Research
Writing
Focus for Today:
• Authoritative Sources
• Primary vs. Secondary
Authoritative Sources
• WHAT IS AUTHORITY?
• EXAMPLE:
– Which would be a more authoritative
source regarding the topic of foreign
country’s economic policies?
– (A) Someone who visited the country on vacation
– (B) Government Economist
How to determine an
authoritative source?
• Ask yourself the following questions:
1. Is the author an expert on the subject?
•
Consider the author’s credentials. Does the author
have experience studying and writing about your
topic?
2. What is the level and style of writing?
•
LOOK FOR SCHOLARY MATERIAL! Scholarly
writing intended for academic audiences have
more authority than popular writing intended for
entertainment.
3. Are the author’s points well supported?
•
An author should support his or her major points
with evidence such as facts, statistics, quotations,
and relevant examples.
Primary Sources
• Sources that are original and inform
you directly, not through another
person’s explanation or interpretation.
• Examples of Primary Sources:
– Diaries, Journals, Letters
– Interviews
– Surveys, Questionnaires
– Observation, Participation in an event
Secondary Sources
• Third-person accounts found in
research done by other people
• Represent filtered information that
may contain biases or
misunderstandings.
• Examples of Secondary Sources:
– Television, Radio, Internet, Books,
Magazines
Which is Which?
• Reading the journal of a mountain climber
– PRIMARY SOURCE
• Exploring a website about a mountain climber
– SECONDARY SOURCE
• Reading a magazine article about mountain climbing
– SECONDARY SOURCE
• Listening to a presentation by a mountain climber
– PRIMARY SOURCE
• Interviewing a mountain climber
– PRIMARY SOURCE
MLA 7th Edition Formatting and Style Guide
Purdue OWL Staff
Brought to you in cooperation with the Purdue Online Writing Lab
Your Instructor Knows
Best
# 1 Rule for any formatting style:
Always
Follow your instructor’s
guidelines
Format: General
Guidelines
An MLA Style Paper should:
• Be typed on white 8.5“ x 11“ paper
• Double-space everything
• Use 12 pt. Times New Roman (or similar) font
• Leave only one space after punctuation
• Set all margins to 1 inch on all sides
• Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch
Format: General
Guidelines (cont.)
An MLA Style Paper should:
• Have a header with page numbers located in the
upper right-hand corner
• Use italics for titles
• Place endnotes on a separate page before the
Works Cited page
Formatting the 1st Page
The first page of an MLA Style paper will:
• Have no title page
• Double space everything
• List your name, your instructor's name, the course, and date in
the upper left-hand corner
• Center the paper title (use standard caps but no underlining,
italics, quote marks, or bold typeface)
• Create a header in the upper right corner at half inch from the top
and one inch from the right of the page (list your last name and
page number here)
Sample 1st Page
Formatting Section
Headings
Section Headings are generally optional:
• Headings in an essay should usually be numbered
• Headings should be consistent in grammar and
formatting but, otherwise, are up to you
OR
Sample Section
Headings
Numbered (all flush left with no
underlining, bold, or italics):
Example:
Unnumbered (by level):
1. Soil Conservation
Level 1: bold, flush left
1.1 Erosion
Level 2: italics, flush left
Example:
1.2 Terracing
Level 3: centered, bold
2. Water Conservation
Level 4: centered, italics
3. Energy Conservation
Level 5: underlined, flush left
In-Text Citations: the
Basics
Within the text MLA uses parenthetical citations:
•
The format of parenthetical citations depends on
the medium (e.g. Print, Web, DVD, etc.)
•
Parenthetical citations also depend on the source’s
entry in the Works Cited page
•
The signal word in the text is the first thing in
the corresponding Works Cited entry
Author-Page Style
In-text Example:
Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a
“spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (263).
Romantic poetry is characterized by the “spontaneous
overflow of powerful feelings” (Wordsworth 263).
Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the
creative process (263).
