ACEFuelEconomyStudy.pdf
Ethanol vs. MTBE
http://www.seco.cpa.state.tx.us/re_ethanol_mtbe.htm
Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether was originally introduced to replace tetra-ethyl Pb
as an “octane booster” (anti-knock agent).
Alternative Fuels
http://www.statcan.ca/english/research/21-021-MIE/2004001/tables/appx1.htm
Average live
weight1
Lbs
Calves, under 1 year
Daily manure
production
lbs/day
Annual manure
production
lbs/year
kg/year
450
26.1
9,530
4,320
1,000
58.0
21,170
9,600
Beef replacement heifers
950
55.1
20,110
9,120
Dairy replacement
heifers
950
81.7
29,820
13,530
Slaughter and feeder
heifers
900
52.2
19,050
8,640
Beef cows
1,400
81.2
29,640
13,440
Dairy cows2,3
1,350
137.1
50,040
22,700
Bulls, 1 year and over
1,600
92.8
33,870
15,360
Steers, 1 year and over
Notes:
1. Average live weight of animals over this stage of their production cycle.
2. Lactating and dry cows are assumed to have different manure production coefficients. At any
given time, 17.5% of cows are assumed to be dry.
3. Data in this row of the table also based on a second source of data: see Midwest Plan Service
Publication, no. MWPS-18 "Manure Characteristics," 2000 as quoted on the Michigan State
University Extension website.
Source: American Society of Agricultural Engineers, ASAE D384. 1 FEB03.
E.G. Skeptical about: Biogas
Digesting tanks at Microgy , Inc.'s biogas plant
process manure from about 10,000 cows into
methane and compost. Output: 109scf of CH4/yr
Credit: Microgy, Inc., Texas. (105 scf /yr.cow)
•This is what the article says, it sounds high to me!
•Article claims that the plant can be profitable
at $4/kscf for methane, and that they make
roughly $5M/yr with today’s price of $5-7/kscf.
•Plant uses 8 digesters, each with a capacity of
916,000 gallons.
http://www.eere.energy.gov/state_energy_program/project_brief_detail.cfm/pb_id=1160
•Biogas is typically a mix of CH4 and CO2, the precise ratio depends on
the input feedstock, the process used, and purification steps taken at the end.
•Raw biogas from simple anaerobic digesters working with cow manure is
roughly 60% CH4 and 40%CO2.
•The book suggests that a pound of manure produces roughly 1scf of biogas
•It also suggest one cow can produce 6.2x106 Btu/yr (50 gal. gasoline equiv.)
which is about 6200 scf of NG or 12400 scf of biogas/year. (1/10th of the above)
Frontline episode on Climate
Change
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/heat
Flex fuel vehicles
•Last time we talked about E10, E20, E85 etc. The website below lists
the flex fuel vehicles that are available today. Clearly this is not the
whole fleet, but it is interesting that the list tends to be dominated by
trucks and SUV’s!
•A call to Curry Buick yesterday indicated that there is no price premium
for a flex-fuel option; it is just a matter of specifying it, and selecting a
model for which it is available.
http://www.e85fuel.com/e85101/FFVlist2007.pdf (for 2007)
http://www.e85fuel.com/e85101/flexfuelvehicles.php (for 2008)
Energy from Garbage
Energy from Garbage
Energy from land fills
Fire places/Wood Stoves