Corresponding Works Cited Entry:
Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. London: Oxford UP, 1967. Print.
Print Source with
Author
For the following Print Source
Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life,
Literature, and Method. Berkeley: U of California P, 1966. Print.
If the essay provides a signal word or phrase—usually the
author’s last name—the citation does not need to also
include that information.
Example:
Humans have been described by Kenneth Burke as “symbol using
animals” (3).
VS.
Humans have been described as “symbol-using animals” (Burke 3).
With Unknown Author
In-text Example, citing a work with no known author:
We see so many global warming hotspots in North
America likely because this region has “more readily
accessible climatic data and more comprehensive
programs to monitor and study environmental change…”
(“Impact of Global Warming” 6).
With Unknown Author
Corresponding Works Cited Entry:
“The Impact of Global Warming in North America.” Global
Warming: Early Signs. 1999. Web. 23 Mar. 2009.
Other In-Text Citations 1
Classic & Literary Works with Multiple Editions
In-text Example:
Marx and Engels described human history as marked by class
struggles (79; ch. 1).
Authors with Same Last Names
In-text Example:
Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer
children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical
research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46).
Other In-Text Citations 2
Work by Multiple Authors
In-text Examples:
Smith, Yang, and Moore argue that tougher gun control is not needed
in the United States (76).
The authors state “Tighter gun control in the United States erodes
Second Amendment rights” (Smith, Yang, and Moore 76).
Jones et al. counter Smith, Yang, and Moore's argument, noting that
the current spike in American gun violence compels law makers to
adjust gun laws (4).
Other In-Text Citations 3
Multiple Works by the Same Author
In-text Examples:
Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small
children (“Too Soon” 38), though he has acknowledged elsewhere that
early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill
development in a child's second and third year (“Hand-Eye
Development” 17).
Visual studies, because it is such a new discipline, may be “too easy”
(Elkins, “Visual Studies” 63).
Other In-Text Citations 4
Citing Multivolume Works
In-text Example:
… as Quintilian wrote in Institutio Oratoria (1: 14-17).
Citing the Bible
In-text Example:
Ezekiel saw “what seemed to be four living creatures,” each with the
faces of a man, a lion, an ox, and an eagle (New Jerusalem Bible,
Ezek. 1:5-10).
Other In-Text Citations 5
Citing Indirect Sources
In-text Example:
Ravitch argues that high schools are pressured to act as “social
service centers, and they don't do that well” (qtd. in Weisman 259).
Multiple Citations
In-text Example:
… as has been discussed elsewhere (Burke 3; Dewey 21).
Other In-Text Citations 6
Miscellaneous Non-Print Sources
In-text Example:
Werner Herzog's Fitzcarraldo stars Herzog's long-time film partner,
Klaus Kinski. During the shooting of Fitzcarraldo Herzog and Kinski
were often at odds, but their explosive relationship fostered a
memorable and influential film.
Corresponding Works Cited Entry:
Herzog, Werner, dir. Fitzcarraldo. Perf. Klaus Kinski. Filmverlag der
Autoren, 1982. Film.
Other In-Text Citations 7
Sources from the Internet
In-text Example:
One online film critic has argued that Fitzcarraldo is “…a beautiful
and terrifying critique of obsession and colonialism” (Garcia,
“Herzog: a Life”).
Corresponding Works Cited Entry:
Garcia, Elizabeth. “Herzog: a Life.” Online Film Critics Corner. The
Film School of New Hampshire, 2 May 2002. Web. 8 Jan.
2009.
Formatting Short
Quotations
In-text Quotation Examples:
According to some, dreams express “profound aspects of personality”
(Foulkes 184), though others disagree.
According to Foulkes's study, dreams may express “profound aspects
of personality” (184).
Is it possible that dreams may express “profound aspects of
personality” (Foulkes 184)?
Cullen concludes, “Of all the things that happened there / That's all I
remember” (11-12).
Adding/Omitting
Words
In-text Example for Adding Words:
Jan Harold Brunvand, in an essay on urban legends, states: “some
individuals [who retell urban legends] make a point of learning every
rumor or tale” (78).
In-text example for Omitting Words:
In an essay on urban legends, Jan Harold Brunvand notes that “some
individuals make a point of learning every recent rumor or tale . . . and
in a short time a lively exchange of details occurs” (78).
Works Cited Page: The
Basics
Sample Works Cited Page:
Works Cited page:
Books
Basic Format of the Works Cited Page:
Lastname, Firstname. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher,
Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.
Examples:
Gillespie, Paula, and Neal Lerner. The Allyn and Bacon Guide to Peer
Tutoring. Boston: Allyn, 2000. Print.
Gleick, James. Chaos: Making a New Science. New York: Penguin,
1987. Print.
Palmer, William J. Dickens and New Historicism. New York: St.
Martin's, 1997. Print.
---. The Films of the Eighties: A Social History. Carbondale: Southern
Illinois UP, 1993. Print.
Works Cited Page:
Periodicals
Article in a Magazine Format
Author(s). “Title of Article.” Title of Periodical Day Month Year: pages.
Medium of publication.
Example:
Buchman, Dana. “A Special Education.” Good Housekeeping Mar.
2006: 143-8. Print.
Article in Scholarly Journal Format
Author(s). “Title of Article.” Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): pages.
Medium of publication.
Example:
Duvall, John N. “The (Super)Marketplace of Images: Television as
Unmediated Mediation in DeLillo's White Noise.” Arizona
Quarterly
50.3 (1994): 127- 53. Print.
Works Cited Page: Web
Web Source Format:
Editor, author, or compiler name (if available). “Article Name.” Name of
Site. Version number. Name of institution/organization affiliated
with the site (sponsor or publisher). Date of last update.
Medium of
publication. Date of access.
Works Cited Page: Web
Examples:
Bernstein, Mark. “10 Tips on Writing the Living Web.” A List Apart:
For People Who Make Websites. A List Apart Mag., 16 Aug.
2002. Web. 4 May 2009.
Felluga, Dino. Guide to Literary and Critical Theory. Purdue U, 28
Nov. 2003. Web. 10 May 2006.
“How to Make Vegetarian Chili.” eHow.com. eHow. n.d. Web. 24 Feb.
2009.
Works Cited Page:
Other
Personal Interview Example:
Elliot, Anne. Personal interview. 1 Dec. 2000.
Speech Example:
Stein, Bob. Computers and Writing Conference. Purdue University.
Union Club Hotel, West Lafayette, IN. 23 May 2003. Keynote
address.
Works Cited Page:
Other
Film Example:
The Usual Suspects. Dir. Bryan Singer. Perf. Kevin Spacey,
Gabriel Byrne, Chazz Palminteri, Stephen Baldwin, and
Benecio del Toro. Polygram, 1995. Film.
Where to Go to Get
More Help
Purdue University Writing Lab
Heavilon 226
Web: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/
Phone: (765) 494-3723
Email: owl@owl.english.purdue.edu
The End
MLA 7th Edition Formatting Style Guide
Brought to you in cooperation with the Purdue Online Writing Lab
Modern
Language
Association
Focus for Today:
WORKS CITED PAGE
What do you think is included in a
works cited?
Works Cited Page Guidelines
• Begin on a new sheet
• Use the heading “Works Cited” centered one
inch below the top of the page
– Do not bold or underline heading
• Begin each entry at the left margin and
INDENT all additional lines by a ½ inch.
– Called hanging indent
• Alphabetical Order
– If no author is provided, alphabetize the source by its
title
Anatomy of a Citation
~BOOKS~
•
•
•
•
•
•
Author or editor
Title of book
City of publication
Publisher
Year of publication
Medium of publication
– print, web, radio, etc.
Anatomy of a Citation
~BOOKS~
Last name, First name. Title of Book.
City of Publication: Publisher, Year of
Publication. Medium of Publication.
Anatomy of a Citation
~WEBSITES~
• Editor, author, or compiler name (if
available)
• Name of Site
• Name of institution/organization
affiliated with the site (sponsor or
publisher)
• Date of resource creation (if available)
• Medium of publication
• Date of access
Anatomy of a Citation
~WEBSITES~
Editor, author, or compiler name (if
available). Name of Site. Name of
institution/organization affiliated
with the site (sponsor or publisher),
date of resource creation (if
available). Medium of publication.
Date of access.
Questions about your
sources?
Refer to Purdue Owl MLA FIRST
THEN
ASK YOUR TEACHER
What is Plagiarism?
“…Taking and passing off as one’s own
someone else’s work or ideas (from
Latin plagiārius, kidnapper, literary
thief).”
~ Macmillan Dictionary
ANY TIME YOU USE SOMEONE
ELSE'S IDEA, cite it.
This is considered Cheating!
Already knew that? But…
Did you know this was plagiarism too?
 Keeping any of the same vocabulary without quotations, even if
cited
 Keeping the original order of ideas or sentence structure without
quotations, even if cited (no cutting and pasting and using
synonyms)
 Not using ANY of your own ideas (entire paper is cited)
 Parenthetical citations do not lead to the right source
 Inaccurately paraphrasing or misrepresenting the author’s intentions
What’s The Big Deal?
If you plagiarize:
In the “Real World,” if you plagiarize, you may…
 Be expelled from college the first time
 Lose your job
 Lose recommendations to another college or job
 Be sued by the person whose idea you “borrowed”
 Receive a score of “0” in all English courses and
receive disciplinary action from FortBend ISD.
Instead of Plagiarizing, you
have 2 choices…
“Use A Direct Quotation”…
 Use the author’s exact words in “quotation
marks”
 Don’t make ANY changes
 Give the author’s name (Wilson 5)
That tells your teacher, “I did not write this
part. These are someone else’s words.”
…or Paraphrase
 Explain the main
ideas of something
you read
 Write completely in
your own words
 Show that you
understand the source
 Cite the source
(Wilson 5)
How do I paraphrase?
First, READ ACTIVELY & TAKE NOTES
 STOP after each paragraph and ask yourself,
“What did I just read?”
 Take notes = Write a list of the main facts.
 Write ONLY things that relate to your topic.
 DON’T use full sentences.
Then PARAPHRASE
• Put the source away
• Write about what you read in your
own words.
• Pretend you’re explaining to a friend.
• DON’T put anything in your paper
that you don’t understand.
Then CITE YOUR SOURCES!
 Author and page #:
(Martinez 5)
 For websites, sometimes you don’t have a page
number:
(Martinez)
 Sometimes you don’t have an author either! Use
the page title:
(“Pollution”)
It looks like this:
Americans throw away too
much trash. For example, we created
245 million tons of trash in 2006
(Parks 7). Our trash includes things
like paper and food scraps that could
be recycled or composted instead.
What if I want to use a quotation from a
book or website?
 Put “quotation marks…” around the author’s words in
your paper
 And put a citation after it like this:
“In 2006, about 245 million tons
of trash were produced in the
United States” (Parks 7).
Then Introduce & Explain your
evidence in your own words:
Americans create too much waste each year.
According to the book Garbage and Recycling, “In 2006,
about 245 million tons of trash were produced in the
United States” (Parks 7). If we keep producing so many
tons of trash each year, we will run out of space in
landfills, the places where we dump our garbage.
Don’t forget to Cite Your Sources…
Which just means giving
credit to the author and
making it easy for the reader
to find the source.
“Citing your sources” has 2 parts:
Works Cited
Bily, Cynthia A. The Impact of E-Waste. Chicago:
Greenhaven Press, 2009. Print.
Mayo, Katie. Personal interview. 16 Oct. 2012.
“Pollution.” The World Book Encyclopedia. 3rd ed.
2003. Print.
A page at the
end of your
paper listing
each source
you used…
 and Parenthetical citations inside the essay: The author and page
number (OR the page title if no author) right after the fact or quote:
Burrowing owls are an endangered species because of their
habitat. “Burrowing owls live in underground dens that are
easily threatened by construction projects” (Miller 55).
Even if construction crews don’t hurt the owls, the birds
may still become too afraid to lay eggs. Burrowing owl
populations have gone down by 45% in the last ten years
(“Threatened Bird Statistics”). Construction companies
need to look for burrowing owls before they start working
on a new project.
…in MLA format
• We all have to use the
same format to write
papers & list our sources
at the end of the paper
• MLA Handbook = a set of
rules to do this
• Why?
Only Sheldon memorizes the MLA
Handbook…
So where can you go to get help?
• Purdue OWL
• MLA Tutorials
• Citation generators
like:
-Citation Machine
-Easy Bib
How to find citation info on a website
#3: Publisher
#2: Site title
#1: Page title
How to find citation info on a website cont.
• Give the most
complete date that
you can.
• Use n.d. if no date.
Citing A Website
(Web Document or Page from a Website)
“Pluto.” Solar System Exploration. National Aeronautics and
Space Administration, n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2012.
<http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/
profile.cfm?Object=Pluto>.
Helpful Website Hints
 “Page Title” and Site Title are different
 Common to have no author. Leave it out.
 All sites have a publisher. Look for the organization




that made the site.
Publisher and Site Title may be the same
If you have to, delete the URL up to the
.com/.gov./.edu and go back to the home page
Not all sites have a date. Use “n.d.” if they do not
You need the “last updated” date, not the copyright
The URL goes at the end, in angle
brackets: < >
Make sure it doesn’t turn into a blue, underlined
hyperlink! If it does, hit Undo (Ctrl + Z)
“Pluto.” Solar System Exploration. National Aeronautics and
Space Administration, 20 July 2011. Web. 16 Oct. 2012.
<http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/
profile.cfm?Object=Pluto>.
Citing Books
Bily, Cynthia A. The Impact of E-Waste. Chicago:
Greenhaven Press, 2009. Print.
 If more than one author, only reverse the first one:




Bily, Cynthia A. and John Steinbeck.
Italicize the title
If more than one date, use the most recent.
Pay attention to the punctuation . : ,
Cite a pamphlet or brochure exactly like a book
Encyclopedias are similar to
books:
“Pollution.” The World Book
Encyclopedia. 3rd ed. 2003. Print.
How do References work?
 Alphabetical order
 Several volumes
 Look for author of article
 Look for the article title
 Don’t need publication info
for well-known reference sources
Citing Personal Interviews
Interviewee Lastname, Interviewee
Firstname. Personal interview. Date.
Mayo, Katie. Personal interview. 16 Oct.
2012.
How do I find a periodical?
•Alameda County
Library online:
www.aclibrary.org
Online periodical citation
Levy, Steven. “Great Minds, Great Ideas.” Newsweek
27 May 2002. Web. 18 Oct. 2010.
<http://www.msnbc.com/News/754336.asp>.
Images Cited
“LA Now.” LATimes.com. Los Angeles Times, 1 June, 2009. Web. 14 Oct. 2009
<http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/books/>.
“Books, books, books, and ‘Books.’” ArtsJournal.com. July 2008. Web. 14 Oct. 2009
<http://www.artsjournal.com/bookdaddy/2008/07/>.
“The World Book Encyclopedia is a Really Good Reference Source.” Hunter’s
Online References. 2006. Web. 14 Oct. 2009.
<http://www.hunterevans.com/references.html>.
“Newsletter.” Newton’s Window. SuzanneSutton.com, 27 Aug 2007. Web. 14 Oct.
2009 <http://www.suzannesutton.com/joinus.htm>.